骆驼蓬属营养器官的旱生结构

对国产骆驼蓬属３种７个地方居群的营养器官内部构造作了对比观察。结果表明：该属植物具有明显的旱生结构,主要特点为：根周皮发达;器官中有同心性异型维管束;茎叶肉质,内有发达的贮水组织,叶栅栏组织发达,呈环栅型、叶片表面积与体积之比较小;茎的皮层、髓部及叶肉组织有大量含晶细胞。     

我国荒漠不同生态类型植物的旱生结构

本文研究了我国荒漠15种不同类型植物的解剖结构。结果表明,超旱生和旱生植物具有典型的旱生结构,尤以超旱生植物明显,例如沙冬青、梭梭。 旱生结构的基本特征是：叶片及角质层厚,具表皮毛、腺毛、瘤状或乳状突起,气孔下陷,栅栏组织及贮水组织发达,构成等面叶及肉质叶,具含晶细胞和粘液细胞;维管束鞘、维管束帽及纤维细胞的存在,增强了植株的坚固性。中生植物叶片及角质层较薄：气孔平置或拱起,栅栏组织及海绵组织同等发育,胞间隙大,为背腹叶,这是典型的中生结构。     

屋顶长生草叶的解剖结构及其离体培养形态发生的研究

对屋顶长生草叶的解剖结构及其在离体培养条件下形态发生过程进行了研究。结果表明,屋顶长生草的叶具有肉质旱生植物叶的特点,表皮细胞外有角质层,叶有较密的腺毛分布,气孔器由两个肾形的保卫细胞和两个镰刀形的护卫细胞组成;叶肉细胞没有栅栏组织与海绵组织之分,细胞比较大,有贮水作用;维管束平行排列,导管和筛管分子都很小,为一圈维管束鞘所包围。屋顶长生草叶片离体培养形态发生途径主要有两种:一种是由外植体直接产生不定芽(器官型)途径;另一种是叶肉细胞脱分化成胚性细胞,经胚性细胞团形成愈伤组织,再分化产生芽、根等器官(器官发生型),芽分化为内起源。     

旱生植物驼绒藜茎的异常次生结构及其发育

藜科旱生植物驼绒藜(Ceratoides latens)成长茎由木栓组织、异常形成层、不规则排列的异常维管束及其间的木质化厚壁结合组织和中央正常的维管柱所组成。木栓组织很发达。异常形成层连成环状。异常维管束外韧型。结合组织细胞紧密围绕在各个异常维管束之间。正常的次生维管柱由数个扇形维管束组成,位于维管束内的束中形成层已失去分生能力。中央的髓细胞大多破毁。在茎的发育过程中,初生生长和早期的次生生长都是正常的。而以后的次生生长由初生韧皮部外方保留的原形成层细胞发生的异常形成层活动所代替。起初,异常形成层仅向内交替产生结合组织细胞和异常维管束,而后来同时还向外分化木栓细胞。这种异常的次生结构对旱生植物具有重要的生态学意义。     

肥叶碱蓬叶和茎的解剖结构研究

应用光学显微镜对生长在宁夏中卫盐碱荒漠的肥叶碱蓬的茎和叶解剖结构进行了观察和研究,结果表明:该植物表现出许多适应干旱和盐碱土环境的特点,其基本特征为:叶为肉棒状的等面叶,茎叶表皮细胞具有较厚的角质层,个别表皮细胞形成乳凸状的泌盐细胞。栅栏组织为环栅形,叶内有大的贮水细胞,在贮水细胞之间散布有晶体细胞。叶脉维管束不发达。茎有少量的次生生长,它的结构中髓部发达,并有贮水功能,茎发育后期产生异常结构等。同时肥叶碱蓬的茎和叶结构还有三点特殊之处:(1)叶表皮下有一层排列相当疏松的薄壁细胞;(2)栅栏组织里侧是一层贮藏细胞,在贮藏细胞中细胞核和液泡分布于外侧,内含物沉积于内侧。(3)叶脉维管束导管末端不深入到栅栏组织中。上述结构和特征反映出肥叶碱蓬对干旱、盐碱土生境适应的多样性,也为旱生和盐生植物的生理学研究提供新的实验证据。     

