里骆林区常绿阔叶林和人工杉木林气候水文效应

里骆林区常绿阔叶林和人工杉木林气候水文效应黄承标,文受春（广西农学院林学分院南宁５３０００１）（广西龙胜县林业局５４１７００）ＣｌｉｍａｔｉｃａｎｄＨｙｄｒｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＥｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆＥｖｅｒｇｒｅｅｎＢｒｏａｄ－ｌｅａｖｅｄａｎｄＡｒｔｉｆｉｃｉａｌＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＦｉｒＦｏｒｅｓｔｓｉｎＬｉｌｕｏＦｏｒｅｓｔｅｄＲｅｇｉｏｎ￥ＨｕａｎｇＣｈｅｎｇｂｉａｏ（ＦｏｒｅｓｔｒｙＣｏｌｌｅｇｅ,ＣｕａｎｇｘｉＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ,Ｎａｎｎｉｎｇ５３０００１）,ＷｅｎＳｈｏｕｃｈｕｎ（ＦｏｒｅｓｔｒｙＢｕｒｅａｕ,ＬｏｎｇｓｈｅｎｇＣｏｕｎｔｙ,Ｇｕａｎｇｘｉ５４１７００）;ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌ－ｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（３）：１－７．Ｓｉｔｅｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎｓａｎｄｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｓｉｎ１９８０－１９９０ｓｈｏｗｔｈａｔｅｖｅｒｇｒｅｅｎｂｒｏａｄ－ｌｅａｖｅｄａｎｄａｒｔｉｆｉｃｉａｌＣｈｉｎｅｓｅｆｉｒｆＯｒｅｓｔｓｉｎＬｉｌｕｏｆｏｒｅｓｔｅｄｒｅｇｉｏｎｃａｎｒｅｄｕｃｅｔｈｅｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎｒａｎｇｅｏｆａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃａｎｄｓｏｉｌｔ     

Existence and Functions of Neurotens in Human Early Placental Villi

ＥｘｉｓｔｅｎｃｅａｎｄＦｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓｏｆＮｅｕｒｏｔｅｎｓｉｎＨｕｍａｎＥａｒｌｙＰｌａｃｅｎｔａｌＶｉｌｌｉＺＨＡＮＧＣｈｏｎｇ－ｌｉ（张崇理）;ＣＨＥＮＧＬｉ－ｒｅｎ（程丽仁）,ＳＨＥＮＷｅｉ－ｂｉｎ（沈卫斌）;ＹＩＮＨｏｎｇ（殷红）;ＨＵ...     

浸润垄作稻田土壤生态系统的研究

浸润垄作稻田土壤生态系统的研究魏朝富,高明,车福才,邓春（西南农业大学土化系重庆６３０７１６）ＡＳｔｕｄｙｏｎＩｎｆｉｌｔｒａｔｅｄ－ＲｉｄｇｅｄＰａｄｄｙＳｏｉｌＥｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍ￥．ＷｅｉＣｈａｏｆｕ;ＧａｏＭｉｎｇ,ＣｈｅＦｕｃｈａｉ;ＤｅｎｇＣｈｕｎ（ＳｏｕｔｈｗｅｓｔＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｌｕｒａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ,）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（３）：２６－３０;Ｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒｄｅａｌｓｗｉｃｈａｎｉｎｆｉｌｔｒａｔｅｄ－ｒｉｄｇｅｄｐａｄｄｙｓｏｉｌｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｗｈｉｃｈｉｓｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｅｄｂｙｒｉｄｇｉｎｇａｎｄｃｏｎ－ｔｉｎｕｏｕｓｆｕｒｒｏｗｉｎｆｉＩｔｒａｔｉＯｎｉｒｒｉｇａｔｉｏｎ,ＣｏｍｐａｒｉｎｇｗｉｔｈｌｅｖｅｌｉｎｆｉＩｔｒａｔｅｄｐａｄｄｙｓｏｉｌｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍ,ｔｈｉｓｅｃｏｓｙｓ－ｔｅｍｈａｓｃｏｅｘｉｓｔｅｄｇａｓ－ｌｉｑｕｉｄ,ｇａｓ－ｓｏｌｉｄａｎｄｌｉｑｕｉｄ－ｓｏｌｉｄｉｎｔｅｒｆａｃｅｓ,ｅｎｌａｒｇｅｓｓｏｉｌｓｕｒｆａｃｅｂｙ３８％ａｎｄｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｓｃｕＩｔｉｖａｔｅｄｌａｙｅｒｂｙ５－１０ｃｍ．     

