藏酋猴交配活动中的性打搅

1986—1987年期间,对藏酋猴(Macaca thihetana)黄山鱼鳞坑群交配活动中的性打搅行为进行了为期9个月的观察和研究。在766次交配中,交配个体受到了266次性打搅。性打搅行为大部分发生在交配雄性开始爬跨雌性时(89.2％),较少发生在交配雄性爬跨雌性之前(0.7％)和射精时或射精后(10.1％)。在266次有性打搅的交配中,参加性打搅的个体达473只次,其中,成年个体参于性打搅的频率高于亚成年和幼年个体,而雌雄个体之间各自参于性打搅的频率无明显差异。各个体因在群中的顺位不同,其参加交配活动和受到的性打搅的频率也不同。高顺位雄性和低顺位雌性比低顺位雄性和高顺位雌性较多地参于交配活动,同时它们受到的性打搅的频率也较高。因此,受到性打搅频率的高低与参于交配的频率有关,而与个体顺位的高低无关。在性打搅的行为类型中,63.8％是性打搅者直接朝着交配的雄性,6.6％朝着交配的雌性,29.6％无明确朝向。低顺位雄性和雌性的性打搅行为很少能中断高顺位雄性的交配活动,而高顺位雄性的性打搅却能成功地中断低顺位雄性或雌性的交配活动。然而,在266次有性打搅行为发生的交配中,仅8.6％的交配被性打搅中断。为此,本文就不同性别和顺位的个体所进行的性打搅行为的动机进行了探讨。     

太行山猕猴的交配行为参数与模式

生存和繁衍是动物的本能,交配则是营有性繁殖动物成功繁殖的前提,亦是自然选择和性选择的重要作用环节。由于在自然条件下较难观察交配行为,故而相对缺乏有关野生动物交配行为的量化分析。本研究以济源五龙口地区的太行山猕猴(Macaca mulatta tcheliensis) WLK-1A群为对象,利用焦点动物取样法,采集了太行山猕猴交配行为数据,并对其进行了量化分析,进而与近缘物种作了比较。研究结果显示,(1)太行山猕猴的交配前行为以社会理毛为主(49.8%),且多由雌性发起(61.8%);(2)太行山猕猴的交配模式属于多次爬跨射精型,一次完整的交配过程包括12个爬跨回合和1次射精,持续时长平均为(719.4±43.3) s;(3)交配后行为以社会理毛(19.4%)和休息(18.1%)为主,雌雄个体交配关系可持续平均(2.1±2.03) d;(4)猕猴属(Macaca)物种的交配参数存在种间差异,交配模式与系统发育关系和分类群组基本吻合,但与社会风格关系不甚明显。本研究结果为全面理解猕猴属物种的繁殖生态学特征提供了基础数据。     

笼养藏猴交配行为的初步研究

本文对笼养藏猴交配活动的观察表明:1.Macaca thibetana属多次跨爬及单次跨爬射精兼而有之的类型,而非典型的单次跨爬射精型;2.在交配活动中,特别是在性伙伴的选择上,雌性和雄性一样起着积极的作用;3.M.thibetana雌性存在性干扰行为,并且雌性的社会地位可能受其交配活动影响。     

云南拉沙山黑白仰鼻猴交配行为和出生季节

灵长类的交配模式对于了解和掌握雄性的交配策略和社群的稳定机制非常重要,但是目前有关亚洲灵长类交配模式的数据较少;因此,该研究于2011年1—12月,分别采用全事件取样法和焦点动物瞬时扫描取样法收集了拉沙山黑白仰鼻猴群的交配行为和出生数据。猴群全年交配,有2个峰期,一个是繁殖交配高峰期(8一10月);另一个在出生季节,但其非繁殖交配的生物学意义尚不清楚。雌性通过俯卧/注视雄性或跳落邀配。爬跨射精比为8.8,射精交配稀少(11.4%),这说明雄性并非每次交配都射精,因而支持黑白仰鼻猴交配模式的主体为多次爬跨射精或处于从单次爬跨射精到多次爬跨射精连续谱上段的观点。雄性邀配的射精爬跨多于雌性,说明多次爬跨射精不仅是雄性的一个交配策略,而且可以决定交配模式在连续谱的位置。交配时间后延6~7个月,交配频次与婴猴出生率相关。拉沙山猴群出生模式为严格的季节性,这进一步证实了前人的观点。婴猴出生具有一定的同步性,且不同猴群婴猴出生的同步模式不同。     