我国甘肃九种旱生植物同化枝的解剖观察

生长在甘肃的9种旱生植物:Haloxylon persicum,H.ammodendron,Calligonum junceum,C.arborescens,C.leucocladum,C.mongolicum,C.caput-medusae,Hedysarum scoparium 和Limonium aureum,都具有显著的旱生结构特征,特别是 Haloxylon persicum 更为突出。它们的叶子往往非常退化,或只有基生叶,光合作用的功能,已部分或全部为幼小的绿色枝条所代替。这些枝条上的表皮细胞壁较厚,外壁上并有较厚的角质层。表皮层下面为下皮层。再内发育出栅栏组织层,栅栏细胞内含有丰富的叶绿体。栅栏组织层里面,则为具有大细胞的贮水组织,其细胞中有大的液泡。在横切面上,这些同化枝的皮层的宽度与枝的半径的比率较大;而在旱生植物的根内,皮层宽度与根半径的比率则一般较小。这些旱生植物的各种组织中都普遍的含有含晶细胞或粘液细胞,这些结构可能是一种抗旱的特性。     

不同梭梭种群同化枝的解剖结构特征及其与生态因子的关系分析

该研究于中国西北干旱区按自然降水梯度从东向西选择6个梭梭种群,取其当年生同化枝作为试验材料,采用石蜡切片法,应用光学显微技术测定同化枝9项解剖结构指标,分析不同生境下梭梭同化枝解剖结构的变异特点以及与生态因子的关系,为干旱区生态环境保护和梭梭资源的保护与利用提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)干旱荒漠环境的梭梭同化枝解剖结构具有连续的栅栏组织、花环结构、含晶细胞和贮水组织等结构特征,但其表皮细胞、角质层厚度、气孔位置和气下室与旱生植物结构有差异,主要表现为表皮细胞和角质层较薄,气孔半下陷且气下室不发达。(2)梭梭同化枝各种群间的9项解剖结构指标都存在显著差异,其中变异系数较大的是维管束个数/直径和角质层厚度,变异系数分别为22.78%和15.20%;相关分析表明:同化枝直径、栅栏细胞切向长、贮水组织厚度和维管柱直径均与经度、纬度、海拔、一月均温、七月均温、年均温、年降水量和年相对湿度等8个生态因子有不同程度的相关性,其中与经度、海拔、七月均温和年平均相对湿度显著相关。(3)6个梭梭种群通过聚类分析可分为两大类,分析结果与所观察到的生境类型、地理分布的划分基本一致;随着自然降水量自东向西减少,梭梭的抗旱性相应逐渐增强。     

构树雌雄株叶片解剖结构特征的比较研究

为了研究雌雄异株植物构树（Broussonetia papyrifera（L.） Vent.）的性别差异,以其叶片为材料,采用石蜡切片法,对其主要解剖结构特征进行观察和比较。结果显示：（1）构树雌、雄株叶片解剖结构组成一致,均由表皮、叶肉组织和叶脉3部分组成。其上、下表皮均由一层细胞构成,具有较厚的角质层及丰富的表皮毛,叶肉中栅栏组织高度发达,此外,维管系统在叶中所占比例很大;（2）构树雌、雄株叶片细胞大小及厚度在各类型组织间存在一定差异,雄株叶片上表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度、主脉维管束木质部厚度及维管束厚度均显著大于雌株叶片,且在栅海比、组织结构紧密度、组织结构疏松度和主脉维管束木质部面积占维管束的比例等方面也与雌株有极显著差异。研究结果表明构树叶片的解剖结构不仅具有旱生植物叶片的典型特征,而且还表现出明显的性别差异,这可能与构树雌、雄株的生殖分配有关。     

新疆四种补血草属植物叶片的解剖学研究

利用叶片离析法和石蜡切片法研究了补血草属4种植物叶片的形态结构。结果表明:(1)4种植物的叶片有许多共同的结构适应特征,表皮细胞排列紧密,表面有厚的角质层;气孔类型均为不等型,气孔位置为平置或略微下陷;上下表皮还具有多细胞构成的盐腺;栅栏组织发达,多为等面叶;存在粘液细胞和单宁细胞;机械组织和维管组织都不发达等。(2)不同种间有不同的结构适应特征,如表皮细胞的形状、大小、垂周壁饰样,气孔密度,盐腺密度,叶片厚度和栅栏组织厚度等。通过叶的结构特征反映出盐生植物与旱生植物的不同。     

9种芦荟属植物叶的结构和芦荟素含量的比较研究

9种芦荟属植物叶的比较解剖研究结果表明,它们都具有明显的旱生叶的结构特征,其维管束的韧皮部内都有大型薄壁细胞,但其表皮角质膜的厚度,表面纹饰,气孔上,下腔的形状和大小,同化组织 导 ,细胞分化情况,维管束的大小,分布密度和其大型薄壁细胞占维管束的比例,中央贮水组织占叶横切面的比例等特征,在各种间存在差异,且性状稳定,可以作为该属内种间分类的解剖学指标,植物化学分析结果表明,9种植物叶内蒽醌类物质的主要种类和含量不同,其含量高,低与叶内维管束密度,大型薄壁细胞占维管束的比例以及同化组织的厚度密度切相关,从而为芦荟属植物选育商业用良种提供了植物解剖学依据。     