洞庭湖滨湖湿地平原农村生态工程初步研究

洞庭湖滨湖湿地平原农村生态工程初步研究严斧,游有林,刘劲凡,卢源德,周为民（中国科学院生态环境研究中心系统生态室沅江课题组,大庸市４１６６００）ＲｕｒａｌＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇｏｎＷｅｔｌａｎｄＰｌａｉｎｏｆＤｏｎｇｔｉｎｇＬａｋｅｓｉｄｅ￥．ＹａｎＦｕ;ＹｏｕＹｏｕｌｉｎ;ＬｉｕＪｉｎｆａｎ;ＬｕＹｕａｎｄｅ;ＺｈｏｕＷｅｉｍｉｎ（ＹｕａｎｊｉａｎｇＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＧｒｏｕｐ,ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＣｅｎｔｅｒｆｏｒＥｃｏ－ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅ,Ａ－ｃａｄｅｍｉａＳｉｎｉｃａ,Ｄａｙｏｎｇ４１６６００）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（２）：４５—４８．ＡｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇｔｏｔｈｅｍａｉｎｔｙｐｅｓｏｆｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｃｏｍｂｉｎａｔｉｏｎｓｏｎｗｅｔｌａｎｄｐｌａｉｎｏｆＤｏｎｇｔｉｎｇｌａｋｅｓｉｄｅ,ｓｅｖｅｒａｌｅｃｏ－ｌｏｇｉｃａｌｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇｓｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇｌａｋｅｓｉｄｅｒｅｅｄ－ｆｏｒｅｓｔ,ｌｏｗｌａｎｄｒｉｃｅ－ｆｉｓｈ－ｒａｍｉｅ,ｒｎａｎｕｒｅ－ｆｏｒａｇｅ－ｆｕｅｌ,ｆｉｓｈ－ｐｉｇ－ｄｕｃｋａｎｄｆ     

植物化学生态研究促进生态农业建设

植物化学生态研究促进生态农业建设祝心如（中国科学院生态环境研究中心,北京１０００８５）ＰｈｖｔｏｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌＥｃｏｌｏｇｌｃａｌＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈａｎｄＥｃｏ－ＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＣｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎ￥．ＺｈｕＸｉｎｒｕ（ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＣｅｎｔｅｒｆｏｒＥｃｏ－ｅｎｕｉｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ．ＡｃａｄｅｍｉａＳｉｎｉｃａ,Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ１０００８５）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（４）：３６一４０。Ｐｈｙｔｏａｌｌｅｌｏｐａｔｈｙａｆｆｅｃｔｓｔｈｅｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｎｄｄｙｎａｍｉｃｓｏｆａｇｒｏ－ｓｙｓｔｅｍ,ａｎｄｐｈｙｔｏｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｒｅ－ｓｅａｒｃｈｗｉｌｌｂｅｎｅｆｉｔｔｈｅｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｅｃｏ－ａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ,ｗｈｉｃｈｄｉｓｐｌａｙｓｉｎｔｈｅｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇｍａｉｎａｓｐｅｃｔｓ：ｗｅｅｄｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ,ｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｍｅｎｔｏｆｒｅａｓｏｎａｌｃｒｏｐｐｉｎｇｓｙｓｔｅｍ,ｉｍｐｌｅｍｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆｃｒｏｐｇｅｎｉｃｏｐｔｉｍｉｚａｔｉｏｎ,ｒｅ－ｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｏｆａｐ     

TWO NEW SPECIES FROM TRICHOSANTHES（CUCURBITACEAE）

ＴＷＯＮＥＷＳＰＥＣＩＥＳＦＲＯＭＴＲＩＣＨＯＳＡＮＴＨＥＳ（ＣＵＣＵＲＢＩＴＡＣＥＡＥ）ＹｕｅｈＣｈｕｎ－ｈｓｉＨｕａｎｇＬｕ－ｑｉＣｈｅｎｇＣｈｉｎｇ－ｙｕｎｇ〔ＡＢＴＲＡＣＴ〕ＴｒｉｃｈｏｓａｎｔｈｅｓｒｅｆｅｒａｃｔａＹｕｅｈｅｔＬ．Ｑ．Ｈ...     

