花背蟾蜍摄食生态的研究

花背蟾蜍摄食生态的研究周立志宋榆钧（东北师范大学生命科学学院,长春１３００２４）ＡＳｔｕｄｙｏｆＦｅｄｉｎｇＥｃｏｌｏｇｙｏｆＢｕｆｏｒａｄｄｅｉ．ＺｈｏｕＬｉｚｈｉ,ＳｏｎｇＹｕｊｕｎ（ＣｏｌｅｇｅｏｆＬｉｆｅＳｃｉｅｎｃｅ,ＮｏｒｔｈｅａｓｔＮｏ...     

蛋白水解酶活力测定新方法

蛋白水解酶活力测定新方法周慧,鲁治斌,齐杰,李惟（吉林大学分子生学系．长春１３００２３）Ｇ．Ｆ．Ｂｉｃｋｅｒｓｔａｆｆ（Ｄｅｐｔ．ｏｆＢｉｏｌｏｇｙ,ＰａｉｓｌｅｙＵｎｉｖ,Ｓｃｏｔｌａｎｄ,Ｕ．Ｋ）本文研究了一种测定蛋白水解酶（Ｐｒｏｔｅｉｎａｓｅ...     

洞庭湖滩血吸虫易感地带保水生态灭螺的试验研究

洞庭湖滩血吸虫易感地带保水生态灭螺的试验研究张元培,朱南屏（湖南省水产科学研究所沅江４１３１００）（湖南省华容县血防站４１４２００）ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＥＩｉｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｏｆＳｎａｉｌ（Ｏｎｃｏｍｅｌａｎｉａ）ｂｙＲｃｔａｉｎｉｎｇＷａｔｅｒｉｎＢｌｏｏｄＦｌｕｋｅ（Ｓｃｈｉｓｔｏｓｏｍａ）Ｓｕｓｃｅｐｔｉ－ｂｌｅＲｅｇｉｏｎｓＡｒｏｕｎｄＤｏｎｇｔｉｎｇＬａｋｅ￥．ＺｈａｎｇＹｕａｎｐｅｉ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＦｉｓｈｅｒｉｅｓＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈｏｆＨｕｎａｎＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ,Ｙｕａｎｊｉａｎｇ４１３１００）,ＺｈｕＮａｎｂｉｎｇ（ＳｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆＳｎａｉｌＦｅｖｅｒＣｏｎｔｒｏｌｏｆＨｕａｒｏｎｇＣｏｕｎｔｙ,ＨｕｎａｎＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ,４１４２００）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（３）：２３－２５．Ｉｎｂｌｏｏｄｆｌｕｋｅ（Ｓｃｈｉｓｔｏｓｏｍａ）ｓｕｓｃｅｐｔｉｂｌｅｒｅｇｉｏｎｓｏｆｔｈｅｌａｋｅｂｅａｃｈ,ｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔｓｏｆｗａｔｅｒｉｎｕｎｄａｔｅｄｅｌｉｍｉ－ｎａｔｉｎｇｓｎａｉｌ（Ｏｎｃｏｍｅｌａｎｉａ）ａｒｅｃａｒｒｉｅｄｏｕｔｂｙｂｕｉｌ     

生态交错带（Ecotone）理论研究进展

生态交错带（Ｅｃｏｔｏｎｅ）理论研究进展高洪文（东北师范大学草地研究所,长春１３００２４）ＡｄｖａｎｃｅｍｅｎｔｏｆＴｂｅｏｒｅｔｉｃａｌＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈｉｎＥｃｏｔｏｎｅ．￥ＧａｏＨｏｎｇｗｅｎ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＧｒａｓｓｌａｎｄＲｅ－ｓｅａ...     