黄山短尾猴不同顺位等级雄性个体友好行为的比较研究

社会顺位等级制度在灵长类动物中普遍存在,它对动物个体的繁殖和社会行为有广泛的影响.本研究对黄山短尾猴鱼鳞坑YA2群6个不同顺位成年雄性个体,根据顺位高低,将它们分成3组:高顺位组(2只个体)、中等顺位组(2只个体)、低顺位组(2只个体),采用目标动物取样法对它们的社会行为进行研究,结果表明,3组之间(1)接收和发出架桥行为频次差异显著,高顺位组接收架桥次数最多;(2)接收和发出爬跨行为频次差异显著;低顺位组接收爬跨次数最多;(3)发出呈臀行为频次差异显著,但接收呈臀行为频次差异不显著;高顺位组是接收呈臀次数最多,低顺位组发出呈臀次数最多;(4)摇树行为频次差异显著,高顺位组发出摇树行为最多.因此雄性黄山短尾猴友好行为可以体现出社群顺位等级关系,这种社群顺位等级关系和这些友好行为在维持社群稳定上有重要作用.     

非人灵长类的同性爬跨行为

同性间爬跨行为在非人灵长类动物中普遍存在.对30种灵长类的研究认为,该行为发生是正常的,具有一定的社会功能.其社会功能有:1)玩耍,多见于少年个体;2)侵犯,发生在群体中具有社会等级关系的个体之间,爬跨者通过爬跨对被爬跨者进行安慰,或加强其优势地位;3)性兴奋 ,常发生在交配高峰期,同性爬跨可能是找不到异性对象所致;4)打招呼,此过程不涉及插入,只是身体接触,行为持续短暂,表现温和友好;5)性技能训练,这是一种人为推测,尚未得到证实.     

中国的短尾猴

短尾猴是体型最大的猴科动物,因较为罕见故常被传为“野八”。本文指出其食物几全为植物。冬季分堆坐在石壁上而夏季又分散在树上睡眠。交配和产仔有明显的季节性,雌性５－６岁,雄性７岁性成熟,雄猴成年后有换群现象。群内有严格的顺位关系,文中例举了攻击,理毛,礼仪,抱子和性等行为,并指出若干行为属短尾猴所特有。文末对保护和管理短尾猴资源提出了具体的建议。     

非人灵长类的同性爬跨行为

同性间爬跨行为在非人灵长类动物中普遍存在。对30种灵长类的研究认为,该行为发生是正常的,具有一定的社会功能。其社会功能有：1）玩耍,多见于少年个体;2）侵犯,发生在群体中具有社会等级关系的个体之间,爬跨者通过爬跨对被爬跨者进行安慰,或加强其优势地位;3）性兴奋,常发生在交配高峰期,同性爬跨可能是找不到异位对象所致;4）打招呼,此过程不涉及插入,只是身体接触,行为持续短暂,表现温和友好;5）性技能训练,这是一种人为推测,尚未得到证实。     

白马雪山自然保护区响古箐滇金丝猴的交配行为

灵长类交配模式是灵长类社群结构和婚配制度的重要表征之一,其研究有助于了解灵长类社群结构和两性交配策略。2013年11月至2014年10月,我们对云南白马雪山国家级自然保护区一人工辅助投食滇金丝猴群进行了观察研究,采用焦点动物取样法和全事件记录法收集了雌雄个体交配相关的行为数据,主要包括邀配对象、交配过程、持续时间和回合数,以及参与交配的雌雄对在交配结束后的相互理毛的持续时间和回合数。研究结果表明:研究群滇金丝猴全年均有交配行为,交配高峰期在7-9月,两性参与交配的积极性和对季节变化的响应不同;交配主要由雌性通过邀配发动(76%),交配高峰期也是雌性邀配的高峰期;雄性爬跨频次(年均0.43次/月,n=5)和射精爬跨比(年均19%,n=5)在全年无显著变化。交配行为发生的典型表现为:雌性通过小跑或跳跃进入雄性视线范围内,爬伏呈臀向雄性邀配;雌猴爬伏时离雄猴的远近距离不同(1 m vs.2-5 m:69%vs.31%)会影响其邀配成功率(1 m vs.2-5 m:68%vs.40%);若一次邀配失败,雌猴可能会连续爬伏邀配(最多4次),连续多次邀配的成功率显著高于单次邀配(79%vs.52%)。交配结束后雌性会主动为雄性理毛,但雌性主动理毛与交配是否射精无关。     