湖北省吨粮田的现状及其投肥效率分析

湖北省吨粮田的现状及其投肥效率分析孙先（华中农业大学,武汉４３００７０）ＣｕｒｒｅｎｔＳｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＦｅｒｔｉｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎＥｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙｏｆＨｉｇｈＰｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅＣｒｏｐｌａｎｄｓｉｎＨｕｂｅｉＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ￥ＳｕｎＸｉａｎ－ｒｏｎｇ（ＣｅｎｔｒａｌＣｈｉｎａＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ,Ｗｕｈａｎ４３００７０）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙｌ１９９３,１２（２）：５５－５６．Ｓｉｎｃｅ１９９０,ｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆｈｉｇｈｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅｃｒｏｐｌａｎｄｈａｓｂｅｅｎａｃｃｅｌｅｒａｔｅｄａｎｄｔｈｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｆｉｔｓｙｉｅｌｄａｎｄｂｅｎｅｆｉｔｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｉｓｖｅｒｙｏｂｖｉｏｕｓ,Ｂｕｔ,ｗｈｅｔｈｅｒｈｉｇｈｙｉｅｌｄａｎｄｈｉｇｈｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙｃａｎｂｅｓｙｎｃｈｒｏｎｉｚｅｄｄｅ－ｓｅｒｖｅｓｃｌｏｓｅａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎ,Ｉｎｔｈｉｓｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ,７９ｈｉｇｈｙｉｅｌｄｃｒｏｐｐｉｎｇｐａｔｔｅｒｎｓａｒｅｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｅｄｆｏｒｔｈｒｅｅｙｅａｒｓｉｎＨｕｂｅｉａｎｄｔｈｅｉｒｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎ     

河西走廊农户生态系统农田能流和物流数量特征的研究

河西走廊农户生态系统农田能流和物流数量特征的研究李发弟（甘肃农业大学畜牧系,兰州７３００７０）ＱｕａｎｔｉｎｔｉｖｅＣｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆＥｎｅｒｇｙＦｌｏｗａｎｄＮｕｔｒｉｅｎｔＣｙｃｌｉｎｇｏｆＦａｒｍｌａｎｄｉｎａＦａｒｍＥｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｉｎＨｅｘｉＣｏｒｒｉｄｏｒ￥ＬｉＦａｄｉ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＡｎｉｍａｌＨｕｓｂａｎｄｒｙ,ＧａｎｓｕＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＵｎｉｔｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒ－ｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（６）：３７－４０．Ｑｕａｎｔｉｔａｔｉｖｅｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆｅｎｅｒｇｙｆｌｏｗａｎｄｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｏｆｆａｒｍｌａｎｄｓｕｂｓｙｓｔｅｍｉｎａｆａｒｍｅｃｏｓｙｓ－ｔｅｍｉｎＨｅｘｉＣｏｒｒｉｄｏｒｗｅｒｅｓｔｕｄｉｅｄ．Ｔｈｅｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｓｈｏｗｅｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅｄｅｆｌｒｅｅｏｆｏｐｅｎｉｎｇ,ｉｎｐｕｔａｎｄｏｕｔｐｕｔｗｅｒｅｈｉｇｈ,ｔｈｅｒａｔｉｏｏｆｏｕｔｐｕｔｔｏｉｎｐｕｔｏｆｓｕｂｓｉｄｙｅｎｅｒｇｙ,ｎｉｔｒｏｇｅｎａｎｄｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｒｕｓｏｆｔｈｅｆａｒｍｌａｎｄｓｕｂｓｙ     

Factors Affecting Electro－Fusion and Electro－Activation In Serial Nuclear Transplantation In Goat（Carpa hircus） Embryo

ＦａｃｔｏｒｓＡｆｆｅｃｔｉｎｇＥｌｅｃｔｒｏ－ＦｕｓｉｏｎａｎｄＥｌｅｃｔｒｏ－ＡｃｔｉｖａｔｉｏｎＩｎＳｅｒｉａｌＮｕｃｌｅａｒＴｒａｎｓｐｌａｎｔａｔｉｏｎＩｎＧｏａｔ（Ｃａｒｐａｈｉｒｃｕｓ）ＥｍｂｒｙｏＷＡＮＧＹｕ－ｇｅ（王玉阁）;ＺＯＵＸ...     