最大概率原理在农田生态系统中的应用

最大概率原理在农田生态系统中的应用姚建民（山西省农科院农业资源综合考察研究所,太原０３０００６）马蓉丽（山西省农科院蔬菜研究所,太原０３０００６）ＡｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆＭａｘｉｍｕｍＰｒｏｂａｂｉｌｉｔｙＰｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅｉｎＦａｒｍｌａｎｄＥｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍ￥．ＹａｏＪｉａｎｍｉｎ（ＩｎｓｌｉｌｕｔｅｆｏｒＣｏｍ－ｐｒｅｈｅｎｓｉｖｅＳｕｒｖｅｙｏｆＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＲｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ,ＳｈａｎｘｉＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ,Ｔａｉｙｕａｎ０３０００６）,ＭａＲｏｎｇｌｉ（ＩｎｓｌｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＶｅｇｅｔａｂｌｅＲｅｓｅａｒｃｇｈ,ＳｈａｎｘｉＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ,Ｔａｉｙｕａｎ（０３０００６）．Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ,ＪｐｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（４）：５８－６０．Ｉｎｏｒｄｅｒｔｏｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈｅｎｔｈｅｐｒａｃｔｉｃａｂｉｌｉｔｙｏｆｍａｘｉｍｕｍｐｒｏｂａｂｉｌｉｔｙｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅ,ｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒｇｉｖｅｓｏｕｔｓｏｍｅｅｓ－ｓｅｎｔｉａｌｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓｎｅｅｄｅｄｆｏｒａｐｐｌｙｉｎｇｔｈ     

集约高产过程中土壤有机质动态初探

集约高产过程中土壤有机质动态初探崔玉亭,韩纯儒（北京农业大学,１０００９４）ＤｙｎａｍｉｃｓｏｆＳｏｉｌＯｒｇａｎｉｃＭａｔｔｅｒ（ＳＯＭ）ｉｎｔｈｅＰｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｆＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＩｎｔｅｎｓｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ￥．ＣｕｉＹｕｔｉｎｇ;ＨａｎＣｈｕｎｒｕ（ＢｅｉｊｉｎｇＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ,１０００９４）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（２）：３７—３８．Ｉｎｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒ,ｔｈｅｂａｌａｎｃｅｏｆｓｏｉｌｏｒｇａｎｉｃｍａｔｔｅｒ（ＳＯＭ）ｉｎｔｈｅｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｆａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｉｎＣｈａｎｇｚｈｏｕｒｅｇｉｏｎｉｓｓｔｕｄｉｅｄａｎｄａｍｅｄｉｕｍ－ａｎｄｌｏｎｇ－ｔｅｒｍｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｉｔｓｄｙｎａｍｉｃｓｉｓｍａｄｅ。Ｔｈｅｒｅ－ｓｕｌｔｓｓｈｏｗｔｈａｔｄｕｒｉｎｇｔｈｉｓｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ,ｔｈｅｂａｌａｎｃｅｏｆＳＯＭｉｓｇｅｔｔｉｎｇｂｅｔｔｅｒ,ａｎｄａｆｔｅｒａｍｅｄｉｕｍｏｒｌｏｎｇｐｅ－ｒｉｏｄ（ｅ．ｇ,１０—２０ｙｅａｔｓ）,ｔｈｅＳＯＭｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｃａｎｇｅｔｔ     

湖南小毛瓢虫属三新种记述(鞘翅目:瓢虫科)

本文记述小毛瓢虫属Ｓｃｙｍｎｕｓ　Ｋｕｇｅｌａｎｎ小瓢虫亚属Ｓｃｙｍｎｕｓ（Ｐｕｌｌｕｓ）Ｍｕｌｓａｎｔ三新种：枝角小瓢虫Ｓｃｙｍｎｕｓ（Ｐｕｌｌｕｓ）ｃｌａｄｏｃｅｒｕｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ,鞭丝小瓢虫Ｓｃｙｍｎｕｓ（Ｐｕｌｌｕｓ）ｍａｓｔｉｇｏｉｄｅｓ　ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,肾斑小瓢虫Ｓｃｙｍｎｕｓ（Ｐｕｌｌｕｓ）ｎｅｐｈｒｏｓｐｉｌｕｓ　ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。     

湖南小毛瓢虫属三新记述：鞘翅目：瓢虫科

本文记述小毛瓢虫属ＳｃｙｍｎｕｓＫｕｇｅｌａｎｎ小瓢虫亚属Ｓｃｙｍｎｕｓ（Ｐｕｌｌｕｓ）Ｍｕｌｓａｎｔ三新种：枝角小瓢虫Ｓｓｙｍｎｕｓ（Ｐｕｌｌｕｓ）ｃｌａｄｏｃｅｒｕｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,鞭丝小瓢虫Ｓｃｙｍｎｕｓ（Ｐｕｌｌｕｓ）ｍａｓｔｉｇｏｉｄｅｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,肾斑小瓢虫Ｓｃｙｍｎｕｓ（Ｐｕｌｌｕｓ）ｎｅｐｈｒｏｓｐｉｕｌｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。     