骆驼蓬种子中一种具抗肿瘤活性蛋白的分离纯化及鉴定

骆驼蓬种子经浸提、硫酸铵沉淀、CM阳离子交换层析和Superdex 75凝胶过滤层析分离纯化得到一种具有抗肿瘤细胞增殖活性的蛋白(命名为PhLTP),经Tricine-SDS-PAGE检测为单一蛋白条带,高效液相色谱检测其表观分子量为14.8 kDa左右,表明PhLTP是由两条相同的亚基组成的蛋白.采用Edman降解法对该纯化蛋白的N-末端进行氨基酸测序,其N-末端序列与其他植物非特异性脂转移蛋白相似.对PhLTP抗肿瘤活性进行研究,结果表明其对HeLa、Eca-109、MGC-9和BEL-7404细胞都有增殖抑制活性,其中对HeLa细胞增殖的抑制作用较好,并具有浓度和时间依赖性,其IC50为45 μg/mL.通过Hoechst33258染色观察细胞形态,发现PhLTP能诱导HeLa细胞发生凋亡.     

Treatment of natural tropical theileriosis with the extract of the plant Peganum harmala

Theileria annulata, a protozoan parasite of cattle and domestic buffaloes, is transmitted by ticks of the genus Hyalomma, and causes a disease named Mediterranean or tropical theileriosis. In this research 50 cattle naturally infected with Theileria annulata were treated with the extract of the plant Peganum harmala. The treatment was continued for 5 days, the dose of the extract being 5 mg/kg per day. After the treatment, 39 cattle responded to the treatment and recovered, but 11 did not respond to the treatment and died. The recovery rate of animals treated with the extract of the plant Peganum harmala was 78%.     

Glucose uptake stimulatory effect of 4-hydroxypipecolic acid by increased GLUT 4 translocation in skeletal muscle cells

Peganum harmala Linn, commonly known as 'harmal' belonging to the family Zygophyllaceae, is one of the most important medicinal plants of India. In continuation of our drug development program on Indian medicinal plants we discovered antihyperglycemic activity in 4-hydroxypipecolic acid (4-HPA), isolated from the seed of P. harmala. Effect of 4-HPA on glucose uptake and glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4) translocation was investigated in L6 skeletal muscle cell lines. Treatment with 4-HPA stimulated both glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation from intracellular to cell surface in skeletal muscle cells in a concentration-dependent manner, which might be leading to antihyperglycemic effect.     

Xanthomicrol is the main cytotoxic component of Dracocephalum kotschyii and a potential anti-cancer agent

Spinal-Z, a methanolic mixture of dried powdered seeds of Peganum harmala Linn. and leaf of Dracocephalum kotschyii Boiss. is an Iranian ethno-medical remedy. It has been used for the treatment of various types of cancer for many years. To evaluate the use of Spinal-Z in treatment of cancer, we examined its effects against a panel of malignant cell lines and tumors induced in mice. The in vitro antiproliferative activities of Spinal-Z, the seed extract of P. harmala and the leaf extract of D. kotschyii were determined using the MTT assay. The concentration of the agent required to inhibit cell growth by 50% (IC50) was estimated. In addition, the anti-tumor activities of the remedy and its constituents were investigated. Viability of cells treated with Spinal-Z and its components decreased in a dose dependent manner. Spinal-Z and its components showed cytotoxic effects against all cell lines tested. The leaf extract of D. kotschyii showed a greater preferential cytotoxic effect than the seed extract of P. harmala and Spinal-Z, on all cell lines tested. Harmine showed cytotoxicity against HL60 and K562 cell lines. This could explain the cytotoxic effect of P. harmala on these cells. The leaf extract of D. kotschyii was able to inhibit tumor proliferation in mice. The active ingredient in the leaf extract of D. kotschyii appears to be a flavone identified as xanthomicrol. Xanthomicrol was able to inhibit proliferation of a number of malignant cells. The cytotoxic effects of xanthomicrol were more selective towards malignant cells than doxorubicin.     

