亚热带森林凋落叶分解过程土壤节肢动物群落的变化特征

土壤动物群落结构和多样性可能随凋落物分解进程和基质质量的变化不断改变。为了解亚热带森林凋落叶分解过程中土壤节肢动物群落变化特征,以四川盆地亚热带森林麻栎（Quercus acutissima）和柳杉（Cryptomeria fortunei）凋落叶为对象,于2011-2015年采用分解袋法研究了2种凋落叶分解过程中土壤节肢动物组成、结构和多样性动态变化。整个研究期间,柳杉和麻栎凋落叶分解袋中共捕获土壤节肢动物3855只,分属于16目51科,且均以等节跳科和棘跳科为优势类群;麻栎凋落叶中土壤节肢动物的个体密度随分解进程呈现增加趋势,在分解的1079天达最高值后降低,而柳杉凋落叶则在分解的156天急剧增加后快速降低,2种凋落叶中土壤节肢动物类群数量具有相似的动态变化过程;2种凋落叶中土壤节肢动物总体以菌食性数量比例最高,腐食性最低,且随凋落叶分解进程,植食性土壤节肢动物占比明显下降,菌食性则上升;非度量多维尺度（NMDS）分析显示,2种凋落叶中土壤节肢动物群落组成具有显著差异,聚类分析表明,2种凋落叶土壤节肢动物群落结构相似性随分解进程不断降低。亚热带森林凋落叶分解过程中土壤节肢动物群落组成、结构和多样性受凋落叶类型影响。     

土壤动物对四川盆地四种树种凋落叶在不同物候时期可溶性碳和氮动态的影响

采用凋落物分解袋法,研究了土壤动物对四川盆地4种典型树种[油樟(Cinnamomum longepaniculatum)、马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、麻栎(Quercus acutissima)和柳杉(Cryptomeria fortune)]凋落叶在分解第一年(2013年11月—2014年10月)不同物候时期可溶性有机碳(DOC)和总可溶性氮(TDN)浓度动态的影响。结果表明,4种凋落叶均表现出DOC浓度降低、TDN浓度升高的趋势。土壤动物显著降低了凋落叶DOC含量而增加了TDN含量,且此现象分别在马尾松和柳杉凋落叶中最为明显。土壤动物对凋落叶中DOC含量的影响在叶衰期更明显,而对TDN含量的影响在秋末落叶期更明显。这些结果说明,土壤动物显著影响凋落叶分解过程中可溶性碳、氮动态,这为认识凋落物分解过程中氮固持现象提供了一定的理论依据。同时,土壤动物在生长季节降低凋落叶可溶性氮浓度,可能有利于满足植物在生长季节对养分的需求。     

亚热带常绿阔叶林区凋落叶木质素和纤维素在不同雨热季节的降解特征

采用凋落物分解袋法研究了亚热带常绿阔叶林区6个典型树种马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、柳杉(Cryptomeria fortunei)、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)、红椿(Toona ciliata)和麻栎(Quercus acutissima)凋落叶木质素与纤维素第1年降解特征。结果表明:6种凋落叶质量损失率的大小顺序依次为红椿(72.09%)柳杉(58.61%)杉木(51.07%)麻栎(50.38%)马尾松(31.08%)香樟(27.75%);6种凋落叶木质素浓度动态不一致,纤维素浓度则整体上呈现一直下降的变化动态;第1个分解年,木质素降解率大小顺序依次为红椿(88.36%)麻栎(61.21%)柳杉(56.41%)杉木(55.44%)香樟(37.10%)马尾松(24.10%),纤维素降解率大小顺序依次为红椿(99.22%)杉木(90.58%)柳杉(86.84%)麻栎(84.70%)香樟(76.40%)马尾松(71.30%);季节性降雨极显著地影响凋落叶木质素和纤维素降解率(P0.01),6种凋落叶木质素和纤维素在雨季时期均有较大的降解量;亚热带常绿阔叶林6种凋落叶木质素和纤维素第1年降解主要发生在雨季,凋落叶木质素和纤维素在分解初期旱季的降解速率基本一致,而在季节性降雨期,纤维素降解速率快于木质素的降解速率。     

