乳菇属真菌与松属植物形成的外生菌根

描述了两种乳菇属真菌在湿地松上形成菌根的形态学和组织学特征,结果表明两种真菌形成菌根在形态学和组织学上基本相似,其区别在菌根的颜色及受伤后产生的乳汁颜色,与文献报道的该属真菌形成的菌根的形态特征比较,表明具有乳汁菌丝是本属真菌形成菌根的共同特征,根据目前已有资料给出了乳菇属真菌所形成菌根的检索表。     

几种松树外生菌根真菌的研究

早在1956年前我们曾对松树和柞树的外生菌根真菌进行了分离。当时获得3株菌根真菌的纯培养,经初步鉴定属牛肝菌属(Boletus)、乳菇属(Lactarius)和滑菇属(Hebeloma)。对油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)幼苗回接试验取得了成功。在樟子松(Pimus sylvestris)幼苗的接种试验中,也获得了较好的结果;菌根化促进了樟子松幼苗的成活(张宪武等,1964)。 1978年以来,我们对外生菌根真菌又进行了研究。从不同林分下采集到能形成菌根的真菌子实体,在无菌条件下用切割组织法以分离菌根真菌,获得了纯培养菌株,根据子实体的特征进行了鉴定(邓叔群,1963)。同时对培养基选择及幼苗接种效果也进行了试验。本文是我们研究的初步结果。     

中国长白山和小兴安岭地区乳菇属二新种

描述了乳菇属的2个新种:皮壳乳菇Lactarius incrustatus和玫汁乳菇L. roseoligalus。该2种生于长白山和小兴安岭地区由蒙古栎、红松和桦构成的混交林下。皮壳乳菇属于乳菇亚属L. subg. Lactarius,特征为菌盖潮湿至近干、灰蓝或灰紫色、菌褶黄白色、盖表皮具深黄褐色皮壳附着物和孢子纹饰近斑马纹状。玫汁乳菇属于变红乳菇亚属L. subg. Plinthogalus,特征为乳汁白色快速变艳玫红色、孢子具高的排列为斑马纹状的纹饰和具褐色内含物的栅栏球囊型盖表皮。文中提供了该2种的外观和显微特征描述、与相近种的形态对比和真菌条形码ITS序列。     

乳菇类外生菌根食用菌研究进展

乳菇类资源分布广泛,且大多属于可食用的外生菌根真菌,具有较高的营养价值及生态价值,其中最著名的是美味乳菇组真菌。乳菇类真菌在传统分类中归于乳菇属Lactarius,但依据分子系统发育研究结果分别归于Lactarius、Lactifluus、Multifurca 3个属中。乳菇类真菌菌丝生长缓慢,无法采用死体有机质进行人工栽培,对它们的深入研究与人工驯化仍然具有较大的难度。目前国内外研究主要集中在乳菇类真菌的分类鉴定、系统发育、菌丝分离培养、菌根化接种、种植园栽培管理技术及营养活性成分研究等方面,其中松乳菇L. deliciosus菌根化和仿野生人工栽培已经取得成功,并在新西兰等地开始商业化栽培。本文较系统地总结了乳菇类真菌的研究历程及现状,并对国内外乳菇类真菌研究趋势进行了展望。     

外生菌根真菌的分离和培养条件的研究

早在1956年,我们已对松树和柞树的外生菌根真菌进行了分离。当时获得三株菌根真菌的纯培养,经初步鉴定分属于牛肝菌属(Boletus)、乳菇属(Lactarius)和滑菇属(Hebeloma)。回接试验取得了成功。在樟子松(Pinus sylvestris)幼苗的接种试验中,也获得了较好的结果;菌根化促进了樟子松幼苗的成活。但由于我们采用的分离方法是表面灭菌法,直接从松树的小根上来分离菌根真菌     

土生空球菌及其在火炬松上形成的菌根

土生空球菌(cenococcum geophilum)是一种寄主范围最广、研究最多的外生菌根真菌。本文首次报道了该菌在中国的发现及该菌与火炬松所形成的菌根,全面描述了该菌根的形态学和组织学特征,并对该菌进行了分离培养,描述该菌在纯培养下的特征,对该菌在火炬松上形成的菌根的特征进行了比较,同时讨论了该菌在造林中的重要性。     

菌根真菌一新种——石斛小菇

从云南省野生铁皮石斛根中分离出一菌根真菌,经系统形态学研究后,将其鉴定为小菇属一新种：石斛小菇。标本保藏在中国科学院微生物研究所菌物标本室（ＨＭＡＳ）。用石斛小菇伴播１２种兰科植物种子,实验结果表明该真菌对天麻和密花石斛种子萌发有明显促进作用。     

乳菇属1中国新记录种——白黄乳菇

在广东省象头山国家级自然保护区采集到1种乳菇属Lactarius真菌,经鉴定为白黄乳菇Lactarius alboscrobiculatus H.T.LeVerbeken,为中国新记录种。该种的主要特征为菌盖漏斗形,周身白色至乳白色,菌盖具有浅黄至棕色环纹,乳汁不变色,菌柄短,表面有明显的小陷窝。根据标本的宏观和显微特征,并结合野外生境观察和ITS序列的分子系统学分析,详细描述了该新记录种。     

