洛川苹果园土壤水分变化特征

全面掌握洛川果园的土壤水分环境特征,不仅可为苹果的园址选择、砧穗组合和改进土壤水分管理措施提供理论依据,而且对我国苹果产区果园提质增效具有借鉴价值.采用定点土壤水分连续监测法,对洛川苹果园的总体土壤水分环境以及不同生长年限、不同立地类型和乔、矮化果园的土壤水分分异特征进行分析.结果表明： 苹果树根际区 (0～200 cm)土壤水分普遍亏欠,且0～60 cm土层的水分亏欠小于60～200 cm土层;生长季0～60 cm土层贮水量与降水量的变化一致,土壤相对含水量大多<60%,季节性旱象严重;果园剖面土壤含水量变异系数随土壤深度加深而递减;随果园生长年限的增大,土壤剖面贮水量下降;在栽培密度一致的条件下,矮化果园5 m土层土壤含水量均高于乔化果园,而栽培密度大的矮化果园的土壤贮水量低于栽培密度小的乔化果园;塬地成龄果园的土壤水分含量最高,川地次之,台地相对较低.密度对果园土壤水分含量有很大影响,在栽培密度一致的条件下,采用矮化栽培能减少土壤水分消耗,显著提高果园土壤含水量;挖株降低栽培密度是维持苹果园土壤水分平衡、实现可持续发展的有效途径.     

双元覆盖对果园土壤水分的调控效果

为了研究双元覆盖对渭北旱塬苹果园土壤水分的调控效果,对4个不同处理(地膜压秸秆双元覆盖、地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖和对照)下的果园0～600 cm土层范围内的土壤水分进行测定,并对果树产量和枝条生长量进行了统计.结果表明: 双元覆盖的整体保墒效果最佳,0～600 cm土壤贮水量比对照高6.7%;长期双元覆盖能够有效地缓解该地区深层土壤出现的干燥化现象,稳定层(240～600 cm)月平均土壤贮水量比对照高64.22 mm;双元覆盖和地膜覆盖两种措施均能降低浅层(0～60 cm)土壤水分随时间的波动,提高浅层土壤水分随时间变化的稳定性;与单一覆盖方式相比,双元覆盖方式更能减小土壤剖面水分垂直变异,提高土壤剖面水分垂直分布的稳定性;双元覆盖方式增产效果明显,苹果产量比对照高48.2%.综上,相对于单一的覆盖方式,双元覆盖能更好地调控果园土壤水分、提高苹果产量.     

黄土旱塬区苹果园土壤水分动态

选取黄土旱塬区盛果期果园,于2009-2013年对0～500 cm土层土壤含水量进行连续监测,了解其土壤水分动态变化规律.结果表明： 平水年,苹果园耗水主要发生在0～300 cm土层;年降水量小于400 mm时,果树主要消耗300 cm以下土层土壤水分;受年降水量和苹果耗水的共同影响,200～300 cm土层是土壤水分的最大波动层;苹果园4-6月底季节性干旱明显,土壤水分的蓄积主要发生在7-10月中旬,该期的土壤蓄水能有效缓解下一年的春季干旱.     

渭北旱塬苹果园地产量和深层土壤水分效应模拟

为了研究实时气象条件下渭北旱塬不同生长年限苹果园地产量变化趋势和深层土壤水分变化规律,在模型适用性与模拟精度验证基础上,应用WinEPIC模型模拟研究了1962—2001年期间洛川旱塬苹果园地产量演变动态和深层土壤水分效应。结果表明：(1) 在模拟研究期间,洛川旱塬4—40年生苹果园产量整体上呈波动性下降趋势,初期产量逐渐增加,11—23年生达到最大值(平均为28.8 t/hm2),之后随降水量年际波动呈现出明显的波动性降低趋势。(2) 40年间苹果园地遭受的干旱胁迫日数呈波动性上升趋势,与年降水量波动趋势相反。(3) 1—15年生期间苹果园地平均年耗水量高于同期年降水量,导致苹果园地0—10 m土层土壤强烈干燥化,逐月土壤有效含水量波动性降低,1—10年生、11—20年生和21—40年生期间发生土壤干燥化并且程度逐渐加剧,但干燥化速率逐渐减缓,土壤干燥化速率分别为95.4 mm/a、12 mm/a和1.5 mm/a。(4) 随生长年限的延长,苹果园地0—10 m土层土壤湿度逐渐降低、土壤干层分布深度逐渐加大,在14年生时超过了10 m,20年生以后2—10 m 土层形成稳定的土壤干层。因此,基于土壤水分利用的苹果生长与果园利用的合理年限为20 a,最长不宜超过23 a。     