柞蚕林生物生产力和干物质转化研究

柞蚕林生物生产力和干物质转化研究温达志,杨思河（中国科学院华南植物研究所,广州５１０６５０）（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）姜波（辽宁省蚕业科学研究所,凤城１１８１０１）ＢｉｏｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｉｔｙａｎｄＤｒｙＭａｔｔｅｒＴｒａｎｓｆｅｒｏｆＴｕｓｓａｈ－ＦｅｅｄｉｎｇＯａｋＦｏｒｅｓｔ￥ＷｅｎＤａｚｈｉ（ＳｏｕｔｈＣｈｉｎａＩｎｓｔｉ－ｔｕｔｅｏｆＢｏｔａｎｙ,ＡｃａｄｅｍｉａＳｉｎｉｃａ,Ｇｕａｎｇｚｈｏｕ５１０６５０）,ＹａｎｇＳｉｈｅ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,Ａ－ｃａｄｅｍｉａＳｉｎｉｃａ,Ｓｈｅｎｙａｎｇ１１００１５）,ＪｉａｎｇＢｏ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＳｅｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅ,Ｆｅｎｇｃｈｅｎｇ,ＬｉａｏｎｉｎｇＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ１１３１００）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（１）：５－１０．ＴｈｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｓｔｕｄｙｄｅａｌｓｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｂｉｏｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｉｔｙａｎｄｄｒｙｍａｔｔｅｒｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒｏｆＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＴｕｓｓａｈ－ｆｅｅｄｉｎｇｏａｋｆｏｒｅｓｔｉｎｈｉｌｌｙａｒｅａｏｆｅ     

生态农业与乡村经济持续发展

生态农业与乡村经济持续发展张壬午,计文瑛,孙鸿良（天津农业部环境保护研究所,３００１９１）（中国农科院,北京１０００８１）ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅａｎｄＳｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆＲｕｒａｌＥｃｏｎｏｍｙ￥．ＺｈａｎｇＲｅｎｗｕ;ＪｉＷｅｎｙｉｎｇ（Ａｇｒｏ－ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔＰｒｏｔｅｃｌｉｏｎＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅ,Ｔｉａｎｊｉｎ３００１９１）,ＳｕｎＨｏｎｇｌｉａｎｇ（ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｃｓ,Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ１０００８１）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（２）：１９—２０．ＴｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒｂｒｉｅｆｌｙｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｓｔｈｅｃｕｒｒｅｎｔｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｉｎＣｈｉｎａａｎｄｃｏｍｐａｒｅｓｗｉｔｈｔｈｅ＇＇ｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅａｎｄｒｕｒａｌｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ＇＇（ＳＡＲＤ）ｐｕｔｆｏｒｗａｒｄｂｙＦＡＯ,Ｃｈｉｎａ’ｓｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅａ－ｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｉｓｎｏｔｏｎｌｙａｎｉｎｇｅｎｉｏｕｓ     