松乳菇的研究与开发

松乳菇 (Ｌａｃｌａｒｉｕｓｄｅｌｉｃｉｏｓｕｓ) ,又名美味松乳菇 ,雁鹅菌 ,松杉菌 ,松菌 ,茶花菌 ,系红乳菇科(Ｒｕｓｓｎｌａｃｅａｅ) ,乳菇属 (Ｌａｃｔａｒｉｕｓ)真菌。其肉质细嫩 ,味道鲜美独特 ,营养丰富 ,不仅可食用 ,也可药用。在湖南等地被视为山中珍品 ,市场上十分走俏。松乳菇与松口磨、美味牛肝菌等菌一样 ,都属于菌根菌 ,与松、杉、柏等树种形成菌根菌。这类菌与植物共生 ,有特殊的生态条件、营养方式和子实体分化发育条件 ,对它的研究与驯化有很大难度。因此 ,目前尚不能人工栽培 ,市场供应全依赖于野生采集 ,由于市场紧…     

早期真菌与本土和外来松的菌根合成

为探讨早期真菌与本土和外来松树的共生特性,选用3种早期外生菌根真菌(环褐乳牛肝菌Suillus luteus、虎皮乳牛肝菌S. phylopictus和酒红蜡蘑Laccaria vinaceoavellanea)接种2种本地松(云南松Pinus yunnanensis、华山松P. armandii)和2种外来松(P. greggii、P. maximartinensis),并对接种后的侵染率、菌根特征和松苗株高等进行测量和分析,结果显示：6个月后,2种乳牛肝菌与4种松均能形成菌根,华山松与2种乳牛肝菌的亲和性最好,酒红蜡蘑仅能与2种外来松P. greggii和P. maximartinensis形成菌根,且菌根合成成功率仅为14.3%。此次合成的10种菌根组合均为首次报道,其中同一种真菌与不同松形成的菌根在形态和解剖特征上较为接近。3种真菌对宿主生长的促进作用因树种而异,整体上外来松苗的生长速率要快于本土松苗;华山松苗虽然菌根感染率最高,但生长效应却均不明显。研究认为：孢子接种对乳牛肝菌、蜡蘑等早期真菌的菌根合成研究是一种经济有效的手段;外生菌根真菌可能对外来树种具有更为重要的作用,与本土树种相比,外来树种与外生菌根真菌在能否形成菌根、菌根形成时间以及对宿主的生长效应等方面存在差异,需要开展进一步深入的相关研究。     

Ectomycorrhizae of Lactarius lignyotus on Norway spruce,characterized by anatomical and molecular tools

The ectomycorrhizae of Lactarius lignyotus on Norway spruce are comprehensively described by morphological and anatomical characteristics. Identification of ectomycorrhizae was performed by tracing mycelia to the fruitbodies and also by molecular tools, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the fungal DNA. The newly described ectomycorrhiza is compared to ectomycorrhiza of the related Lactarius picinus. The amplified DNA products of the two fungi and their ectomycorrhizae could be distinguished by characteristic fragments after digestion with Hinf1.Considered as part LV of the series Studies on ectomycorrhizae of the Institute for Systematic Botany, Munich; part LIV: Agerer et al. (1994)     

Characterization of Lactarius tesquorum ectomycorrhizae on Cistus sp. and molecular phylogeny of related European Lactarius taxa

Lactarius is one of the larger genera of ectomycorrhizal Basidiomycota, with about 400 species recognized worldwide. The ectomycorrhizae formed by Lactarius tesquorum on Cistus sp., one of the most common and ecologically relevant shrubs in the semi-arid regions in the Mediterranean basin, are described here in terms of morphological, anatomical and molecular features. An ITS rDNA sequence-based phylogenetic analysis was performed on the related European Lactarius taxa (L. mairei, L. pubescens, L. scoticus, L. spinosulus, L. torminosulus and L. torminosus) currently classified together with L. tesquorum in the subgenus Piperites section Piperites. Piperites s.s. could be divided into two main clusters; L. mairei and especially L. spinosulus were related less closely to the other taxa. This study is part of a broader effort to extend our knowledge of the distribution, phylogeny and ectomycorrhizal biology of Lactarius species in selected ecosystems.     

