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为了阐明华南双季稻区早稻收割和晚稻移栽对褐飞虱种群动态的影响,2011年在韶关市采用田间调查与卵巢解剖的方法研究了双季早稻、双季晚稻、田埂杂草上褐飞虱的种群动态及虫源性质。结果表明:早稻收割后,早稻上大量的褐飞虱1～2龄若虫被淘汰,3龄以上若虫及成虫不断转移扩散致使附近晚稻秧田和杂草上褐飞虱虫量突增;晚稻移栽之后,杂草及晚稻秧田的褐飞虱又向新插秧的晚稻进行转移,但成为有效虫源的虫量较少,因此,早稻收割和晚稻移栽对褐飞虱种群动态造成了极为不利的影响,晚稻秧田和田埂杂草可作为褐飞虱转移过程中的流动栖息场所,在褐飞虱虫量转移中起着一定的作用。     

江西早稻高温热害等级动态判识及时空变化特征

构建考虑高温天气过程(包括发生时间、持续日数)的水稻高温热害指标,可以实现对水稻高温热害等级的动态判识,对精准监测、预警与评估水稻高温热害意义重大。以江西早稻为对象,利用气象资料、早稻高温热害灾情史料和生育期资料,反演历史早稻高温热害,采用K-S分布拟合检验和置信区间方法,构建基于高温天气过程的早稻高温热害动态指标,并采用预留的独立的早稻高温热害样本进行检验验证。在此基础上,计算江西各站点早稻高温热害指数(M),并分析水稻热害。结果表明: 高温天气过程起始时间、持续日数是影响早稻高温热害发生程度的关键因子,其中,起始时间的影响大于持续日数。3～5 d早稻轻、中、重度高温热害的起始时间阈值分别为抽穗后第10～12、5～9、2～4天;6～8 d早稻轻、中、重度高温热害的起始时间阈值为抽穗后第11～18、8～10和1～7天;>8 d早稻轻、中、重度高温热害的起始时间阈值为抽穗后第12～18、8～11和0～7天。指标验证完全一致的吻合率为73.7%,完全一致及相差1级的吻合率为89.5%。1981—2015年,M的线性倾向率为0.04·a^-1,1999年左右发生由低到高突变;M高值区域主要位于江西中部和东北部,M>0.18;江西中部、东北部和南部地区M值呈显著增加趋势,线性倾向率均大于0.04·a^-1。总体来说,本文构建的指标实现了基于高温天气过程的早稻高温热害动态判识,江西中部和东北部是早稻高温热害的高风险区域。     

转基因水稻基因流的发生与生态学后果

中国是水稻的起源中心之一,分布着丰富的野生种质资源.自转基因水稻获得安全证书以来,转基因水稻与其近缘野生种间的基因流受到广泛关注.本文对转基因水稻基因流的发生及其可能引起的生态学后果进行了综述和展望.认为转基因水稻能够与栽培稻、野生稻、杂草稻、稗草等成功杂交,但基因流发生频率较低且变化较大.基因流成功发生后,由于转基因水稻具转基因新性状而有适合度优势,转基因可能只通过少数几代就进入野生种群.当转基因植株进入野生种群并在自然条件下长期存在时,转基因植株与近缘野生种间的竞争关系和相对适合度将决定混合种群的动态变化.研究转基因水稻基因流的影响及其长期生态学后果对合理保护与利用野生种质资源具有重要意义.     

Process evaluations and economic analyses of recombinant human lysozyme and hen egg-white lysozyme purifications

Human lysozyme and hen egg-white lysozyme have antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal properties with numerous potential commercial applications. Currently, hen egg-white lysozyme dominates low cost applications but the recent high-level expression of human lysozyme in rice could provide an economical source of lysozyme. This work compares human lysozyme and hen egg-white lysozyme adsorption to the cation exchange resin, SP-Sepharose FF, and the effect of rice extract components on lysozyme purification. With one exception, the dynamic binding capacities of human lysozyme were lower than those of hen egg-white at pH 4.5, 6, and 7.5 with ionic strengths ranging from 0 to 100 mM (5-20 mS). Ionic strength and pH had a similar effect on the adsorption capacities, but human lysozyme was more sensitive to these two factors than hen egg-white lysozyme. In the presence of rice extract, the dynamic binding capacities of human and hen egg-white lysozymes were reduced by 20-30% and by 32-39% at pH 6. Hen egg-white lysozyme was used as a benchmark to compare the effectiveness of human lysozyme purification from transgenic rice extract. Process simulation and cost analyses for human lysozyme purification from rice and hen egg-white lysozyme purification from egg-white resulted in similar unit production costs at 1 ton per year scale.     