白马雪山自然保护区响古箐滇金丝猴（Rhinopithecus bieti）的交配行为

灵长类交配模式是灵长类社群结构和婚配制度的重要表征之一,其研究有助于了解灵长类社群结构和两性交配策略。2013年11月至2014年10月,我们对云南白马雪山国家级自然保护区一人工辅助投食滇金丝猴群进行了观察研究,采用焦点动物取样法和全事件记录法收集了雌雄个体的交配相关的行为数据,主要包括邀配对象、交配过程、持续时间和回合数,以及参与交配的雌雄对在交配结束后的相互理毛的持续时间和回合数。研究结果表明：研究群滇金丝猴全年均有交配行为,交配高峰期在7-9月,两性参与交配的积极性和对季节变化的响应不同;交配主要由雌性通过邀配发动（76%）,交配高峰期也是雌性邀配的高峰期;雄性爬跨频次（年均0.43次/月,n=5）和射精爬跨比（年均19%,n=5）则在全年无显著变化。交配行为发生的典型表现为：雌性通过小跑或跳跃进入雄性视线范围内,爬伏呈臀向雄性邀配;雌猴爬伏时离雄猴的远近距离不同（<1m vs. 2-5m ： 69% vs. 31%）会影响其邀配成功率（<1 m vs. 2-5 m ：68% vs. 40%）;若一次邀配失败,雌猴可能会连续爬伏邀配（最多4次）,连续多次邀配的成功率显著高于单次邀配（79% vs. 52%）。交配结束后雌性会主动为雄性理毛,但雌性主动理毛与交配是否射精无关。     

雌性黄山短尾猴回避近亲交配

本研究分别在交配期(2006年9月-2006年12月)和产仔期(2007年1月-2007年4月)对黄山短尾猴鱼鳞坑YA1群中5只雄猴和5只雌猴成年个体采用目标动物法、随机取样法和连续记录法记录行为参数。研究期间记录交配行为336例:母子交配0例;母系兄妹交配7例(占2.1%),其中强行交配4例;非亲缘关系交配329例(占97.9%),非亲缘关系交配频次显著高于亲缘关系。在交配期,雄猴对亲缘雌猴跟随、性检查频次均低于非亲缘雌猴,接近指数(PMI)在亲缘和非亲缘雌猴间无显著性差异;雌猴对亲缘雄猴交配拒绝率显著高于非亲缘雄猴,接近指数在交配期显著低于非亲缘雄猴,产仔期接近指数在亲缘和非亲缘雄猴间无显著性差异。尽管雄猴在交配选择上趋于避免与亲缘雌猴交配,但某些雄猴仍会主动对有亲缘关系的雌猴邀配或强行交配,雌猴则主动回避。这些结果表明:黄山短尾猴母系亲属间可以通过行为倾向抑制近亲交配发生,且雌猴更主动回避交配,支持了近交回避的双亲投资理论。     

Mating behaviors of the proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus)

The mating behaviors of the proboscis monkey were observed in a riverine forest along a tributary of the Kinabatangan River, Sabah, Malaysia, for a period of 30 months. Solicitation for copulation was initiated frequently by males and occasionally by females. Most copulations involved only one mount; however, some multiple-mount copulations were observed and a maximum of six mounts per copulation were recorded. The mean duration of mounts was about 27 sec. Nonsexual mounts (female-female, female-juvenile/infant, juvenile-juvenile, and juvenile-infant) were also observed. Female-female mounts occurred shortly after failed solicitations toward males were observed. Harassment by juveniles and/or infants was observed during copulation; however, these harassments apparently did not interfere with copulation. Sexual swelling was evident in 77.4% of copulating females, with copulating subadult females showing the most distinct swelling.     

