温度对桃蚜和萝卜蚜种群增长的影响

测定了桃蚜Myzus persicae(Sulzer)、萝卜蚜Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach)非全周期孤雌胎生型在13个恒温、3组自然变温下的发育、存活和生殖情况.结果表明:(1)温度对两种蚜虫的发育速率(以及桃蚜的翅型分化)、寿命和存活率;生殖力和生殖率都有直接的影响;(2)两种蚜虫能生存繁衍的温度广度基本一致,恒温下限到上限约相距23℃,但所对应的具体温度范围桃蚜的比萝卜蚜的约低3—4℃;(3)在较低的温度下,桃蚜的发育速率、若虫期存活率、生殖力和生殖率都比萝卜蚜的高,而在较高温度下则是萝卜蚜的比桃蚜的高;(4)两种蚜虫的内禀增长能力r_m均随温度升高呈二次抛物线变化,在16—24℃范围内两种蚜虫的r_m基本一致,低于16℃桃蚜的比萝卜蚜的高,高于24℃则萝卜蚜的比桃蚜的高;(5)在变温下两种蚜虫能适应的低温范围都比在恒温下明显要低.     

植物乙醇提取物对蔬菜蚜虫和蚜茧蜂的影响

用药膜法测定8种常见植物的乙醇提取物对桃蚜(Myzus persicae)、瓜蚜(Aphis gossypii)和萝卜蚜(Lipaphis erysimi)的忌避和控制作用,以及时蚜虫重要天敌--菜蚜茧蜂(Aphidius gifuensis)和菜少脉蚜茧蜂(Diaeretiella rapae)存活的影响．结果表明,供试的8种植物乙醇提取物对3种蚜虫都有一定的忌避作用,其中效果最好的是白花非洲山毛豆(Tephrosia vogelli)和樟树(Cinnamomum camphora),对桃蚜、瓜蚜和萝卜蚜的忌避率分另达0、414、0．729、0．547和0、549、0．690、0．729;除黄素馨(Jasminum mesuyi)和草胡椒(Peperomia pellucida)外,其余6种植物乙醇提取物对桃蚜、瓜蚜、萝卜蚜都有较好的控制作用,其中山毛豆、樟树对蚜虫的控制效果最佳,鸡矢藤(Paederia scandena)和芒箕(Dicranopteris dichotoma)仅次于前2种植物,白兰花(Michelia alba)对瓜蚜和萝卜蚜也有较好的控制作用;鱼藤精稀释1000倍对萝卜蚜效果很好,对桃蚜控制作用较差．8种提取物中,山毛豆对蚜茧蜂有较强的毒性,4h死亡率达63．33％,仅次于鱼藤酮精稀释100倍(4h的死亡率达80％),而樟树、羊蹄甲(Bauhinia variegata)、黄素馨、白兰花和草胡椒的乙醇提取物与对照没有差异,对蚜茧蜂安全、无毒．     

球孢白僵菌对桃蚜接种后特定时间内的侵染率

用球孢白僵菌 (Beauveriabassiana)BBSG870 2菌株的分生孢子悬液 (5× 10 6个·ml-1孢子 )对桃蚜 (Myzuspersicae)始产若蚜的成蚜进行表面接种 ,在接种后 5 6h内 ,每隔 8h取样用 0 .2 %百菌清处理蚜虫 ,使其体表残存的孢子全部失活 ,分别置于 10℃和 2 0℃下逐日观察感染引起的死亡 .结果表明 ,10℃下接种后 5 6h、2 0℃下接种后 40h内各时间段有效侵染引起的死亡率相互间存在显著差异 ,并与不用杀菌剂的对照处理差异显著 (P <0 .0 5 ) .与对照相比 ,接种后 8、16、2 4、32、40和 5 6h内 ,10℃下的有效侵染率分别为 2 2 .9、48.8、6 4.9、80 .4、72 .7和 98.3% ,2 0℃下分别为 31.6、48.8、5 8.6、86 .9、97.2和 98.7% .由此表明 ,在 10～ 2 0℃范围内 ,接种后 2 4h内是该菌有效侵染桃蚜的关键时段 ,有效侵染率达 5 9～ 6 5 % .     