Rudabànya: Taphonomic analysis of a fossil hominid site from Hungary

The late Miocene deposits at Rudabànya, Hungary, were laid down in a shallow valley sloping westwards from a range of hills and opening out into the Pannonian Lake. Rise and fall of lake level gave rise to varying conditions, from dry land with soil formation to swamp and lake. The stratigraphic and palaeontological succession has been investigated at one of the sites, Rudabànya 2, where two cycles of deposition and erosion are represented, with soil formation, swamp conditions with lignite formation, and periods of extended high lake level succeeding each other. Both mammal and plant fossils are present at several levels. Taphonomic modifications in the Rudabànya 2 vertebrate faunas include losses of skeletal elements through carnivore selection, fluvial sorting at some levels, and post-depositional destruction by leaching and/or acid soils. The lowest level, the lower lignite, has few fossils. The fossil mammals from the level above, the grey marl, are the least modified but they are mixed with abraded, probably allochthonous, bone fragments and more complete specimens resulting from near-lake deaths. Modifications of bones by carnivores are indicated, but the specimens were too broken post-depositionally for the impact of the carnivores to be assessed. Carnivore action is also indicated for the fauna of the black clay which formed on the surface of the grey marl. The fauna consists of relatively abundant small mammals and the primates Anapithecus hernyaki and Dryopithecus hungaricus, with the latter much less common. The predator accumulating the smaller species was probably a viverrid. The red marl fauna is a transported assemblage from higher up the valley with the fossils extremely fragmentary and abraded and few identifiable specimens, almost all of which are teeth. The black mud fauna is also probably a transported assemblage, lower energy than the red marl environment, and the bones are much modified subsequently by acid corrosion similar to that seen today in bone preserved in peat bogs. Dryopithecus is a major constituent of the fauna, with Anapithecus less common. D. hungaricus is thus associated more strongly with swamp forest and shallow riverine conditions with low energy movement of water, and A. hernyaki is associated with lake shore (probably forest) conditions, accumulating in lake sediments and lake-flat sediments. The palaeoecology of the area as a whole, based on the associated flora and fauna, is a combination of swamp forest, lake shore forest and open mud flats.     

Logged peat swamp forest supports greater macrofungal biodiversity than large‐scale oil palm plantations and smallholdings

Intensive land expansion of commercial oil palm agricultural lands results in reducing the size of peat swamp forests, particularly in Southeast Asia. The effect of this land conversion on macrofungal biodiversity is, however, understudied. We quantified macrofungal biodiversity by identifying mushroom sporocarps throughout four different habitats; logged peat swamp forest, large‐scale oil palm plantation, monoculture, and polyculture smallholdings. We recorded a total of 757 clusters of macrofungi belonging to 127 morphospecies and found that substrates for growing macrofungi were abundant in peat swamp forest; hence, morphospecies richness and macrofungal clusters were significantly greater in logged peat swamp forest than converted oil palm agriculture lands. Environmental factors that influence macrofungi in logged peat swamp forests such as air temperature, humidity, wind speed, soil pH, and soil moisture were different from those in oil palm plantations and smallholdings. We conclude that peat swamp forests are irreplaceable with respect to macrofungal biodiversity. They host much greater macrofungal biodiversity than any of the oil palm agricultural lands. It is imperative that further expansion of oil palm plantation into remaining peat swamp forests should be prohibited in palm oil producing countries. These results imply that macrofungal distribution reflects changes in microclimate between habitats and reduced macrofungal biodiversity may adversely affect decomposition in human‐modified landscapes.     

云南江城县爬行动物多样性与保护现状

为探究不同种植方式对稻田中小型土壤动物多样性的影响，本研究选取上海市崇明岛常规、有机和生态(稻-渔共作)三种种植方式的稻田为研究样地，采用干漏斗法对其中的中小型土壤动物群落结构进行调查。结果表明，调查共捕获中小型土壤动物449头，分属2门5纲8目，优势类群为弹尾目(Collembola)物种，占总捕获量的82.18%。三种种植方式稻田的中小型土壤动物群落结构有明显差异，其中，有机种植模式稻田的中小型土壤动物密度明显高于另外两种种植模式。中小型土壤动物群落的垂直分布呈现表聚性特征，类群数和密度均表现为向下减小的趋势。生态种植稻田的中小型土壤动物丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和均匀度指数均为最高，有机种植稻田的中小型动物优势度指数最高。三种不同种植方式稻田的中小型动物呈中等程度相似。与常规和有机种植水稻方式相比，生态种植方式更有利于提高中小型土壤动物的多样性和均匀度水平，促进稻田生态系统的稳定与健康发展，对稻田种植的可持续性及农业面源污染的指示作用方面具有一定意义。     