Post-conception mating in wild long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis): characterization, endocrine correlates and functional significance

In many anthropoid primates, mating activity is not restricted to the ovarian cycle but also occurs during pregnancy. Although it has been suggested that the main function of this post-conception mating is to confuse paternity, studies showing whether or not male primates can distinguish between the fertile phase of the conception cycle (FPCC) and the period of peak post-conception mating (peak PCM) are almost non-existent. Here, we examine whether the pattern of female sexual traits (specific sexual behaviors, sexual swelling) and female attractiveness to males differ between FPCC and peak PCM in 6 wild female long-tailed macaques. We also use fecal hormone analysis to investigate whether female traits during peak PCM are related to changes in female sex hormones. All females exhibited a distinct period of heightened mating activity around days 45-60 of gestation. During peak PCM, swelling size and frequency of female solicitations (but not reaching back) were significantly correlated with changes in the estrogen to progestogen ratio. Swelling size, frequency of female sexual behaviors and copulations and proportion of male-initiated copulations and ejaculations were not significantly different between FPCC and peak PCM. Although males spent significantly less time consorting females during peak PCM, all (particularly low-ranking and non-resident males) invested heavily in terms of reproductive costs associated with mate-guarding and mating during pregnancy. We conclude that post-conception mating in wild long-tailed macaques is not merely a by-product of endocrine changes and devoid of adaptive function. Our results more strongly support the hypothesis that it may form part of a female reproductive strategy to confuse paternity, which appears to apply particularly to low-ranking and extra-group males.     

Female Defensibility in a Small Troops of Japanese Macaques vis-à-vis Nontroop Males and Copulation on the Periphery of the Troop

I provide data compiled over 4 yr on the mating behavior in small troops of wild Japanese macaques on Yakushima Island. The key parameters are the number of sexually receptive females, the number of nontroop males (NTMs), and copulation on the periphery of the troop. I analyzed the following aspects: 1) changes in the proportion of copulation with high-ranking males (HRMs) and NTMs, 2) variations in factors such as fluctuation in the number of sexually receptive females and troop males and their effects on the number of visiting NTMs, 3) the effect of attempted interruption of mounting series by other males, and 4) some aspects of copulation on the periphery of the troop. Throughout the study, 56% of the total number of females mated most frequently with the α-male in a single mating season. However, the relative mating success of HRMs varied over the years and between individuals. The number of visiting NTMs varied depending on the number of receptive females and troop males. Females tended to mate with the NTMs when they appeared around their troops. The direct effect of interruption of the mounting series by other males is equivocal. The females mated with the low-ranking males (LRMs) and NTMs on the periphery of the troop, which increased the possibility of mounting series ending with ejaculation. Females actively sought opportunities for copulation on the periphery of the troop by moving there or initiating close proximity with LRMs and NTMs there. On Yakushima Island, the mating success of HRMs was not always as high as that predicted by the priority of access model. The injury status of the HRM, the number of visiting NTMs, and female choice are all considered to influence a male’s mating success.     

短尾猴和猕猴在中国安徽省南部的分布

短尾猴(Macaca thibetana)和猕猴(Macaca mulatta)在安徽省的分布见于长江以南,短尾猴限于海拔600-1500米的山地,而猕猴则从平地一直分布到没有短尾猴占据的较高山地。短尾猴所选择的栖息地海拔高度较高,并决定于是否有悬崖和常绿阔叶林。两种猴的分布区,都因人类的严重干扰而缩小。但是,如果其栖息地得到很好的保护,它的种群密度可以接近黄山的水平。两种猴之间的分布界限也反映了它们生态关系的一般形式。     

Development of co-feeding relationships in immature free-ranging Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata fuscata)

The co-feeding relationships of immature Japanese monkeys in the provisioned situation were studied. The most frequent co-feeders for immature females were diversified as compared to those for immature males. The number of immature females who showed strong co-feeding relationships with their mothers gradually decreased with age in both high- and middle/low-ranking matrilines, but the percent decrease was greater for middle/low-ranking immatures. Almost all immature females who displayed strong co-feeding relationships with adult males were from middle/low-ranking matrilines. Strong co-feeding relationships with mothers among immature males from high-ranking matrilines remained until 4 years of age. In contrast, strong co-feeding relationships with mothers among middle/low-ranking immature males decreased rapidly in the first year of life, and most 1- to 4-year-olds showed no strong co-feeding relationships with other group members. It is considered that middle/low-ranking mothers may not provide their immatures with a secure base for obtaining food in the provisioned situation.     