土壤微生物群落对麻栎-刺槐混交林凋落物分解的影响

以麻栎-刺槐混交林和麻栎纯林为研究对象,采用野外定点采样、室内分析与高通量测序的方法,对凋落物分解过程中土壤微生物菌群多样性特征及其对凋落物分解速率的影响进行了研究。结果表明:(1)麻栎-刺槐混交林凋落物的分解速率高于麻栎纯林。两种林分凋落物有机碳(TOC)、全氮(TN)发生释放,全磷(TP)发生积累-释放的过程。(2)两种林分土壤细菌优势类群为放线菌门(Acidobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Actinobacteria)和疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia),土壤真菌优势类群为担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和被孢霉门(Moritierellomycota)。(3)凋落物分解过程中,麻栎-刺槐混交林土壤微生物菌群丰富度指数和菌群多样性指数变化范围小于麻栎纯林。(4)凋落物分解速率与土壤细菌菌群丰富度指数和菌群多样性指数呈显著正相关,与土壤真菌菌群丰富度指数呈显著正相关。土壤微生物群落对麻栎-刺槐混交林和麻栎纯林凋落物分解速率具有重要影响,研究结果为深入开展混交林土壤微生物多样性对凋落物分解的影响研究提供理论依据。     

四川盆地亚热带常绿阔叶林凋落叶多酚类物质在不同降雨期间的降解特征

植物多酚类物质是森林凋落物中的重要组分,其含量的多寡在一定程度上决定了凋落物的分解速率。然而,凋落物分解过程中多酚类物质的降解动态仍不十分清楚。因此,以四川盆地亚热带常绿阔叶林最具代表性的3个针叶树种马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、柳杉(Cryptomeria fortunei)、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)和3个阔叶树种香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)、红椿(Toona ciliata)、麻栎(Quercus acutissima)凋落叶为对象,采用凋落物分解袋法,研究了6种凋落叶多酚类物质在第一年不同降雨期间的降解特征。结果表明:自微量降雨期起至雨季前期止,6种凋落叶多酚类物质具有一致的降解动态,降解率均表现为随着降水量的增加而增加;自雨季后期之后,多酚类物质含量均处于稳定状态。第一个分解年,6种凋落叶多酚类物质降解率大小顺序依次为:红椿(100%)柳杉(97.81%)杉木(94.45%)麻栎(93.67%)马尾松(93.06%)香樟(91.64%)。分解初期旱季两时期(微量降雨期和春季少雨期),6种凋落叶多酚类物质均有较大的降解量,其降解率占全年降解率的42.16%—71.20%。并且,除香樟以外的5种凋落叶多酚类物质大量降解释放发生在雨季前期,占全年降解率的44.46%—55.72%。此外,凋落叶多酚类物质初始含量与其降解率呈显著的二次函数关系。可见,降雨是湿润亚热带常绿阔叶林区凋落物多酚类物质降解的关键驱动因子之一,树种组成是影响凋落物多酚类物质降解的内部因素。     

不同季节亚热带常绿阔叶林6个树种凋落叶钙、镁、锰的释放特征

采用凋落物分解袋法,研究了亚热带常绿阔叶林区马尾松、柳杉、杉木、香樟、红椿、麻栎6个典型树种凋落叶的Ca、Mg、Mn在第一个分解年不同雨热季节的释放特征.结果表明：经历1年的分解,6种凋落叶Ca、Mg、Mn释放率分别为-13.8%～92.3%、4.0%～64.8%和41.6%～81.1%.马尾松和香樟凋落叶Ca释放动态呈现富集-释放模式,其余4种凋落叶整体上呈现释放的模式;香樟凋落叶Mg释放动态呈现富集-释放模式,其余5种凋落叶呈现直接释放模式;柳杉和红椿凋落叶Mn释放动态呈现富集-释放模式,其余4种凋落叶呈现直接释放模式.凋落叶Ca、Mg、Mn的释放明显受到季节性降雨的影响,且因凋落叶种类不同而有差异.Ca、Mg、Mn在雨季的释放率和释放量均高于旱季.初始养分含量和降雨量是影响凋落物分解过程元素释放的重要因子.     