崇明岛稻田三种种植方式下中小型土壤动物群落多样性

平陆运河是西部陆海新通道的一项重要工程,茅尾海是平陆运河的重要支撑节点。本次调查潮间带大型底栖动物群落,在评估茅尾海生态环境质量的同时,又积累本海域大型底栖动物基线数据,为平陆运河建设期、运营期的科学管理提供科学数据支撑。于2020年10月和2021年1月、4月、7月,在钦州茅尾海东部岸线设置4个采样断面,分别是仙岛公园、沙环村、滨海公园和康王庙村,按照《海洋调查规范》(GB 12763.6-2007)的要求对潮间带大型底栖动物进行采样调查和物种分类鉴定;分析大型底栖动物群落组成、优势种组成及生物多样性指数。调查研究结果表明,茅尾海潮间带大型底栖动物以节肢动物为主,物种占比超过41%,个体数占比超过87%,优势种(IRI > 1 000)有麦克碟尾虫(Discapseudes mackiei)、台湾泥蟹(Ilyoplax formosensis)、隆背大眼蟹(Macrophthalmus convexus)和四齿大额蟹(Metopograpsus quadridentatus),但优势种在4个断面分布不均,仅麦克碟尾虫出现在各断面;主要种(100 ≤ IRI < 1 000)有27种,其中仅扁平拟闭口蟹(Paracleistostoma depressum)、背毛小头虫(Notodasus sp.)出现在各断面;常见种(10 ≤ IRI < 100)有19种,稀有种(IRI < 10)有8种,它们均分布不均;辛普森多样性指数(D)和香农多样性指数(H?)分别为0.435(0.183 ~ 0.704)和1.506(0.747 ~ 2.256),显著低于2009年相应指标,P值分别为0.004和0.048;Pielou均匀度指数(J)均值为0.475(0.223 ~ 0.696),与2009年的Pielou均匀度指数(J)没有显著差异(P = 0.109)。综合丰度-生物量曲线(ABC曲线)、香农多样性指数(H?)、大型底栖动物污染指数(IMP)推断茅尾海目前整体海域生态环境处于中等污染水平。综合上述指标,认为目前茅尾海海域整体生态环境已属于中等程度污染。本次调查建立的茅尾海潮间带大型底栖动物数据库,将为未来平陆运河的生态建设和科学运营提供支撑。     

长江口湿地三个演替阶段大型底栖动物群落特征

2001—2005年对长江口新生沙洲九段沙(上沙、中沙、下沙)盐沼演替序列不同阶段[盐渍藻类阶段(SA)、海三棱草(Scirpusmariqueter)—草(Scirpustriqueter)阶段(MT)、芦苇(Phragmitesaus-tralis)—互花米草(Spartinaalterniflora)阶段(AA)]的大型底栖动物群落特征进行了分析研究。大型底栖动物群落的物种数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、密度及生物量都是MT>AA>SA。SA、AA优势种的生活型分别是底内型、穴居型;MT优势种的生活型是底上附着型和穴居型。不同沙洲相同盐沼演替阶段大型底栖动物群落结构都较为相似,盐渍藻类阶段的相似性最高;不同演替阶段间差别明显,SA和AA间差别最大。不同盐沼演替阶段大型底栖动物群落特征的明显差异,既反映了环境沿盐沼演替序列的梯度变化,也体现了不同盐沼对底栖动物群落作用的差别,同时也显示了大型底栖动物对不同盐沼演替阶段生境的适应。     

成都市温江区不同栽植年限园林植物土壤动物群落特征

对成都市温江区不同栽植年限园林植物土壤动物群落特征进行调查分析,4次取样共捕获土壤动物10258只,隶属26目78科。不同园林植物土壤动物类群数存在显著差异,基本以红花檵木、银杏样地最高,结缕草样地最低,各栽植年限土壤动物类群数均低于周边农田和撂荒地;桂花样地土壤动物类群数、个体数受季节变化影响较小,其余样地土壤动物个体数具有明显的季节动态,而类群数随季节变化不显著;土壤动物多样性指数受园林植物种类及栽植年限影响,银杏样地土壤动物密度-类群指数(DG)及Margalef丰富度指数(D)和结缕草样地土壤动物Shannon多样性指数(H)及D指数均随栽植年限增加而显著降低,桂花样地土壤动物DG指数、D指数则随栽植年限增加显著升高,红花檵木样地土壤动物多样性各指数随栽植年限增加未表现规律性变化,其中土壤动物DG、D、H指数各栽植年限基本以桂花样地最低;聚类及典型关联分析(CCA)表明,园林植物种类对样地生境的影响大于栽植年限,土壤动物对不同生境因子响应不同,其中速效P、土壤pH对土壤动物影响较大。土壤动物群落特征受园林植物种类、栽植年限及栽培管理方式的影响,而过度人为干扰、单一植物连栽会对土壤动物产生不利影响,并可能导致土壤地力衰退。     