宁南山区灌溉农业立体复合种植生态系统生产力的研究

宁南山区灌溉农业立体复合种植生态系统生产力的研究杜守宇田恩平,王占山（宁夏农业技术推广总站,银川７５０００１）（固原县农业技术推广中心,７５６０００）ＳｔｕｄｙｏｎＰｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｉｔｙｏｆＩｒｒｉｇａｔｅｄＳｔｅｒｅｏｓｃｏｐｉｃＭｕｌｔｉｐｌｅ－ＣｒｏｐｐｉｎｇＥｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｓｉｎＭｏｕｎｔａｉｎｏｕｓＡｒｅａｏｆＳｏｕｔｈｅｒｎＮｉｎｇｘｉａ￥ＤｕＳｈｏｕｙｕ（ＣｅｌｌｅｒａｌＳｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＴｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅＥｘｔｅｎｓｉｏｎｏｆＮｉｎｇｘｉａ,Ｙｉｎｃｈｕａｎ７５０００１）,ＴｉａｎＥｎｐｉｎｇ,ＷａｎｇＺｈａｎｓｈａｎ（ＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＴｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅＥｘｔｅｎｓｉｏｎＣｅｎｔｅｒｏｆＣｕｙｕａｎｃｏｕｎｔｙ,７５６０００）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３．１２（６）：１１－１６．ＴｈｅｖａｒｉｏｕｓｃｒｏｐｐｉｎｇｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｓａｒｅａｓｓｅｓｓｅｄｃｏｍｐｒｅｈｅｎｓｉｖｅｌｙｆｏｒｂｅｎｅｆｉｔｂｙｔｈｅａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆＨｉｅｒａｒｃｈｉｃａｌｐｒｏｃｅｄｕｒｅａｎｄｔｈｅｅｘｐｅｃｔｅｄｂｅｎｅｆｉｃｉａｌｖａ     

Homology of primate DNA fragments for estrous-associated oviductal glycoprotein

In this study, the DNA fragments encoded for oviduct EGP were amplified by PCR method. Corresponding sequences from chimpanzee, orangutan and human were similarly amplified, but we failed to amplify the corresponding DNA sequences from: spider monkey, salmon and several different species of rodents, bandicoot, sheep and pig. Through analyzing the restriction enzyme map and the DNA sequence of the amplified fragments from primates, the data suggest that monkey and human DNA encoded for EGP are genetically more closely related to one another than each of them to other species.     

Isolation of low-copy-number sequences that neighbor satellite DNA in mammals

To investigate the role of satellite DNA in eukaryotic genomes, we isolated from an African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) genomic library cloned segments containing the previously described deca-satellite linked to low-copy-number genomic sequences. Three such clones were obtained. The low-copy-number sequences in the three clones do not cross-hybridize suggesting that they derive from different genomic loci. The structure of one of the clones, λAMkA, is described in detail. Subcloned segments containing the low-copy-number sequences from λAMkA anneal to monkey, human and mouse genomic DNA. The subcloned probes were used to select clones containing homologous sequences from a second, independent monkey library as well as from human and mouse genomic libraries. Several of the newly isolated monkey clones hybridized to probes containing the species-specific deca- and -satellites, confirming the genomic association of the low-copy-number sequence in λAMkA with satellite DNA. Moreover, several of the human and mouse clones hybridized to species-specific human and mouse satellite DNAs, respectively. These experiments indicate that the low-copy-number sequence in λMkA and its association with satellite DNA is conserved in primates and rodents.     