The primate origins of female sexuality,and their implications for the role of nonconceptive sex in the reproductive strategies of women

In many species of monkeys and apes, sexual solicitations of males by females are more facultative and opportunistic than generally realized. Although female sexual solicitations peak at midcyle, solicitations and copulations are not necessarily confined to the days just around ovulation. Human female sexuality, and the physiological underpinnings of this sexuality evolved in prehominid contexts in which female primates solicited and copulated with multiple males on a situation-dependent basis. Such sexual behavior became increasingly costly to females in the course of hominid evolution, and women's sexuality today must be viewed as an imperfect compromise between formerly adaptive organs (such as the female clitoris) and the chronic challenges mothers face in eliciting and insuring male protection and investment in offspring.     

藏酋猴社群雌体的性行为模式

猕猴属中大部分种类的繁殖类型可划分为季节性繁殖和非季节性繁殖两大类型。但是藏酋猴全年均有交配行为发生, 而产仔仅在1～8月间, 其类型属特殊的非季节性交配-季节性产仔繁殖类型。藏酋猴雌性在妊娠后选择的交配对象主要是高序位的雄性, 但非妊娠雌性则主要选择低序位雄性。妊娠后的雌性交配频率低于非妊娠雌性, 同时它们与成年雄性间理毛行为的发生频率亦低, 反之受到成年雄性攻击的频率却高。     

Socio-sexual factors of troop fission in wild Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata yakui) on Yakushima Island,Japan

The troop fissions which occurred in a wild population of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata yakui) were observed from 1977 to 1979 on Yakushima Island. The fissions were initiated in the breeding season by non-troop males who established a consort relation with estrous females. In order to analyze the socio-sexual factors which accelerated the fissions, the male emigrations and immigrations before and after two successive fissions, and the copulation frequencies, competition among males and preferences of mating partners in both sexes in the 1977–78 breeding season after the first fission were examined. The results indicated that three factors (a large number of non-troop males, a shortage of troop males and the females' choice of mating partners) effectively influenced on the establishment of consort relationships between non-troop males and estrous females. It is suggested that these factors may exert different effects on the troop disorganization in relation to troop size. In small-sized troops, a large number of non-troop males and a shortage of troop males may lead to stronger competition between them, and the females' choice affected by prolonged intimate relations with the dominant TMs may reduce their priority of access to estrous females. This situation possibly stimulates fission or male emigration in small-sized troops under the natural conditions on Yakushima Island. In contrast, in large-sized troops under isolated conditions, a surplus rather than a shortage of troop males may contribute to troop disorganization, as most former studies have suggested. A higher socionomic sex ratio may decrease the mating activities of subordinate troop males and increase the competition among them. This situation possibly accelerates the fission of large-sized troops through prolonged interactions between females and subordinate or peripheral troop males. A lower ratio and the females' choice, however, raise the mating chances of subordinate troop males and may not promote the fission of large-sized troops under isolated conditions. This study was financed in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Special Project Research on Biological Aspects of Optimal Strategy and Social Structure from the Japan Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, and by the Cooperative Research Fund of the Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University.     

Sociological study on the troop fission of wild

During the period from June to July 1983, the Hanyama-A troop of wild non-provisioned Japanese monkeys on Yakushima Island began to show signs of troop fission. Adult females together with their infants and juveniles subdivided into two groups, the Hanyama-K group and Hanyama-M group. After the subdivision, all of the troop males were observed vacillating between these two female groups. During the mating season, non-troop males were also observed moving around the two female groups. After this mating season, one of these non-troop males was found to have entered and become the alpha male in one of the groups, while higher-ranking adult males of the original troop settled into the other group. Each fissioned group was strongly considered to be composed of either high-ranking matrilines or low-ranking matrilines as observed previously in provisioned troops. The dominance relation between the two fissioned groups indicated that dominance rank reversal between these two female kin groups must have occurred during the course of subdivision of the troop. However, different from most previous cases of troop fission, there was no indication that males ever participated in the subdivision of the original female group. This was disrupted not as a result of males' involvement, but only as a result of antagonism among females, which initiated the troop fission. The main factor which appeared to determine when and in which fission group males eventually settled was the competition between the troop males' coalition and non-troop males and their ability to monopolize females. The present process of troop fission suggests a dual strategy between males and females (Wrangham, 1979, 1980) even in the society of Japanese macaques.