黄土高原半干旱区不同密度山地苹果园水分生产力模拟

采用修订WinEPIC模型,模拟研究了陕西延安和甘肃静宁1965-2009年7种不同密度处理山地苹果园产量和深层土壤水分效应.结果表明：各密度处理4～45年生果园产量均呈现初期快速增加,达到最大值后又逐年波动性降低趋势;果园密度越高,初期产量增加越快,后期产量随降水量年际波动越剧烈.各密度处理果园遭受干旱胁迫规律基本一致,即生长前期无干旱胁迫,随种植年限延长干旱胁迫波动性加剧,生长后期干旱胁迫日数与年降水量波动趋势相反.生长初期,各密度处理果园0～15 m土层逐年土壤有效含水量均呈现波动性强烈降低趋势,延安和静宁分别在17～22年生和13～20年生之后土壤有效含水量维持在0～600 mm的较低水平.各密度处理果园0～15 m土层土壤湿度剖面分布特征相似：均经历了土壤湿度逐年降低和土壤干层逐年加厚的干燥化过程,土壤稳定干层深度可达12 m.基于0～15 m土壤有效水分含量和4～45年果园产量模拟结果确定,延安和静宁果园适宜种植密度分别为650～800和550～700 株·hm^-2.
     

甘肃陇东旱塬不同树龄苹果园矿质氮的分布和积累特征

对甘肃陇东地区不同树龄苹果园土壤矿质氮的分布和积累特征进行了研究.结果表明：土壤铵态氮含量随着苹果树龄的增大呈上升趋势,2～3年生、5年生、10年生、15年生、20年生、22年生果园0～120 cm土层铵态氮含量分别为3.3、5.8、6.5、9.1、12.1和15.3 mg·kg^-1;不同树龄果园0～60 cm土层铵态氮含量大于60～120 cm土层.不同树龄果园硝态氮含量在0～40 cm土层相对较低,随土层深度增加,其含量迅速增加;随着种植年限增加,不同苹果园硝态氮累积量也呈显著增加趋势,22年生果园0～120 cm土层硝态氮累积量达到2602.5 kg·hm^-2.旱塬苹果园表现为土壤铵态氮呈浅层积累、而硝态氮呈深层积累的特征.     

渭北旱塬苹果园土壤紧实化现状及成因

本研究通过分析渭北旱塬苹果园土壤的紧实化现状及其诱导因素,找出影响当地苹果园健康发展的土壤退化隐性因素,为果园科学管理提供理论依据。分别选取种植年限＜10年(4～6年)、10～20年(14～16年)和＞20年(24～26年)的苹果园各4个,分析0～60 cm土层土壤容重和紧实度随土层深度的变化规律,探明果园土壤内部紧实化发生的部位和退化程度,同时,通过分析土壤团聚体数量及其稳定性、土壤黏粒和有机质含量,揭示引起渭北果园土壤内部紧实化的原因。结果表明: 渭北果园0～60 cm土层土壤容重和紧实度均随植果年限和土层深度的增加而显著增大。以20 cm土层为界,渭北各园龄段苹果园土壤具有明显的“上松下实”变异特征,20 cm以上土层上述各指标基本满足苹果树的正常生长需求,20 cm以下土层土壤则已超出了苹果树健康生长的阈值。造成渭北苹果园亚表层以下土壤紧实化的原因主要是土壤团聚作用差、有机质含量低,加之植果期间人为扰动少,土壤中分散的黏粒会向下层移动。此外,随着植果年限的增加,土壤紧实化过程更加明显。     

间作经济作物对黄土丘陵区旱作红枣土壤水分的调控效应

研究行间种植经济作物饲料油菜和黄花菜对黄土丘陵区旱作红枣林地土壤水分的调控效应.结果表明： 饲料油菜和黄花菜处理0～180 cm土层土壤含水量较无作物对照分别提高6.2%和10.1%;枣树生育期内土壤水分变化主要集中在0～60 cm土层,饲料油菜和黄花菜处理均明显增加了0～60 cm土层土壤含水量,保证枣树生育期内正常生长;持续干旱条件下,各处理土壤水分消耗主要在0～60 cm土层,其中0～20 cm土层土壤含水量与次降雨后干旱天数存在显著指数负相关,雨后18 d干旱期饲料油菜和黄花菜处理0～60 cm土层土壤水分含量均高于对照.该间作系统显著改善了红枣林土壤水分环境,是黄土丘陵区克服季节性干旱的有效措施.     

