外源一氧化氮对干旱胁迫下杨树光合作用的影响

NO是生物体中一种自由基分子,其NO对树木叶片光合作用的影响研究未见报道.本文研究了外源NO对杨树叶片水分状况、光合作用和抗氧化物酶活力的调节作用.不同浓度SNP处理对杨树叶片含水量具有显著影响,杨树叶片含水率随着SNP浓度的提高而增加.当SNP浓度增加到00μmol·L^-1后各处理杨树叶片含水率变化趋于稳定.外源NO能提高水分胁迫下杨树叶片的光合、原初光能转化率Fv/Fm、Fm/Fo和Fv/Fo等的比值.其效果随水分胁迫时间的延长而降低.与此对应的是,短时间水分处理(1 h)的杨树叶片SOD和POD抗氧化物酶的活性显著高于长时间(3h)水分胁迫处理.SNP能显著提高不同干旱时间处理组的POD活性,而对SOD活性影响不明显.同时,随SNP浓度的增加,POD和SOD活性呈现先升后降的趋势.因此,干旱胁迫可引起杨树叶片光合效率降低,出现氧化伤害症状,外源NO可诱导抗氧化物酶POD和SOD活性的升高,缓解原初光能转化率Fv/Fm、Fm/Fo和Fv/Fo等值的降低,从而延缓活性氧积累,减轻水分胁迫对杨树叶片光合作用的影响.     

沼液施用对干旱胁迫下玉米幼苗生长和生理特性的影响*

为了探明干旱胁迫下沼液对玉米幼苗抗旱、光合生理、形态的缓解效应,以中度抗旱玉米杂交种‘先玉335’和较强抗旱杂交种‘中单2号’为材料,采用10%聚乙二醇-6000模拟干旱胁迫,研究50%沼液根部浇灌处理对干旱胁迫下玉米幼苗生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明,沼液根部施用可以显著提高两品种玉米的抗旱性,有效缓解干旱胁迫对玉米幼苗根系和地上部生长的抑制作用,促进两品种玉米幼苗生长和提高根系活力,降低根冠比,且‘先玉335’的变幅更大;同时显著提高两品种叶片SOD、POD和CAT活性以及可溶性糖、脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白含量(‘中单2号’的CAT除外),降低MAD含量,且对‘中单2号’的影响更显著;沼液根施还可以显著提高干旱胁迫下两品种叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr),降低气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO_(2)浓度(Ci),但‘中单2号’的Tr和Gs除外,同时使两品种叶片叶绿素含量和水分利用效率(WUE)均显著增加。可见,沼液根施处理可以有效改善干旱胁迫下玉米幼苗的光合能力,显著提高幼苗抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质的含量,减轻膜脂过氧化程度,有效缓解干旱胁迫对2种不同抗旱性玉米幼苗的生长抑制,从而增强玉米耐受干旱胁迫的能力,且对‘中单2号’的缓解效果更明显。     

模拟干旱胁迫对枣树幼苗的抗氧化系统和渗透调节的影响

用不同浓度的PEG-6000对抗旱性不同的1年生枣树(Zizyphus jujuba)幼苗进行渗透胁迫处理后,研究了不同抗旱性品种枣树幼苗的抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量的变化.结果显示,干旱胁迫下3种枣苗叶片的相对含水量(RWC)均降低,丙二醛(MDA)含量和细胞质膜相对透性均增加.在30%PEG胁迫下除骏枣1号的SOD活性降低外,3个品种枣苗在干旱胁迫下SOD和POD活性都增加;狗头枣2号的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在胁迫下明显增加,而木枣1号和骏枣1号的CAT活性均随着胁迫程度的增加而逐渐下降;木枣1号和骏枣1号的APX活性随着胁迫程度的增加先增加后降低,而狗头枣2号明显增加.干旱胁迫下,除骏枣1号的脯氨酸(Pro)含量和木枣1号的可溶性糖含量在30%的胁迫水平下降低(P>0.05)外,3种干旱胁迫水平下3个品种枣苗的Pro和可溶性糖含量均增加.总之,干旱胁迫下,枣苗叶片相对含水量、抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT和APX)活性、渗透调节物质Pro和可溶性糖含量均为:狗头枣2号>木枣1号>骏枣1号,而MDA含量和膜透性均为骏枣1号>木枣1号>狗头枣2号,表明3个品种的抗旱性为:狗头枣2号>木枣1号>骏枣1号,研究结果与其品种的实际抗旱性一致.     