马尾松人工林郁闭度对大型土壤动物功能群的影响

将土壤动物分为捕食性、腐食性、杂食性、食木性和菌食性5个功能群,研究马尾松人工林各功能群大型土壤动物随郁闭度(0.5、0.6、0.7、0.8、0.9)的变化.结果表明: 1)各郁闭度马尾松人工林大型土壤动物以腐食性个体比例最高,类群上以杂食性和食木性为主.2)马尾松人工林大型捕食性土壤动物个体数、类群数和食木性类群数在0.5～0.6郁闭度下无显著变化,在0.6～0.9郁闭度下显著降低.3)随郁闭度增大,枯落物层捕食性土壤动物个体和类群数显著减少,5～10 cm层腐食性土壤动物个体数呈不规则的波动变化.食木性土壤动物个体数随土层加深而增多,且在枯落层其类群数及5～10 cm层个体和类群数随郁闭度增大而显著减少.4)不同郁闭度下,除食木性土壤动物功能群Pielou均匀度无显著差异外,食木性和腐食性土壤动物各多样性指标均差异显著;捕食性土壤动物仅Simpson优势度指数在0.5～0.8郁闭度下无显著变化,在0.8～0.9郁闭度下显著降低.5)典范对应分析(CCA)显示,不同郁闭度马尾松人工林大型土壤动物功能群主要受土壤容重和含水量的影响.含水量对腐食性土壤动物个体数影响较大,食木性、捕食性土壤动物受土壤容重影响,捕食性土壤动物Simpson优势度指数受土壤pH和全磷影响.大型土壤动物功能群结构在0.7郁闭度下相对稳定,有利于马尾松人工林地力维持和生态功能的发挥.     

马尾松与阔叶树种混合凋落叶分解过程中总酚和缩合单宁的变化

采用凋落物分解袋法,研究四川低山丘陵区马尾松与檫木、香椿、香樟3种阔叶树种的混合凋落叶及纯马尾松凋落叶分解过程中总酚和缩合单宁的变化特征.设置马尾松:檫木质量比为6:4、7:3、8:2,马尾松:香椿质量比为6:4、7:3、8:2,马尾松:香樟质量比为6:4、7:3、8:2混合处理.结果表明:经过180 d的分解,纯马尾松凋落叶缩合单宁的降解率为84.4%,混合凋落叶缩合单宁的降解率均高于纯马尾松凋落叶.在所有组合中,马尾松:香樟6:4混合凋落叶的缩合单宁和总酚降解率最高,分别为90.3%和68.6%,凋落叶的混合促进了马尾松凋落叶缩合单宁和总酚的分解.随着分解时间的延长,马尾松与3种阔叶凋落叶所有混合处理缩合单宁的降解率均呈现先上升后趋于稳定的趋势.而纯马尾松凋落叶、马尾松:香樟(7:3)和马尾松与香椿的所有混合处理总酚的降解率呈现在分解前90 d上升此后下降的趋势;马尾松与檫木的所有混合处理及马尾松:香樟6:4和8:2混合处理总酚降解率呈现上升趋势.混合凋落叶分解过程中,单宁和总酚的变化特征还与凋落物基质质量、凋落物分解相关酶(多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶、亮氨酸氨基肽)的活性有关.     