桃蚜、萝卜蚜的种内密度和种间竞争效应

在温室内不同密度条件下,研究了桃蚜和萝卜蚜在甘蓝上的种内密度效应和种间竞争作用。结果表明：单独饲养时,在5头／株和10头／株密度下,两种蚜虫种内密度效应均较弱;而在15头／株时,桃蚜和萝卜蚜的寿命和产蚜量都随之显降低,说明当两种蚜虫达到一定的拥挤程度时,种内密度对种群均产生一定的负效应。两种蚜虫共存时,单头产蚜量均比单独饲养时显下降,种问竞争作用明显。在10、15头／株密度下,桃蚜的竞争作用大于萝卜蚜,萝卜蚜的寿命和单头产蚜量都极显低于桃蚜。     

植物提取物和药剂对蔬菜蚜虫种群的联合控制作用

研究白蝴蝶(Syngonium podophyllum)乙醇提取物、苍耳(Xanthium sibiricum)乙醇提取物、机油乳剂和0.3%印楝素乳油对桃蚜(Myzus persicae)和萝卜蚜(Lipaphis erysimi)的控制效果.室内四因子(1/2实施)二次正交回归旋转组合设计测试对有翅蚜的忌避作用,结果表明,对有翅桃蚜的主要忌避作用物为苍耳乙醇提取物,当苍耳提取物与白蝴蝶乙醇提取物混用,以及机油乳剂和印楝素混用时,对桃蚜有翅蚜的忌避效果提高;而对萝卜蚜有翅蚜的忌避作用主要受苍耳提取物和白蝴蝶提取物的影响.这些干扰作用均是非线性的.田间试验结果,单独使用白蝴蝶提取物对有翅成蚜有较强的驱避作用;对萝卜蚜自然种群的干扰控制作用以4种植物提取物和药剂混配效果最好,达95.7%;对桃蚜自然种群干扰控制效果最好的则是白蝴蝶提取物,控制效果达87%;同时,白蝴蝶提取物与印楝素乳油混配以及苍耳提取物与印楝素乳油混配,对两种蚜虫的控制效果均达80%以上.     

植物提取物和药剂对瓜蚜控制作用的室内和田间效果评价

测试机油乳剂、0 .3%印楝素乳油和苍耳XanthiumsibiricumPetr .etWidd .提取物、白蝴蝶SyngoniumpodophyllumSchott提取物对瓜蚜AphisgossypiiGlover的控制效果。室内实验结果 ,几种药剂和植物提取物对一龄若蚜存活影响的大小次序是 :0 .3%印楝素乳油 (2 0 0 0× ) >机油乳剂 (4 0 0× ) >白蝴蝶提取物 (0 .0 4gDW·ml- 1) >苍耳提取物 (0 .0 4 gDW·ml- 1) ;机油乳剂与植物提取物的不同组合中 ,以机油乳剂单独使用对有翅成蚜忌避效果较好 ;田间试验结果 ,以四种药剂和植物提取物混配 ,对有翅成蚜的驱避作用和种群增长的控制效果最为理想 ,种群增长量只有对照的 2 5 .9%。     

6种非嗜食植物乙醇提取物对蔬菜蚜虫的忌避作用

室内测定了6种非嗜食植物乙醇提取物对蔬菜两种蚜虫桃蚜Myzus persicae(Sulzer)和萝卜蚜Liphis erysimi(Kaltenbach)的忌避作用,结果表明细叶桉Eucalyptus tereticornis、胜红蓟Ageratum conyzoides、洋桃Averrhoa carambola、荷花玉兰Magnolia grandiflora等几种植物乙醇提取物对两种蚜虫的忌避率均在85％以上,这为蔬菜保护剂的研制提供了依据。     

植物提取物对萝卜蚜的室内毒力研究

采用浸叶法和Potter喷雾法测定七种植物提取物对萝卜蚜 (Lipaphiserysim)的室内毒力效果。研究结果显示 :巴豆、博落回和醉鱼草提取物对萝卜蚜的致死中浓度LC50 分别为 1 86.94mg/L、2 0 0 .75mg/L和 1 5 7.73mg/L。     

苍耳叶活性组分对害虫的拒食和忌避作用及其化学成分

采用硅胶柱层析法对苍耳(Xanthium sibiricum Patrin.)叶甲醇提取物的乙酸乙酯萃取物的活性成分进行了跟踪分离及生物活性测定.共分离出8个活性组分,其中组分Ⅱ对试虫的生物活性最高.组分Ⅱ(0.01 g·mL-1)对菜青虫(Pieris rapae L.)和小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella L.)的选择性拒食率高达100.00%;对桃蚜[Myzus persicae (Sulzer)]和萝卜蚜(Lipaphis erysimi(Kahenbach)]的选择性忌避率分别为61.11%和70.83%;对小菜蛾的24 h选择性产卵忌避率达71.17%,并对小菜蛾幼虫的化蛹率和蛹重也有显著影响.经HPLC和LC-MS分析,组分Ⅱ的主要化学成分为倍半萜内酯类化合物4β,5β-环氧苍耳素-1α,4α-内过氧化物,分子式为C15H18O5.     