小流域土层厚度对土壤水分时空格局的影响

以丹江口库区五龙池小流域为研究区,通过定点观测,探讨了土层厚度对土壤水分时空格局的影响.结果表明：土壤含水量在降雨后立即升高,随后逐渐降低,空间异质性则相反.不同土层厚度剖面含水量差异显著.其中,0～20 cm厚度的土壤剖面含水量较低,与降雨有相似的变化趋势,季节变异大;中等厚度（20～40 cm）的土壤水分受降雨特征影响,剖面含水量居中,季节变异中等;较大厚度（>40 cm)的土壤的剖面含水量较高,季节变异小.土壤水分的剖面格局是降雨、蒸发蒸腾和渗漏综合作用的结果,半湿润期呈增长型,湿润期呈波动型,干旱期包括增长型和波动型.土壤剖面含水量与土层厚度呈显著正相关,相关系数在0.630～0.855.土层厚度与表层（0～15 cm）土壤水分相关不显著,但与中下层（20～55 cm）土壤水分显著相关.     

荒漠草原两种类型土壤的水分动态对比

基于2017—2018年的定位监测数据,分析了宁夏东部的盐池荒漠草原2种不同类型土壤(灰钙土和风沙土)的水分时空动态特征。结果表明: 2017和2018年生长季(5—10月),研究区降雨量分别为208.2和274.8 mm,降雨在各月份的分配差异较大。2018年除5月存在极端降雨事件(129.6 mm)外,其余各月降雨量均低于2017年。土壤水分变化的季节动态规律大致可以分为两个阶段:土壤水分补偿期(5月初至6月初)和土壤水分波动期(6月中旬至9月底)。0～20 cm土层土壤含水量在降雨后呈骤增骤减的脉冲式特点,深层土壤含水量较稳定。灰钙土土壤含水量随土层加深表现为“升-降-升”的变化,风沙土土壤含水量在0～60 cm土层出现井喷式增加,而后增加缓慢,但随着土层深度的增加土壤含水量逐渐增大。2017年,灰钙土全剖面(0～100 cm)土壤水分表现为积累型,风沙土表现为消耗型;2018年,两种类型的土壤水分在全剖面均表现为消耗型。两种土壤类型土壤水分的时间稳定性随土壤深度的增加而增强,灰钙土和风沙土全剖面的平均土壤含水量代表性土层分别为80～100和40～60 cm。2种类型土壤的土壤水分时空分布不同,风沙土受降水的影响高于灰钙土。降水会降低土壤水分的变异性,改变土壤水分的时间稳定性。     

Comparative studies on the electrical properties of the H+ translocating ATPase and pyrophosphatase of the vacuolar-lysosomal compartment.

The electrical properties of the vacuolar-lysosomal H+ pumps were studied by direct measurement of the pump currents using the whole-cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique. Both pumps, the proton-translocating ATPase and pyrophosphatase, when activated by MgATP or inorganic Mg pyrophosphate (MgPP(i)), transport protons into the vacuole and polarize the membrane potential (positive inside the vacuole). Accumulation of protons in the lumen of vacuole vesicles was monitored by absorbance changes of the pH probe, acridine orange. The electrochemical gradient provided by both the ATPase and pyrophosphatase stimulates effectively the uptake of various metabolites such as malate, citrate and sucrose. The maximal current density produced by the ATPase was about 2.5 microA/cm2 and about 0.5 microA/cm2 for the pyrophosphatase. K(m)ATP was 0.6 mM; K(m)PPi was 15-20 microM with progressive inhibition above 150 microM. At a cytoplasmic pH of 7.5 both enzymes were capable of pumping protons against a 10,000-fold concentration gradient (pH 3.5 inside the vacuole). Proton current produced by the ATPase was blocked reversibly by extravacuolar NO(3)- only.     