Antimicrobial activity and main chemical composition of two smoke condensates from Peganum harmala seeds

The smoke of Peganum harmala seeds is traditionally used in Iran as a disinfectant agent. The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial activity of two smoke condensates from Peganum harmala seeds. Furthermore the composition of smoke preparations was studied using gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy analysis. The most prevalent compound detected in a dichloromethane extract was harmine. Standard harmine as well as the dichloromethane extract showed antimicrobial activity against all test strains. Harmine was not detected in an n-hexane extract and we did not observe antimicrobial activity from this smoke preparation at the tested concentrations.     

Insecticidal effects of extracts of seven plant species on larval development, alpha-amylase activity and offspring production of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Insecta: Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Bioinsecticidal effects of methanol extracts from seven plant species on Tribolium castaneum were investigated. Centaurium erythraea, Peganum harmala, Ajuga iva, Aristolochia baetica, Pteridium aquilinum and Raphanus raphanistrum extracts inhibit growth of larvae. C. erythraea was the most toxic with 63% mortality 10 days after treatment, followed by P. harmala with 58%. C. erythraea and P. aquilinum reduce the emergence rate respectively of 66% and 19%. The duration of larval period was shortened by Launaea arborescens, P. aquilinum and A. iva extracts, whereas R. raphanistrum and P. harmala extracts extend the larval period when compared to the control. Extracts of C. erythraea, P. harmala, A. iva and A. baetica inhibited F1 progeny production. Larvae possess three alpha-amylase isoforms as determined by SDS-PAGE. Larvae fed on treated diet had lower alpha-amylase activity than larvae feed on untreated diet. C. erythraea and P. harmala are the most potent extracts. These plant extracts could be useful to reduce seed damage caused by this pest species.     

陇东地区杀虫植物资源的研究初报

室内测定了采自甘肃陇东地区的136种植物样品的提取物对6种农业害虫的生物活性,筛选出了对试虫有50%以上生物活性的植物35种,其中豆科5种,菊科4种,茄科3种,其余各科不足3种,通过综合分析,认为骆驼蓬,苦豆子等10余种植物具有明显地开发应用价值。     

骆驼蓬提取物浸种对小麦幼苗生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

以不同浓度骆驼蓬提取液浸种处理小麦。研究对幼苗生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,骆驼蓬提取液浸种后小麦幼苗的根长、株高和干重增加,根冠比增大;幼苗根系活力增强,根系超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性提高,过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性先升后降,过氧化物酶（POD）活性下降,过氧化物酶同工酶表达受抑;叶片叶绿素和可溶性蛋白质含量增加,叶片SOD、POD活性提高,过氧化物酶同工酶表达增强,CAT活性降低。根系和叶片丙二醛（MDA）含量下降。     

The Isolation and Structural Determination of r-harmine from the Seed of Peganum harmala L.

γ-Harmine, a new carboline alkaloid isolated from Peganum harmala L. (Zygophylaceae), has been shown to be 7-methoxy-4-methyl-γ-carboline (Ⅵ) according to its color reaction and spectral analyses. This is the first γ-carboline compound isolated from a plant, Harmine (Ⅰ) has also been isolated from the same plant material.     

Palynological characterisation of sedra honeys (Ziziphus lotus) produced in Algeria

Abstract

A melissopalynological study was carried out on 46 samples of Ziziphus lotus honey from Laghouat and Djelfa region (central Algeria). The number of pollen types identified per honey sample ranges between nine and 39 with a mean of 24. These correspond to 52 botanical families with 79 different pollen types in the whole samples. Asteraceae and Fabaceae families were present in all the samples where as Apiaceae, Brassicaceae and Nitrariaceae (Peganum harmala) were identified in more than 90%. Other plant families as Boraginaceae, Cistaceae, Myrtaceae, Oleaceae, Salicaceae or Urticaceae were identified in more than 50% of the samples but frequently as minor pollen. Ziziphus lotus pollen had a mean content of 68.9% (with a range of 45.3% to 93.4%). The secondary pollen types were Ononis natrix, Peganum harmala, Brassica napus, Echium and Olea europaea. Regarding the important pollen it is highlighted the presence Lotus t., Eucalyptus, Pimpinella anisum t., Trifolium t., Eryngium campestre t., Centaurea t., Galega officinalis t., Citrus or Scrophularia t. The sedra honeys of the studied region are characterised by their high content in pollen grains with a mean content of 188 403 grains/10 g. The presence of some pollen types in the pollen spectra of honeys such as Peganum harmala, Thapsia garganica, Launaea, Muscari comosum, Carthamus or Limonium bonduellei together several Asteraceae as Centaurea, Taraxacum, Carduus, Artemisia and Matricaria was proposed as geographical markers of this honey type.