竹提取物对棉铃虫幼虫及菜青虫的拒食活性

研究结果表明 ,质量浓度为 1 0g L的 1 0种供试竹提取物对棉Helicoverpaarmigera铃虫均具有较强的拒食作用 ,1 2h拒食率最高达 95 . 0 3 % ,最低为 74. 0 7% ,其中毛金竹 (Phyllostachysnigravar.henonis)、白纹短穗竹 (Brachystachyumalbostriatum)提取物对棉铃虫 3龄幼虫的AFC50 (拒食中浓度 )分别为 2 . 0g L、2. 7g L ,但 2 4h、48h拒食率均明显下降。对菜青虫 3龄pierisrapae幼虫的拒食效果以凤凰竹 (Bambusamultiplex)提取物最好 ,2 4h拒食率为 71. 69% ;对 4龄菜青虫的拒食效果以毛金竹提取物最好 ,拒食率为71 . 45 % ,其中毛金竹、白纹短穗竹 2种竹提取物对菜青虫 3龄幼虫的AFC50 分别为 2 .68g L和 3 . 3 7g L。研究结果对于开发环境友好农药以及充分利用竹类资源均具有重要意义。     

Host quality of different aphid species for rearing Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

This study aimed to evaluate the quality of the aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) and Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) as hosts for the parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh). Parasitization by D. rapae was higher on M. persicae than on L. erysimi and B. brassicae. The time of development of D. rapae from egg to mummy or egg to adult male or female were shorter on M. persicae than on L. erysimi and B. brassicae. Moreover, D. rapae showed no significant differences in the emergence rate, sex ratio and longevity when reared on the three aphid species. Myzus persicae was the largest aphid host, with B. brassicae and L. erysimi being of intermediate and of small size, respectively. Diaeretiella rapae reared on M. persicae was larger than when reared on L. erysimi and B. brassicae, and females of D. rapae were significantly larger than males on M. persicae, but males of D. rapae were larger than females when reared on L. erysimi. No difference in size was detected between males and females in parasitoids reared on B. brassicae. Among the aphid species studied, M. persicae was found to be the most suitable to D. rapae.     

辣椒蚜虫种类的调查

蚜虫属同翅目蚜虫总科,是重要的作物害虫。调查海南辣椒植株的蚜虫种类,采集蚜虫标本。将上述活体蚜虫分别接种在室内盆栽辣椒植株上饲养、繁殖,并观察记录各龄期蚜虫的形态特征。经室内观察测定,鉴定出三种蚜虫：棉蚜[Aphis gossypii(Glover)]、桃蚜[Myzus persicae(Sulzer)]和萝卜蚜[Lipaphis erysimi(Kaltenbach)]。     

An analysis of the deterrent effect of aphids on cabbage root fly (Delia radicum) egg-laying

Abstract. 1. The cabbage root fly, Delia radicum (L.), was deterred from laying eggs on brassica plants with >250 cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), or peach-potato aphid, Myzuspersicae (Sulz.).
2. Flies did not lay on plants infested with >250 aphids.
3. Preparations of (E)-β-farnesene, the aphid alarm pheromone, deterred the flies from laying only at the extremely high dose of 32 mg/plant.
4. Although M. persicae secreted large (1 ng/insect) amounts of alarm pheromone and B. brassicae extremely small (<0.01 ng/insect) amounts, both aphids equally deterred D. radicum from laying.
5. The deterrent effect appeared to result from the aphids physically disturbing the flies during host-plant selection.     

Identification of indole glucosinolate breakdown products with antifeedant effects on Myzus persicae (green peach aphid)

The cleavage of glucosinolates by myrosinase to produce toxic breakdown products is a characteristic insect defense of cruciferous plants. Although green peach aphids ( Myzus persicae ) are able to avoid most contact with myrosinase when feeding from the phloem of Arabidopsis thaliana , indole glucosinolates are nevertheless degraded during passage through the insects. A defensive role for indole glucosinolates is suggested by the observation that atr1D mutant plants, which overproduce indole glucosinolates, are more resistant to M. persicae , whereas cyp79B2 cyp79B3 double mutants, which lack indole glucosinolates, succumb to M. persicae more rapidly. Indole glucosinolate breakdown products, including conjugates formed with ascorbate, glutathione and amino acids, are elevated in the honeydew of M. persicae feeding from atr1D mutant plants, but are absent when the aphids are feeding on cyp79B2 cyp79B3 double mutants. M. persicae feeding from wild-type plants and myrosinase-deficient tgg1 tgg2 double mutants excrete a similar profile of indole glucosinolate-derived metabolites, indicating that the breakdown is independent of these foliar myrosinases. Artificial diet experiments show that the reaction of indole-3-carbinol, a breakdown product of indol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate, with ascorbate, glutathione and cysteine produces diindolylmethylcysteines and other conjugates that have antifeedant effects on M. persicae . Therefore, the post-ingestive breakdown of indole glucosinolates provides a defense against herbivores such as aphids that can avoid glucosinolate activation by plant myrosinases.     