亚热带常绿阔叶林6个常见树种凋落叶在不同降雨期的分解特征

地处长江上游的四川盆地亚热带常绿阔叶林具有典型雨热同季的气候特点,季节性干湿交替可能显著影响凋落物分解,但迄今缺乏相应的报道。因此,采用凋落物分解袋法,研究了常绿阔叶林区最具代表性的马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、柳杉(Cryptomeria fortunei)、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)、红椿(Toona ciliata)、麻栎(Quercus acutissima)等6种凋落叶在第1年不同雨热季节的分解特征。结果表明,经历1a的分解,6种凋落叶质量残留率大小顺序依次为:红椿(27.90%)柳杉(41.39%)杉木(48.93%)麻栎(49.62%)马尾松(68.82%)香樟(72.23%),6种凋落叶在不同干湿季节质量损失差异显著(P0.05)。阔叶树种在旱季(MRS、SRS和WRS)的质量损失显著高于针叶树种。雨季(ERS和LRS)对6种凋落叶质量损失的贡献率(69.73%—89.68%)均明显大于旱季(10.32%—30.27%)。6种凋落叶在不同时期中质量损失速率差异显著(P0.05),且6种凋落叶在雨季的质量损失速率明显高于旱季。相关分析结果表明,凋落叶质量损失及其速率均与降雨量和温度呈极显著(P0.01)正相关关系。凋落叶质量损失与初始C、木质素含量及C/N、木质素/N极显著(P0.01)负相关,与N含量极显著(P0.01)正相关。这些结果表明亚热带地区森林凋落物分解的质量损失主要发生在雨季,雨季温湿度的改变可显著影响凋落物分解过程。     

Characteristics of fungal community structure during the decomposition of mixed foliage litter from Pinus massoniana and broadleaved tree species in southwestern China

针叶树凋落物相当顽强且养分含量低,而阔叶凋落物通过增加可降解养分和促进微生物代谢来促进针叶凋落物的分解。马尾松(Pinus massoniana)凋落物和三个阔叶凋落物混合可能会增加真菌分解者的多样性和丰富性,并且会随着阔叶树种的数量和比例而有所差异。我们使用高通量测序技术分析了西南地区马尾松与香椿(Toona sinensis),香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)和檫木(Sassafras tzumu)凋落叶混合分解过程中的真菌群落组成和多样性,共设置35种实验处理。研究结果表明,与单一凋落叶相比,除马尾松+香椿,马尾松+檫木+香椿和马尾松+檫木+香樟组合中马尾松凋落叶占70%-80%以及马尾松+檫木+香樟+香椿组合中香椿凋落叶所占比例较小外,其余混合凋落叶均增加了真菌的多样性和丰富性。其中马尾松+香樟+香椿组合中的7:1:2的真菌多样性和丰富性显著高于其他处理。子囊菌门和担子菌门是最主要的优势门,曲霉属是最丰富的真菌群落属。一针一阔(6:4)和一针两阔(阔叶凋落叶占30%-40%)组合的凋落叶在整个分解过程中均表现出较强的协同作用,并且增加了可分解较难分解物质真菌菌群的相对丰度。可见马尾松+香樟+香椿组合中阔叶凋落物占30%-40%比例时增加了真菌的多样性,促进了针叶凋落物中难分解物质的分解。因此,香椿和香樟可能是构建马尾松混交林潜在的候选阔叶伴生树种。     