人猿超科和旧大陆猴7种高等灵长类FKN全基因序列的测定及进化分析

测定人猿超科(人、黑猩猩、大猩猩、红毛猩猩和长臂猿)和旧大陆猴(猕猴和叶猴)7种高等灵长类FKN全基因序列, 探讨其系统进化分析。用简并引物PCR(Degenerated PCR)法分别扩增FKN的3个外显子, 其产物经琼脂糖凝胶回收、纯化后测序, 然后用BioEdit软件剪切拼接FKN基因全序列, 用DNAStar比对后比较基因和氨基酸序列同源性, Mega软件重构FKN基因进化树, 应用Datamonkey分析FKN的负选择位点。序列分析发现人猿超科较旧大陆猴FKN基因除了有散在的点突变外, 还有一明显的30 bp的核苷酸缺失突变; 人FKN基因序列与黑猩猩、大猩猩、红毛猩猩、长臂猿、猕猴和叶猴的同源性分别是99.2%、98.4%、98.1%、96.5%、95.9%和93.8%, 由此推导的氨基酸序列同源性分别是98.5%、98.0%、97.7%、94.7%、93.7%和90.5%; FKN基因进化树表明人与黑猩猩关系更近, FKN基因进化和通常认为的物种进化一致; Datamonkey分析结果显示FKN存在3个负选择位点53Q、84D、239N。成功获得人、黑猩猩、大猩猩、红毛猩猩、长臂猿、猕猴和叶猴7种高等灵长类物种FKN全基因序列, 为后续探讨FKN在高等灵长类物种进化过程中免疫学功能演变及其结构与功能的关系奠定基础。     

Evolution of DNA on Y-chromosome in hominoid primates as examined by PCR

Every species of non-human primates, especially those of hominoids, has a variety of reproductive structures and accompanying male traits, such as sexual dimorphism and relative size of testis to body weight, which may be at least partly triggered by DNA on the Y-chromosome. Recently, a panel of PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) primer sets were designed to amplify various DNA segments spread over the human Y-chromosome. We applied these primer sets for amplification of DNA segments on the Y-chromosome of hominoid species: chimpanzee, bonobo (Pygmy chimpanzee), gorilla, orangutan, whitehanded gibbon, agile gibbon, and Japanese monkey as an out group. The DNA segments including SRY, testis determining factor, and ZFX/ZFY could be amplified clearly in males of all species examined. These highly conserved genes may serve important biological functions. However, as the phylogenic distance from humans increased, some of the DNA segments could not be amplified. For example, DYZ1 (SY160) could be amplified only using human DNA as a template, and DYF60S1 (SY61), DYZ217 (SY126) and DYS233 (SY148) could be amplified only using human and African great ape DNA. It is interesting to note that locus DYS250 (SY17) could not be amplified in chimpanzee and bonobo but amplified in gorilla and orangutan. Locus DYS251 (SY18) was amplified in all species except the white-handed gibbon. These results indicate that a variety of evolutionary events including mutation, deletion, insertion, and rearrangement occurred in Y-chromosome DNA during primate evolution.     

Detection of a unique genotype of monkey B virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1) indigenous to native Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)

The Japanese macaque or snow monkey (Macaca fuscata) is an autochthonous monkey in Japan. It has long been assumed that the monkey population was not infected with Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 (monkey B virus [BV]) since cases of human BV infection have never been reported in Japan. Although serologic testing of captive snow monkeys in Japan revealed antibodies to BV, it was thought that native Japanese macaques had either been infected with herpes simplex virus from humans or with BV from other imported macaque species. To clarify this issue, we performed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis to amplify BV sequences from trigeminal ganglia of 30 Japanese macaque monkeys that were seropositive for BV. Sequences from two BV genes, UL27 (360 bp) and UL19 (1.0 Kbp), from 3 of 30 monkeys were amplified. Results of restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and DNA sequencing of the fragments provided evidence that native Japanese macaques are infected with BV. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these monkeys harbor their own genotype of BV that is different from other known BV genotypes, and provided additional evidence supporting the co-evolution of BV and macaques.     

Analysis of DNA of higher primates using inter-SINE PCR

Two types (MIR and Alu) of short interspersed repeated DNA sequences (SINEs) were used for analysis of genetic relationships among higher primates, and for detection of polymorphism in human genomic DNA. The DNA regions located between the neighboring copies of these SINEs were amplified in polymerase chain reaction with primers complementary to the MIR and Alu consensus sequences (inter-SINE PCR). Comparison of the sets of amplified DNA fragments for different species or individuals provides evaluation of the relationships among them. Using inter-MIR PCR technique, the relationships among the higher primates of the infraorder Catarrhini reported elsewhere were confirmed, pointing to the efficiency of the method for phylogenetic studies. No human DNA polymorphism was revealed with the help of inter-MIR PCR. This polymorphism was detected by means of inter-Alu PCR, which is probably associated with the continuing amplification of Alu elements in human genome.     