Diversity and evolution of rice progenitors in Australia

In the thousands of years of rice domestication in Asia, many useful genes have been lost from the gene pool. Wild rice is a key source of diversity for domesticated rice. Genome sequencing has suggested that the wild rice populations in northern Australia may include novel taxa, within the AA genome group of close (interfertile) wild relatives of domesticated rice that have evolved independently due to geographic separation and been isolated from the loss of diversity associated with gene flow from the large populations of domesticated rice in Asia. Australian wild rice was collected from 27 sites from Townsville to the northern tip of Cape York. Whole chloroplast genome sequences and 4,555 nuclear gene sequences (more than 8 Mbp) were used to explore genetic relationships between these populations and other wild and domesticated rices. Analysis of the chloroplast and nuclear data showed very clear evidence of distinctness from other AA genome Oryza species with significant divergence between Australian populations. Phylogenetic analysis suggested the Australian populations represent the earliest‐branching AA genome lineages and may be critical resources for global rice food security. Nuclear genome analysis demonstrated that the diverse O. meridionalis populations were sister to all other AA genome taxa while the Australian O. rufipogon‐like populations were associated with the clade that included domesticated rice. Populations of apparent hybrids between the taxa were also identified suggesting ongoing dynamic evolution of wild rice in Australia. These introgressions model events similar to those likely to have been involved in the domestication of rice.     

稻田蜘蛛群落优势种群的重建

研究稻田蜘蛛群落优势种食虫沟瘤蛛Ｕｍｍｅｌｉａｔａ ｉｎｓｅｃｔｉｃｅｐｓ Ｂｏｅｓ．ｅｔ Ｓｔｒ．和拟水狼蛛Ｐｉｒａｔａ ｓｕｂｐｉｒａｔｉｃｕｓ（Ｂｏｅｓ．ｅｔ Ｓｔｒ．）种群的重建过程。食虫沟瘤蛛种群的重建过程基本上体现过程基本上体现了由近而远、由稀而密的规律;拟水狼蛛种群则只能观察琉由稀布密的现象。采取适当的措施保护种库,增加种库中食虫沟瘤蛛和拟水蛛的数量,将有助于稻田蜘蛛群落优势种群的重     

稻田蜘蛛群落的重建及与其种库的相关性

稻田生态系统是一个不稳定的生态系统,包括稻田和非稻田生境2个部分。随着水稻的移栽与收割,稻田蜘蛛群落周期性地呈现出群落重新形成、群落发展和群落瓦解3个阶段。这一群落的发展不同于自然群落的演替。因此,将稻田生境内蜘蛛群落的重新形成过程定义为群落的重建,而非稻田生境内的蜘蛛群落称之为稻田生境内蜘蛛群落的种库。群落重建是一个季节性的、可重复的动态变化过程,以群落的周期性彻底瓦解和周期性重新形成为最主要特征。种库为群落的重建提供移居者并接受群落瓦解时所迁出的蜘蛛.二者之间呈现出互补的相互关系。保护群落的种库将有助于自然天敌群落的重建。自然天敌群落的重建是自然天敌保护和持续利用的生态学基础的一个重要组成部分,对天敌的保护利用和天敌效能的提高有十分重要的意义。     

Genetics and phylogenetics of rice domestication

With genetically divergent cultivars and ecologically distinct wild progenitors, rice has posed a great challenge to the genetic and phylogenetic studies of the origin and evolution of crop species. A growing body of phylogenetic evidence suggested that the diverged genomic backgrounds of indica and japonica rice cultivars were derived independently from genetically distinct wild populations. However, a domestication gene, sh4, which was responsible for the reduction of grain shattering, seems to have originated only once, and it is now fixed in both cultivars. Two models have been proposed to reconcile these data. Whereas the 'combination model' emphasizes the importance of early introgression between independently domesticated cultivars, the 'snowballing model' emphasizes the importance of introgression from local populations of wild species into an ancestral domesticated population. In either case, the domestication of rice was a dynamic process.