Space-time impact of fire events on swamp-forest ecosystems of the west Siberian Plain

An analysis of information on the groundwater dynamics, frequency of fire events, and postfire progressive-age stages of vegetation in the swamp-forest ecosystems of the southern taiga and forest-steppe zone of the West Siberian Plain has shown that fire events are a permanent factor that controls the scales and dynamics of the forest and swamp formation processes under these specific conditions in the modern era. The greatest influence on the dynamics of ecosystems is exerted by the frequency of fires. The scope and depth of the transformation of swamp ecosystems affected by the pyrogenic factor are due to their environmental regimes and have their own properties in different landscapes.     

Effects of mowing on the composition of Baltic salt-meadow communities

A moving experiment is carried out at eight sites, situated at different levels in a Baltic salt meadow. The plots have been analyzed and mown with a scythe each year in August since 1979. The response of the sites to mowing is expressed as qualitative and quantitative changes in composition of the vegetation. So far, the most distinct changes in composition have been changes in relative importance of species already present in the initial vegetation. The resistance is found to be highest in the upper parts of the geolittoral, and lowest in the Phragmites australis swamp.     

松嫩平原典型黑土耕作区中小型土壤动物时空分布特征

为了考察松嫩平原黑土耕作区中小型土壤动物时空分布特征,在松嫩平原东南至西北选取5个典型区域,于2009年5、8、10月进行调查研究,共获取土壤动物15058只,分别隶属于54个类群,其中甲螨亚目、前气门亚目和节跳虫科3类为优势类群,占总数的69.94%,常见类群为8类,占总数的25.20%。分析结果表明:(1)不同采样区域土壤动物差异明显(P0.01),海伦区域样地的土壤动物密度、多样性指数、均匀性指数、优势度指数最高。绥化地区土壤动物类群与丰富度指数最高。(2)月份变化对土壤动物群落结构影响明显,土壤动物多样性特征随着月份变化起伏较大,8月份的土壤动物特征显著区别其它取样月份。(3)垂直分布上,土壤动物的个体数和类群数总体上是随土壤随着深度增加而减少,但不同采样区域土不同采样月份土壤动物垂直分布规律有一定差异。(4)从土壤动物与土壤环境关系来看,土壤环境的p H、全氮与全磷与土壤动物群落结构显著相关(P0.05),土壤动物个数、均匀性指数、丰富度指数、密度与土壤理化性质关系显著相关(P0.05),土壤动物优势类群和常见类群的数量与土壤中全磷、碳氮比、总有机碳关系较为密切。     

四川盆地亚热带常绿阔叶林不同物候期凋落物分解与土壤动物群落结构的关系

为了解植物生长不同物候时期凋落物分解过程中土壤动物群落结构动态及其与凋落物分解的关系,以四川盆地亚热带常绿阔叶林典型人工林树种马尾松和柳杉,次生林树种香樟和麻栎凋落物为研究对象,采用凋落物分解袋试验研究,凋落物分解过程中土壤动物的群落特征。4种凋落物分解袋共获得土壤动物8047只,其中,柳杉(2341只)>香樟(2105只)>马尾松(2046只)>麻栎(1555只)。其中,秋末落叶期、萌动期和展叶期,马尾松凋落物袋中主要以捕食性土壤动物为优势类群,而后以菌食性土壤动物为主;香樟凋落物袋中除秋末落叶期和叶衰期以菌食性土壤动物为主要优势类群外,其他各时期均以捕食性土壤动物为主要优势类群;柳杉凋落物分解各时期均以菌食性土壤动物为主要优势类群;麻栎凋落物分解在前3个时期以菌食性为主,而后以植食性土壤动物为主要优势类群。相关分析表明,在秋末落叶期和萌动期土壤动物的个体密度主要和氮、磷含量及其格局密切相关,叶衰期主要和难分解组分木质素显著相关。除在秋末落叶期土壤动物对凋落物分解的贡献率与土壤动物的个体密度显著相关外,其余主要物候关键时期均与土壤动物的类群密度及其食性显著相关。