一氧化氮对杨树耐旱性的影响

探讨了外源NO对水分胁迫下杨树叶片质膜相对透性、叶片光合作用和氧化伤害保护酶的影响.结果表明,NO供体硝普钠(sodiumnitroprusside,SNP)能提高杨树叶片的含水率,在水分胁迫(PEG6000渗透液处理)下,能缓解叶片的水分丢失.NO对杨树叶片光合作用具有双重性,低浓度SNP(200、500μmol·L^-1)能促进叶片的光合,高浓度SNP(1000、2000μmol·L^-1)则明显抑制叶片的光合.较短时间水分处理胁迫(1h))的杨树叶片SOD和POD活性显著高于较长时间(3h)水分胁迫下叶片的酶活性.经SNP处理后,各处理组POD、SOD活性明显上升.同时,随SNP浓度的增加,POD和SOD活性表现出先上升后下降的趋势.外源NO可通过诱导POD和SOD活性的上升,延缓活性氧的积累,从而减轻水分胁迫对杨树的伤害,增强树木的耐旱能力.     

2种杨树光合色素和抗氧化系统对UV-B与NaCl胁迫的响应

以胡杨和俄罗斯杨(黑杨杂交种)为材料,通过设置增强UV-B辐射、NaCl胁迫(100mmol/L NaCl)、复合胁迫(增强UV-B辐射+100mmol/L NaCl)及对照(不额外施加NaCl和UV-B)4组处理,研究2种杨树对UV-B辐射、NaCl胁迫及其复合胁迫的生理响应及其种间差异。结果显示:(1)增强UV-B辐射、NaCl胁迫及其复合胁迫下,2种杨树的叶绿素含量降低,叶绿素a/b比值减小,类胡萝卜素含量升高;叶片中的膜脂过氧化产物(MDA)和H2O2含量均显著升高;但在复合胁迫下,俄罗斯杨MDA含量要明显低于各单一胁迫处理,而胡杨MDA含量和2种杨树H2O2含量均介于2种单一胁迫处理之间。(2)在3种不同胁迫条件下,俄罗斯杨和胡杨叶片中过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性比对照显著升高,且POD活性在复合胁迫下最高。(3)2种杨树叶片中渗透调节物质(脯氨酸、甜菜碱、可溶性蛋白)含量在各胁迫条件下均比对照明显升高,且脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量在复合胁迫下最高;胡杨甜菜碱含量在3种胁迫条件下的升高幅度均远大于俄罗斯杨,而俄罗斯杨可溶性蛋白含量升高的幅度在增强UV-B辐射和复合胁迫下却明显高于胡杨。研究表明,增强UV-B辐射、NaCl胁迫及其复合处理对2种杨树生长均造成不同程度的胁迫伤害,但2种杨树在复合胁迫下表现出的抗氧化保护能力比在2种单一胁迫下更强,因而复合胁迫对2种杨树的伤害更小,UV-B辐射可能与NaCl胁迫相互拮抗最终减缓了对植物的伤害。     

Species-specific responses to drought,salinity and their interactions in Populus euphratica and P. pruinosa seedlings

干旱和盐胁迫是严重的非生物胁迫因子,限制植物的生长和生产力,特别是在沙漠地区。本研究采用两种沙漠杨树—胡杨(Populus euphratica)和灰杨(P. pruinosa)幼苗,比较它们对干旱、盐胁迫和两者交互胁迫的耐受性。研究了在干旱、盐胁迫和交互胁迫下,胡杨和灰杨在生长、光合能力和色素含量、非结构性碳水化合物浓度、Cl⁻分配、渗透调节和活性氧积累等方面的物种特异性响应。研究结果表明, 与胡杨相比,灰杨在干旱、盐胁迫,特别是交互胁迫下表现出更高的生长抑制作用,光合作用下降,气孔关闭和活性氧积累,抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节能力下降。此外,在盐胁迫下,胡杨限制了盐从根部向叶片的转运,并且向粗根分配的Cl⁻较多,向叶片分配的Cl⁻较少,而灰杨向叶片分配较多的Cl⁻。表明这两种杨树存在着物种特异性变化,在干旱、盐胁迫,特别是交互胁迫下,灰杨受到更大的负面作用。因此,在未来干旱和盐胁迫加重的气候环境下,在生态恢复和植树造林时,应考虑这两种杨树对干旱和盐胁迫的物种特异性响应和耐受性。     