杉木和香樟酸雨酸解底物的分解格局

采用凋落物分解袋法,选取湘西地区两种人工林优势树种(香樟和杉木)的凋落叶作为分解材料,分析了两种凋落叶经酸解处理后凋落物分解及其微生物活性的变化。结果表明:酸解处理过程会使两种凋落叶损失一定的质量,随着酸解强度的增加质量损失增加,且酸解处理对香樟凋落物质量损失的影响较杉木凋落物大。不同物种凋落物对酸解强度的差异性反应产生了后续分解过程的差异格局:酸雨酸解作用的增强抑制了杉木凋落物分解过程中包括真菌生物量以及纤维素酶与木质素酶在内的微生物活性;而对于香樟凋落物分解过程,微生物活性对酸雨酸解的响应因变量不同、分解期不同而存在差异性。两物种凋落物的总失重率、木质素和纤维素分解率对酸解作用的响应及其在不同分解期的表现也存在差异性:对于杉木凋落物,在分解前期其失重率表现为T1T2T3,而在后期随酸解强度的增大而升高,即T3T2/T1;香樟凋落物在分解的前期(T1T2T3)与后期(T1T2T3)情况则正好与杉木凋落物相反。总之,酸雨酸解凋落物不仅使底物有机组成发生了变化,在一定程度上导致凋落物物理结构紧密程度改变,而且也可能相应地改变了凋落物定殖微生物群落,这些复合影响从不同程度上决定了凋落物分解及其微生物活性对凋落物底物酸解的响应。     

Impact of soil mesofauna on the decomposition of two main species litters in a Pinus koraiensis mixed broad-leaved forest of the Changbai Mountains

In most terrestrial ecosystems, the majority of aboveground net primary productivity enters the decomposition system as plant litter. The decomposition of plant litter plays a critical role in regulating build up of the forest soil organic matter, releasing of nutrients for plant growth, and influencing the carbon cycling. Soil fauna are considered to be an important factor in the acceleration litter decomposition and nutrient transformations. Mechanisms of soil faunal contribution to litter decomposition include digestion of substrates, increase of surface area through fragmentation and acceleration of microbial inoculation into litter. The Pinus koraiensis mixed broad-leaved forest is one of the typical forest vegetation types in Changbai Mountain. Previously, major studies carried here were focused on climate, soil and vegetation; however, on litter decomposition and the role of soil fauna in this forest ecosystem were limited. In this paper, we conducted a litter decomposition experiment using litterbag method to explore the contribution of soil fauna on litter decomposition and provide a scientific basis for maintaining a balanced in P. koraiensis mixed broad-leaved forest in Changbai Mountains. During 2009 and 2010, we used litterbags with different mesh sizes to examine the decomposition of two dominant tree species (P. koraiensis, Fraxinus mandshurica) in studied site. The results showed that the process of litter decomposition can be separated into two apparent stages. The initial decomposition process at former six months was slow, while accelerated the final six months. The former six months (from October 2009 to April 2010) was winter and spring. There was low temperature and almost no activity of soil fauna and microbes. The final six months (from June to October 2010), decomposition rates increased. In summer and autumn, both temperature and moisture increases, abundance of soil fauna was much than before and was most active. The remaining mass of P. koraiensis was higher than that of F. mandshurica in two mesh size litterbags after 1 year decomposition, meanwhile litter in 2 mm mesh size litterbag had higher decomposition rate than that of 0.01 mm for two species litter. The Collembola, Acari, Enchytraeidae Lithobiomorpha and Diptera larvae were mainly fauna groups in the litterbags. The composition of soil fauna community was difference between P. koraiensis and F. mandshurica during litter decomposition. 24 different soil fauna groups and 1431 individual were obtained in P. koraiensis litterbags; Isotomidae, Tomoceridae and Oribatida were dominant groups; while 31 different soil fauna groups and 1255 individual were obtained in F. mandshurica litterbags; Isotomidae, Hypogastruridae Oribatida and Mesostigmata were dominant groups. The rate of litter decomposition was positively correlated with the individual and group density of soil fauna. Contribution rate to litter decomposition was 1.70% for P. koraiensis and 4.83% for F. mandshurica. Repeated measures ANOVA showed that litter species, time and soil fauna had a significant impact on the rate of litter decomposition (P < 0.05). Our results suggested that soil fauna could accelerate litter decomposition and, consequently, nutrient cycling in P. koraiensis mixed broad-leaved forest, Changbai Mountains.     

鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林凋落叶分解与土壤动物群落动态和多样性

2001年12月~2002年12月,采用不同孔径分解凋落叶样袋法,对鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林3类凋落叶的分解进行了研究,并对落叶分解过程中凋落叶袋内和袋下土样中的土壤动物群落和多样性进行了调查。结果表明,3种孔径袋内凋落叶的分解速率为大孔>中孔>微孔;混合凋落叶的分解速率大于单种凋落叶;蜱螨目在凋落叶分解的整个过程中相对数量都较高,弹尾目在凋落叶的分解过程中在凋落叶袋和土壤间移动,数量变化较大。凋落叶袋内大、中型土壤动物的个体数量在分解前期较多,中、小型土壤动物在分解的中期数量剧增;凋落叶袋内土壤动物的个体数量、密度以及多样性指数都随着落叶的分解而增加,9月最高;土壤样内则在分解的前期较高,以后逐渐降低。凋落叶的分解和土壤动物群落动态及多样性受凋落叶基质质量以及样地温度、降雨量等综合因素的影响。     

Response of degradative enzymes to N fertilization during litter decomposition in a subtropical forest through a microcosm experiment

With the continuing increase in human activities causing accelerating rates of anthropogenic nitrogen deposition inputs into forests, there is considerable interest in understanding the effects of nitrogen deposition on litter decomposition. Two dominant litters were chosen from Zijin Mountain in China: Quercus acutissima from a broad-leaved forest and Pinus massoniana from a coniferous forest. The litters were incubated in microcosms and treated with a gradient of nitrogen fertilization. During a 6-month incubation, changes in chemical composition (i.e., lignin, total carbohydrate, and nitrogen), litter mass losses, soil pH values, and the activities of degradative enzymes were determined. Results showed that medium-nitrogen and high-nitrogen fertilization significantly accelerated litter decomposition rates of leaves, while only the high-nitrogen fertilization significantly accelerated litter decomposition rates of needles. The results also showed that cellulase and nitrate reductase were primarily responsible for litter decomposition in the broad-leaved forest, while catalase, cellulase, and acid phosphatase were primarily responsible for litter decomposition in the coniferous forest under conditions of no N fertilization; catalase, cellulase, and acid phosphatase were primarily responsible for litter decomposition in the broad-leaved forest, while catalase, cellulase, invertase, and nitrate reductase were primarily responsible for litter decomposition in the coniferous forest under conditions of N fertilization. Nitrogen fertilization-stimulated litter decomposition was due to the fact that the activities of enzymes, particularly cellulase, were accelerated.     

UV-B辐射对马尾松凋落叶分解和养分释放的影响

由大气臭氧层减薄导致的UV-B辐射变化将直接影响到凋落物的分解。目前,有关UV-B辐射影响木本植物凋落物分解的研究还很少,在国内还没有开展。采用分解袋法开展了马尾松凋落叶在自然环境和UV-B辐射滤减两种辐射环境下的分解试验。结果表明：在UV-B辐射滤减环境下的马尾松凋落叶年分解速率比对照环境减慢了47.74%。UV-B辐射极显著(p<0.01)地加快了马尾松凋落叶的分解速率,促进了凋落叶中碳、磷、钾的释放和木质素的降解,对氮的释放无明显影响。研究结果意味着UV-B辐射将加快马尾松林的营养循环速度,降低马尾松林凋落物层的碳储量。     

Home-field advantage in decomposition of leaf litter and insect frass

Home-field advantage (HFA) hypothesis regarding litter decomposition states that litter is decomposed more rapidly in the habitat from which it is derived (i.e., home) than in other habitat (i.e., away) due to local adaptation of soil decomposers. We tested the HFA hypothesis regarding decomposition of leaf litter, insect frass, and their mixtures, using laboratory incubation of leaf litter from an evergreen (Pinus densiflora) and a deciduous (Quercus acutissima) tree species, frass excreted by two insect herbivores (Dendrolimus spectabilis and Lymantria dispar) fed on one of the two trees, and soil collected underneath the two trees. We found evidence that decomposers in each soil were specialized to decompose the litter derived from the tree species above them, indicating that the HFA occurred in litter decomposition. In contrast, the HFA was not detected in the decomposition of insect frass or litter-frass mixtures. Mixing with D. spectabilis frass non-additively decelerated, while mixing with L. dispar frass non-additively accelerated, decomposition of the mixtures, independent of soil and litter types. These indicate that the presence of insect herbivores may make it difficult to form and maintain a decomposer community specialized to a certain leaf litter, and that it may consequently cancel or weaken HFA in litter decomposition.     