夏块菌与青刚栎形成外生菌根形态变化的研究

夏块菌（Tuber aestivum）是一种具有较高经济价值的菌根食用菌。对夏块菌与青刚栎（Cycloba-lanopsis glauca）在形成菌根过程中不同阶段的菌根形态变化进行了研究,结果显示：用夏块菌孢子液接种青刚栎苗后,第14天起开始形成淡乳色的外生菌根,外延菌丝刚毛状;第一至第二个月可形成黄褐色、褐色外生菌根,外延菌丝刚毛或羊毛状。外生菌根为单根,长1～4mm,直径150～250μm。菌套厚12～20μm,平坦或自菌根延伸出刚毛状菌丝,外延菌丝束黄绿色;哈替氏网菌丝直径1～1.5μm。菌根老化后变暗褐或萎缩。外延菌丝束呈黄绿色是夏块菌菌根区别于其它块菌菌根最重要的形态特征。     

Species Diversity of Russuloid Mycorrhizae forming Fungi on Pinus yunnanensis Seedlings and the Mycorrhizal Morphology

Russuloid ectomycorrhizae on 1-2 years old seedlings of Pinus yunnanensis collected from the central Yunnan, China were investigated. Six morphotypes were recognized by macro and anatomical morphological approaches as well as molecular analyses. The six morphotypes were confirmed to represent six phylotypes by matching rDNA ITS sequences. The fungal partners in the six morpho phylotypes are those closely related with Russula livescens, Rvioleipes ,Rdensifolia ,Rnigricans ,Rsanguinea and Rnauseosa respectively. The correlation between the morphology of mantles and cystidia and the phylogenetic clades is further supported in our work. The framework, in which this report is included, shows that russuloid mycorrhizae are one of the most dominant representative ectomycorrhizae formed on 1-2 years seedlings of Pinus yunnanensis.     

Ectomycorrhizae between <Emphasis Type="Italic">Alnus acuminata</Emphasis> H.B.K. and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Naucoria escharoides</Emphasis> (Fr.:Fr.) Kummer from Argentina

Field ectomycorrhizae of Naucoria escharoides on Alnus acuminata ("andean alder", "aliso del cerro") are described in detail for the first time. Naturally occurring ectomycorrhizal roots were sampled beneath sporocarps of N. escharoides. The samples were taken from four natural forest plots at two homogeneous A. acuminata sites (Tucumán and Catamarca Provinces, Argentina). The ectomycorrhizae were characterized morphologically and compared by means of PCR/RFLP analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region of the nuclear rDNA. The most important morphological features of the ectomycorrhizae are a white to pale yellow mantle, simple to monopodial branches, hyaline emanating hyphae, abundant hyphal bundles emerging more or less perpendicularly from a plectenchymatous mantle, and an acute or rounded apex with or without a mantle. N. escharoides fruitbodies have white basal mycelium with emanating hyphae similar to those of andean alder ectomycorrhizae. The RFLP profiles of sporocarps and mycorrhizae were the same.     

DEEMY – the concept of a characterization and determination system for ectomycorrhizae

 A considerable amount of data has been published on morphological and anatomical characteristics of ectomycorrhizae but these are dispersed in several, sometimes not easily available, journals. The few keys that exist are mostly based upon host tree genera. No comprehensive determination tools for non-experts are available. An information system for specific characters of ectomycorrhizae and an interactive key are now provided by DEEMY on CD-ROM. Accepted: 6 May 1997     

A rapid mini-prep method for isolation of ectomycorrhizal DNA from Tuber species

A rapid procedure has been developed to isolate DNA from the ectomycorrhizae of Tuber spp. for use in PCR experiments. The method described is fast and sensitive and can overcome the amplification problems that can arise in the presence of inhibitors. For this reason it can be used to type ectomycorrhizae even starting from a single root tip and make mycorrhizae identification much more rapid.     

Nitrogen fixation associated with Suillus tomentosus tuberculate ectomycorrhizae on Pinus contorta var. latifolia

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Tuberculate ectomycorrhizae are a unique form of ectomycorrhiza where densely packed clusters of mycorrhizal root tips are enveloped by a thick hyphal sheath to form a tubercle. The functional significance of such a unique structure has not previously been established. The purpose of the present study was to investigate and measure the potential nitrogenase activity associated with Suillus tomentosus/Pinus contorta tuberculate ectomycorrhizae in two stand ages, young and old, and across a range of nitrogen-poor soil conditions. METHODS: Short roots were compared with other mycorrhizae and non-mycorrhizal secondary roots using tuberculate ectomycorrhizae. Assessment of nitrogenase activity was determined and quantitative measurements were taken on tuberculate ectomycorrhizae in situ in a variety of different circumstances, by using an adaptation of the acetylene reduction assay. KEY RESULTS: Significant nitrogenase activity was measured associated with S. tomentosus/P. contorta tuberculate ectomycorrhizae whereas no nitrogenase activity was measured with non-tuberculate mycorrhizae or secondary roots without mycorrhizae. Average nitrogenase activity ranged from undetectable to 5696.7 nmol C2H4 g(-1) tubercle 24 h(-1). Maximum nitrogenase activity was 25,098.8 nmol C2H4 g(-1) tubercle 24 h(-1). Nitrogenase activity was significantly higher in young stands than in old stands of P. contorta. Season or some covariate also seemed to affect nitrogenase activity and there was suggestion of a site effect. CONCLUSIONS: Suillus tomentosus/P. contorta tuberculate ectomycorrhizae are sites of significant nitrogenase activity. The nitrogenase activity measured could be an important contribution to the nitrogen budget of P. contorta stands. Season and stand age affect levels of nitrogenase activity.