Nuclear counterparts of the cytoplasmic mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene: A problem of ancient DNA and molecular phylogenies

Monkey mummy bones and teeth originating from the North Saqqara Baboon Galleries (Egypt), soft tissue from a mummified baboon in a museum collection, and nineteenth/twentieth-century skin fragments from mangabeys were used for DNA extraction and PCR amplification of part of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene. Sequences aligning with the 12S rRNA gene were recovered but were only distantly related to contemporary monkey mitochondrial 12S rRNA sequences. However, many of these sequences were identical or closely related to human nuclear DNA sequences resembling mitochondrial 12S rRNA (isolated from a cell line depleted in mitochondria) and therefore have to be considered contamination. Subsequently in a separate study we were able to recover genuine mitochondrial 12S rRNA sequences from many extant species of nonhuman Old World primates and sequences closely resembling the human nuclear integrations. Analysis of all sequences by the neighbor-joining (NJ) method indicated that mitochondrial DNA sequences and their nuclear counterparts can be divided into two distinct clusters. One cluster contained all temporary cytoplasmic mitochondrial DNA sequences and approximately half of the monkey nuclear mitochondriallike sequences. A second cluster contained most human nuclear sequences and the other half of monkey nuclear sequences with a separate branch leading to human and gorilla mitochondrial and nuclear sequences. Sequences recovered from ancient materials were equally divided between the two clusters. These results constitute a warning for when working with ancient DNA or performing phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial DNA as a target sequence: Nuclear counterparts of mitochondrial genes may lead to faulty interpretation of results.Correspondence to: A.C. van der Kuyl     

Detection of hepatitis B virus infection in wild-born chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus): phylogenetic relationships with human and other primate genotypes

Infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) was detected by serological testing for HBV surface antigen and by PCR assay for HBV DNA in serum samples from two common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes subsp. verus) born in West Africa. The complete genome sequences obtained by nucleotide sequencing of overlapping DNA fragments amplified by PCR were compared with HBV variants recovered from other primates and with human genotypes A to F. Both chimpanzee sequences were 3, 182 nucleotides in length, and the surface gene sequence predicted the existence of a, d, and w serological determinants. Neither sequence contained stop codons in the precore region. On phylogenetic analysis, the HBV variants infecting the chimpanzees clustered together with a third chimpanzee HBV isolate independently obtained from an infected captive animal (A. J. Zuckerman, A. Thornton, C. R. Howard, K. N. Tsiquaye, D. M. Jones, and M. R. Brambell, Lancet ii:652-654, 1978), with an overall sequence similarity of >94%. This provides strong evidence for a chimpanzee-specific genotype of HBV which circulates in nature. These findings add to the recent evidence for infection in the wild of other Old and New World primates (gibbon, orangutan, and woolly monkey) with species-specific variants of HBV. There is no evidence for close phylogenetic clustering of variants found so far in primates with any of the established HBV genotypes from humans. With the new evidence for the widespread distribution of HBV in primates, hypotheses for the origins of human infection are reviewed.     

Analysis of DNA of higher primates using inter-SINE PCR

Two types (MIR and Alu) of short interspersed repeated DNA sequences (SINEs) were used for analysis of genetic relationships among higher primates, and for detection of polymorphism in human genomic DNA. The DNA regions located between the neighboring copies of these SINEs were amplified in polymerase chain reaction with primers complementary to the MIR and Alu consensus sequences (inter-SINE PCR). Comparison of the sets of amplified DNA fragments for different species or individuals provides evaluation of the relationships among them. Using inter-MIR PCR technique, the relationships among the higher primates of the infraorder Catarrhini reported elsewhere were confirmed, pointing to the efficiency of the method for phylogenetic studies. No human DNA polymorphism was revealed with the help of inter-MIR PCR. This polymorphism was detected by means of inter-Alu PCR, which is probably associated with the continuing amplification of Alu elements in human genome.