Physiological responses of two poplar species to high boron stress

 近年来国外学者发现杨树(Populus spp.)对硼表现出很强的富集能力和极强的耐受能力, 但其耐硼胁迫的生理机制和种间差异仍不清楚。该研究通过两年的硼梯度控制试验, 探讨了硼胁迫对欧洲黑杨杂交种俄罗斯杨(Populus russkii)和银白杨变种新疆杨(P. bolleca)的生长和生理指标的影响。结果表明, 新疆杨的耐高硼能力高于俄罗斯杨, 其高硼伤害阈值(EC10)为35 mg·kg^–1, 俄罗斯杨为19 mg·kg^–1。两种杨树的过氧化氢酶(CAT)和愈创木酚过氧化物酶(Gu-POD)活性随硼浓度升高而升高, 超过EC10后显著下降。尽管两种杨树的叶绿素含量和光化学效率在硼胁迫下降低, 但抗硼胁迫能力较强的新疆杨仍然保持了较高的叶绿素a/b值和热耗散能力(非光化学淬灭升高), 因此有效地保护了该树种的光合能力。两种杨树的可溶性糖含量随硼胁迫加重而适应性升高, 以维持其抗渗透能力, 但其叶片可溶性蛋白含量仅在中低强度的硼胁迫条件下有所升高。该研究明确了两个富集硼的杨树种对高硼胁迫的生理响应及其种间差异。     

六个东方铁筷子品种对干旱胁迫的生理响应及抗旱性评价

研究人工控水模拟干旱胁迫条件下6个东方铁筷子品种的生理和叶片解剖结构的变化特征,并利用隶属函数法对其抗旱性进行评价,筛选出与抗旱性关联较大的生理及叶片解剖结构指标。结果表明：随着干旱胁迫程度增加,6个东方铁筷子品种的叶片厚度、单位质量叶面积和可溶性蛋白水平显著下降,净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均先上升后降低,胞间CO₂浓度下降,叶片相对电导率、丙二醛和过氧化氢含量均升高,可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量和抗氧化酶活性均先升高后降低。随着干旱胁迫程度增加,栅栏组织厚度与海绵组织厚度比以及气孔密度均增加。脯氨酸、可溶性糖、栅栏组织厚度与海绵组织厚度比等指标与抗旱性关系密切,可作为评价东方铁筷子抗旱性的重要指标。‘银莲花红’和‘银莲花红斑’抗旱能力优异,可为未来的抗旱新品种培育提供优良亲本材料。     

外源一氧化碳对干旱胁迫下水稻幼苗抗氧化系统的影响

以水稻(Oryza sativa L.) 品种‘D奇宝优1号'幼苗为材料,采用20%聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟水分胁迫,研究外源一氧化碳(CO)对干旱胁迫下水稻幼苗抗氧化能力的影响,以探索CO提高水稻幼苗抗旱性的机制.结果显示,CO供体高铁血红素(Hematin,H)显著降低干旱胁迫下水稻幼苗叶片质膜相对透性和丙二醛(MDA)含量,提高脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白的含量,不同程度地促进叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性,而CO清除剂血红蛋白(Hemoglobin,Hb)则逆转CO供体对干旱胁迫下水稻幼苗氧化损伤的缓解效应.由此表明,外源CO能通过调整保护酶活性和渗透调节物质含量来提高水稻幼苗的抗氧化能力,有效增强其抗旱性.     

干旱胁迫对杨树幼苗生长、光合特性及活性氧代谢的影响

2011年4-10月在山东省林业科学研究院试验苗圃,选取欧美I-107杨扦插苗为试材,采用盆栽控水试验,研究了不同水分处理(正常水分、轻度干旱、中度干旱和重度干旱)对杨树幼苗生长和气体交换、叶绿素荧光特性、活性氧代谢的影响.结果表明: 与正常水分处理相比,轻度、中度和重度干旱胁迫下的地径生长量分别下降12.8%、44.5%和65.6%,苗高生长量分别下降12.2%、43.1%和57.2%;随着胁迫强度的增加和胁迫时间的延长,杨树幼苗叶片的PSⅡ光能转化效率、实际量子产量、光化学猝灭系数、净光合速率和气孔导度在轻度胁迫下缓慢下降,而在中度和重度胁迫下迅速下降;非光化学猝灭系数在轻度胁迫下显著升高,而在中度和重度胁迫下先升高后降低;叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均先升高后降低,但对干旱胁迫和活性氧的响应存在一定差异;叶片相对电导率、丙二醛含量显著增加,质膜受损,大量离子外渗,且重度胁迫下质膜的损害最严重.轻度干旱胁迫下,I-107杨树幼苗具有较高的光合效率和较强的抗氧化保护酶系统;而中度和重度干旱下,其光合效率显著下降,抗氧化保护酶系统明显遭到破坏.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.