马尾松林向香樟林改造林下植物功能多样性研究

在生物多样性研究中,功能多样性比物种多样性可以更直接地反映生态系统的结构和功能,从而在群落生态学研究中受到越来越多的推崇。马尾松次生纯林是一种亟待改造的森林类型,而在亚热带地区香樟是马尾松林改造的理想树种之一。为了完善马尾松林向香樟林改造的研究,以更好地指导马尾松林改造的实践,本文用空间代替时间的方法,选取马尾松林向香樟林改造过程中4种不同阶段群落为研究对象,对林下灌木层和草本层植物的功能性状及其多样性展开了研究。结果表明:(1)随着森林改造的进行,林下植物的物种数目、功能性状多样性均表现为先上升后下降的变化趋势,其中功能丰富度和功能均匀度在改造前期达到峰值,而物种数目和功能离散度则在改造中期表现最高。(2)比较森林改造的4个时期,林下植物功能多样性的综合表现大致为:改造前期改造中期改造后期未改造时期。(3)森林改造过程中,林下植物"光响应性状"和"繁殖性状"的功能多样性变化趋势相似,但前者比后者对改造的响应更敏感。(4)在森林改造过程中,林下植物的生长、发育和扩散受到林下光照资源的影响,并在长时间的生物竞争中逐渐表现为物种种类、多度和空间分布格局的变化,最终影响生态系统功能。(5)马尾松林向香樟林的改造加速了群落的演替进程,提升了群落的功能,但仍存在林下植物功能多样性下降等问题。在对马尾松次生纯林改造过程中,应选择合适的造林密度和混交林的改造模式。     

重庆酸雨区马尾松纯林改造对土壤酸化特征及团聚体稳定性的影响

马尾松对酸沉降危害极其敏感,生产实践中往往通过林分改造来应对酸沉降危害。为掌握酸雨区马尾松纯林改造对土壤酸化环境的影响及科学指导经营管理,采用空间代替时间的方法,对重庆铁山坪林场的马尾松纯林及其阔叶化改造后的香樟林、木荷林、马尾松×香樟混交林和马尾松×木荷混交林土壤养分、酸化特征及团聚体稳定性进行研究。结果表明：（1）除木荷混交林的腐殖质层土壤有机碳和全氮含量显著增加外,其他森林类型总体均减少（P<0.05）;香樟林及其混交林的各层土壤全磷和全钾含量均增加,但木荷林及其混交林均减少（P<0.05）。（2）改造为香樟林及其混交林能显著提高土壤pH值、交换性盐基离子含量和盐基饱和度,降低交换性Al³⁺含量,但改造为木荷林及其混交林则总体对土壤酸化特征影响不明显（P>0.05）。（3）木荷林及其混交林淀积层的水稳性大团聚体含量增加,香樟林及其混交林则是微团聚体含量增加（P<0.05）。（4）改造对各森林类型腐殖质层和木荷林淋溶层及淀积层的土壤团聚体稳定性均无显著影响,但能增强马尾松混交林和香樟林淋溶层或淀积层的土壤团聚体稳定性（P<0.05）。综合来看,改造能改变土壤酸化环境,但各森林类型的影响不同,改造为香樟林或其混交林的改善效果总体好于木荷林或其混交林。因而对酸雨区马尾松纯林改造,还应根据改造树种特性及林分特征,科学确定相应的改造方法,尤其应注重改造林分的全过程抚育经营,以营造良好的林下环境。