氮素形态对黄檗幼苗生长及氮代谢相关酶类的影响

通过改变水培溶液中NH4^＋-N和NO3^--N的比例,研究了不同氮素形态对黄檗（Phellodendron amurense）幼苗生长及氮代谢相关酶类的影响。结果表明,硝态氮比例较高的营养供给比铵态氮比例较高的营养供给有利于黄檗幼苗的生长,叶片叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白含量也高。在NH4^＋-N／NO3^--N为25／75时黄檗幼苗具有最大生物量。在铵态氮比例大的营养供给下,黄檗幼苗的谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性增强,而在硝态氮比例大的营养供给下幼苗的硝酸还原酶（NR）活性则较高,叶片中的硝态氮较低。营养液的氮素形态及其组成通过影响GS与NR的活性而调控黄檗幼苗的氮素代谢。     

Nitrate transport across the tonoplast of Cucumis sativus L. root cells

Nitrate transport across the tonoplast has been studied using vacuole membranes isolated from cucumber roots grown in nitrate. The addition of NO3- ions into the tonoplast with ATP-generated transmembrane proton gradient caused the dissipation of delta pH, indicating the NO3(-)-induced proton efflux from vesicles. NO3(-)-dependent H+ efflux was almost insensitive to the transmembrane electrical potential difference, suggesting the presence of an electroneutral NO3-/H+ antiporter in the tonoplast. Apart from saturation kinetics, with respect to nitrate ions, NO3(-)-linked H+ efflux from the tonoplast of cucumber roots showed other characteristics expected of substrate-specific transporters. Experiments employing protein modifying reagents (NEM, pCMBS, PGO and SITS) indicated that a crucial role in the activity of tonoplast nitrate/proton antiporter is played by lysine residues (strong inhibition of NO3-/H+ antiport by SITS). None of the ion-channel inhibitors (NIF, ZnSO4 and TEA-Cl) used in the experiments had a direct effect on the nitrate transport into tonoplast membranes. On the other hand, every protein reagent, as well as NIF and ZnSO4, significantly affected the ATP-dependent proton transport in vesicles. Only TEA-Cl, the potassium channel blocker, had no effect on the vacuolar proton pumping activity.     

Lipid-dependent surface transport of the proton pumping ATPase: a model to study plasma membrane biogenesis in yeast

The proton pumping H+-ATPase, Pma1, is one of the most abundant integral membrane proteins of the yeast plasma membrane. Pma1 activity controls the intracellular pH and maintains the electrochemical gradient across the plasma membrane, two essential cellular functions. The maintenance of the proton gradient, on the other hand, also requires a specialized lipid composition of this membrane. The plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells is typically rich in sphingolipids and sterols. These two lipids condense to form less fluid membrane microdomains or lipid rafts. The yeast sphingolipid is peculiar in that it invariably contains a saturated very long-chain fatty acid with 26 carbon atoms. During cell growth and plasma membrane expansion, both C26-containing sphingolipids and Pma1 are first synthesized in the endoplasmatic reticulum from where they are transported by the secretory pathway to the cell surface. Remarkably, shortening the C26 fatty acid to a C22 fatty acid by mutations in the fatty acid elongation complex impairs raft association of newly synthesized Pma1 and induces rapid degradation of the ATPase by rerouting the enzyme from the plasma membrane to the vacuole, the fungal equivalent of the lysosome. Here, we review the role of lipids in mediating raft association and stable surface transport of the newly synthesized ATPase, and discuss a model, in which the newly synthesized ATPase assembles into a membrane environment that is enriched in C26-containing lipids already in the endoplasmatic reticulum. The resulting protein-lipid complex is then transported and sorted as an entity to the plasma membrane. Failure to successfully assemble this lipid-protein complex results in mistargeting of the protein to the vacuole.     

Obligatory coupling between proton entry and the synthesis of adenosine 5'-triphosphate in Streptococcus lactis.

Proton influx was measured after imposition of an electrochemical potential difference for protons (delta muH+) across the cell membrane of the anaerobe, Streptococcus lactis. As delta muH+ was increased, there was an approximately parallel increase in proton entry, until delta muH+ attained 175 to 200 mV. At this point, a new pathway became available for proton entry, allowing an abrupt increase in both the rate and extent of H+ influx. This gated response depended upon the value of delta muH+ itself, and not upon the value of either the membrane potential or the pH gradient. For delta muH+ above 175 to 200 mV, elevated proton entry occurred only in cells having a functional membrane-bound Ca2+-stimulated, Mg2+stimulated adenosine 5'-triphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.3). When present, elevated proton entry coincided with the appearance of net synthesis of adenosine 5'-triphosphate catalyzed by this adenosine 5'-triphosphatase. These observations demonstrate that membrane-bound adenosine 5'-triphosphatase catalyzes an obligatory coupling between the inward movement of protons and synthesis of adenosine 5'-triphosphate.     

Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白和植物耐盐性

Na^ /H^ 逆向转运蛋白对植物耐盐起着重要作用,它利用质膜H^ -ATPase或液泡膜H^ -ATPase及PPiase泵H^ 产生的驱动力把Na^ 排出细胞或在液泡中区隔化以消除Na^ 的毒害。主要讨论植物中Na^ /H^ 逆向转运蛋白研究在分子水平的最新进展。     

H+/ion antiport as the principal mechanism of transport systems in the vacuolar membrane of the yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis

The secondary transport systems of the yeast vacuolar membrane have been investigated by the method of radioactive isotopes [( 14C]arginine); activation of H+-ATPase by cations (Cat+), when the enzyme is under H+ control and measurement of changes in the proton gradient (delta pH) and membrane potential (Em) due to the supposed substrates of the transporters. The main mechanism of cation transport across the yeast tonoplast is probably H+/Cat+ antiport. The apparent Km of antiporters for Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Zn2+ and Pi are 0.06, 0.3, 0.8, 0.055-0.17 and 1.5 mM, respectively.     

Plasma Membrane H+-ATPase in Maize Roots Induced for NO3- Uptake

Plasma membrane H+-ATPase was studied in maize (Zea mays L.) roots induced for NO3- uptake. Membrane vesicles were isolated by means of Suc density gradient from roots exposed for 24 h either to 1.5 mM NO3- or 1.5 mM SO4-. The two populations of vesicles had similar composition as shown by diagnostic inhibitors of membrane-associated ATPases. However, both ATP-dependent intravesicular H+ accumulation and ATP hydrolysis were considerably enhanced (60-100%) in vesicles isolated from NO3--induced roots. Km for Mg:ATP and pH dependency were not influenced by NO3- treatment of the roots. ATP hydrolysis in plasma membrane vesicles for both control and NO3--induced roots was not affected by 10 to 150 mM NO3- or Cl-. On the other hand, kinetics of NO3-- or Cl--stimulated ATP-dependent intravesicular H+ accumulation were modified in plasma membrane vesicles isolated from NO3-- induced roots. Immunoassays carried out with polyclonal antibodies against plasma membrane H+-ATPase revealed an increased steady-state level of the enzyme in plasma membrane vesicles isolated from NO3--induced roots. Results are consistent with the idea of an involvement of plasma membrane H+-ATPase in the overall response of roots to NO3-.     

Transport processes of solutes across the vacuolar membrane of higher plants

The central vacuole is the largest compartment of a mature plant cell and may occupy more than 80% of the total cell volume. However, recent results indicate that beside the large central vacuole, several small vacuoles may exist in a plant cell. These vacuoles often belong to different classes and can be distinguished either by their contents in soluble proteins or by different types of a major vacuolar membrane protein, the aquaporins. Two vacuolar proton pumps, an ATPase and a PPase energize vacuolar uptake of most solutes. The electrochemical gradient generated by these pumps can be utilized to accumulate cations by a proton antiport mechanism or anions due to the membrane potential difference. Uptake can be catalyzed by channels or by transporters. Growing evidence shows that for most ions more than one transporter/channel exist at the vacuolar membrane. Furthermore, plant secondary products may be accumulated by proton antiport mechanisms. The transport of some solutes such as sucrose is energized in some plants but occurs by facilitated diffusion in others. A new class of transporters has been discovered recently: the ABC type transporters are directly energized by MgATP and do not depend on the electrochemical force. Their substrates are organic anions formed by conjugation, e.g. to glutathione. In this review we discuss the different transport processes occurring at the vacuolar membrane and focus on some new results obtained in this field.     

Properties and function of the proton-translocating adenosine triphosphatase of Clostridium perfringens.

Growth of Clostridium perfringens was inhibited by compounds which dissipate or prevent the formation of electrochemical proton gradients. Membrane vesicles prepared from this organism exhibited Mg2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity sensitive to N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. Mg2+-ATPase activity was optimal of 50 degrees C, but no discrete pH optimum was observed. Adenosine triphosphate-dependent quenching of the fluorescence of the weak base quinacrine by everted membrane vesicles suggested that the Mg2+-ATPase is a proton pump capable of generating an electrochemical proton gradient. Adenosine triphosphate-dependent transport of Ca2+ by everted vesicles was sensitive to uncouplers and inhibitors of the Mg2+-ATPase.