杭州郊区菜蚜种群的数量消长规律

对杭州郊区菜蚜的数量消长规律进行了连续多年的系统调查 .结果表明 ,在杭州郊区十字花科蔬菜上发生的菜蚜只有桃蚜 (Myzuspersicae)和萝卜蚜 (Lipaphiserysimi) .2种菜蚜混生种群的数量消长 1年中有 2个明显的高峰 ,分别出现在 5～ 6月和 1 1月前后 ;一般年份高峰期田间虫量可达平均每株 50 0头以上 ,且第 2个高峰虫量较高 ,持续时间较长 .在夏末秋初气温明显偏低的年份 ,8～ 9月作物上虫量上升迅速 ,最高也可达平均每株上千头的水平 .盛夏和隆冬季节数量都很低 .每年的 1 2月至次年的 5月以桃蚜占绝对优势 ,7～ 1 0月以萝卜蚜占绝对优势 ,而 5～ 7月和 1 0～ 1 2月则 2种蚜虫的发生比例交错变换 .温度是决定菜蚜混生种群数量消长规律和导致 2种蚜虫季节消长规律差异的一个主要因子 .文中对食料、天敌等因子的作用也做了讨论 .     

Reproductive rate of the Indian mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi pseudobrassicae) on different Brassica oilseeds: colmparisons with Swedish strains of mustard (Lipaphis erysimi erysimf) and cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae)

The reproductive rate of the Indian mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi pseudobrassicae), a serious pest on Brassica oilseeds in India, was compared with that of Swedish strains of mustard aphid (L. e. erysimi) and cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) on six common Indian and Swedish Brassica oilseed cultivars. There were clear differences between L. e. erysimi and L. e. pseudobrassicae in the relative suitability of the cultivars, emphasisipg the biological differences between these aphids. B. brassicae had similar reproductive rates on all cultivars.
In addition, the reproductive rate of L. e. pseudobrassicae was measured on both young and old plants of the six Brassica oilseed cultivars and 14 Indian rai (B. juncea) cultivars. Among the six Brassica cultivars, the reproductive rates were highest on turnip rape and toria (B. campestris), and lowest on yellow sarson (B. campestris) and rai (B. juncea). The ranking of the cultivars was similar for young and old plants. There were no significant differences between the rai (B. juncea) cultivars tested, neither among young nor among old plants. These results from laboratory studies are compared with field data from India on the relative susceptibility of different Brassica oilseed cultivars to L. e. pseudobrassicae.     

温度对桃蚜和萝卜蚜翅型分化的影响

采用恒温试验,自然变温试验和大田系绕调查相结合的研究方法,探讨了温度对桃蚜和萝卜蚜孤雌胎生型翅型分化的影响,结果表明低温有助于翅的发育,高温则对翅的发育有抑制作用,但低温对翅发育的促进作用在桃蚜中比在萝卜蚜中要强得多。在桃蚜中还证实母蚜体内的仔蚜胚胎期及仔蚜都可感受温度的作用从而对仔蚜的翅型分化产生影响。根据本文结果并综合文献中有关报道,作者认为在确定蚜虫翅型分化与环境因子的关系时,温度是一个不可忽略的重要因子。     

Evaluation of artificial diets for rearing Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Artificial aphid diets have been previously developed for the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), and the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer). The ability to rear aphids on an artificial diet allows for selectively adding or subtracting compounds from an aphid's food source to determine the effect on fecundity and longevity. Five diets previously developed for the green peach aphid and the pea aphid were tested for their suitability for rearing soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura. The best diet, originally developed for the green peach aphid and based on the amino acid profile of young potato plants, allowed 12 generations of soybean aphids to develop. For all diets tested, aphid fecundity, and longevity were greatly reduced in comparison with aphids reared on soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., plants or on detached soybean leaves. In addition, mean developmental time was significantly longer for aphids reared on artificial diets.