黄山短尾猴交配叫声及其影响因素

哺乳动物在交配过程中经常会发出独特且有节奏的交配叫声（Copulation call）,这通常被认为是雌雄双方交配策略的一种体现。交配叫声的发生及其影响因素在不同物种间差异较大,对其深入研究有助于比较和揭示不同动物交配策略的差异及其适应性功能。为了阐明交配叫声的生物学和社会学因素,我们在安徽黄山记录了野生黄山短尾猴（Macaca thibetana）交配行为中雄性和雌性发出叫声的过程,分析了影响交配叫声的相关因素,探讨了伴随叫声的交配行为对后续友好行为的影响。结果表明,在交配过程中,高顺位成年雄性短尾猴比其他性别—顺位组个体更易发出叫声,而优势个体雌性和从属个体雌性在交配过程中的发声频次无显著差异。此外,交配叫声能促进参与者之间在交配后表现出更多的友好行为和更近的空间距离。本研究为理解多雄多雌婚配制度的短尾猴群体交配策略提供了声音通讯方面的理论支持。     

野生雄性黄山短尾猴性行为季节性变化同步性(英文)

季节性繁殖是非人灵长类动物的普遍特征,而野生雄性个体的性行为季节性变化特点仍有待研究。该研究于2005年10月至2006年9月对黄山短尾猴鱼鳞坑YA2群5只成年雄性个体进行全年观察,以期探讨雄性黄山短尾猴性行为季节性变化特征。结果表明:繁殖季节交配行为和性动机行为(性追赶,做鬼脸和性检查)频次显著高于非繁殖季节,季节性差异显著。成年雄性个体交配行为和性动机行为季节性变化呈现显著同步性。该研究为进一步阐明短尾猴和同属季节性繁殖非人灵长类动物的雄性竞争和雄性策略提供理论依据。     

短尾猴和日本猴雄性性行为的比较研究

本文比较研究了短尾猴和日本猴的雄性性行为。短尾猴属单次爬跨射精型种类,每次交配平均持续23.2秒,日本猴属多次爬跨射精型种类,每次交配平均持续8.2分,交配期间雄性平均爬跨雌性lO.6次才能达到射精。短尾猴第1顺位雄性是群中的主要交配者,它占有交配总数的70.9 %;而日本猴第5顺位以下的雄性占交配总数的64%。交配中,两种猴雄性间相互打搅行为的发生频率大致相当。短尾猴高顺位雄性的打搅行为能使低顺位雄性的交配中断,但日本猴高顺位的打搅行为只能使低顺位雄性交配的54.3%中断。     

黄山短尾猴社群中的架桥行为

2007年3~5月,采用随机取样法对黄山短尾猴(Macaca thibetana)YA1群架桥行为进行研究。结果表明,不同时间段架桥行为发生次数存在极显著差异(t=3.912,df=10,P<0.01)。成年组雄性个体是主要发起者(Z=-2.1888,P<0.05)和接受者(Z=-2.5238,P<0.05),但同年龄组不同性别个体发起次数(Z=-1.755,P>0.05)无显著差异,接受次数(Z=-2.201,P<0.05)差异显著。架桥行为多采用雄性婴幼猴(Z=-2.437,P<0.05)(F=6.735,df=2,P<0.05)作为媒介,母亲序位影响婴幼猴在架桥中被使用的次数(Z=-3.724,P<0.01)。不同序位雄性(F=2.947,df=4,P<0.05)和雌性个体(F=5.320,df=4,P<0.05)架桥行为发起模式主要是第Ⅰ类。雌性个体选择具有亲缘关系的个体作为架桥媒介(Z=-2.490,P<0.05),但雄性个体对母系亲属后代无明显选择性(Z=-0.866,P>0.05)。短期研究表明,黄山短尾猴社群中的架桥行为主要采用第Ⅰ类模式;亲缘关系不一定是影响架桥行为媒介选择的主要因素;架桥行为具有缓解群体间竞争压力的作用。     

不同社群条件下雄性布氏田鼠的行为

实验室内观察了布氏田鼠雄性个体之间在3 种不同社群条件下(社群1:2 只雄鼠;社群2:2 只雄鼠与1只非动情雌鼠,社群3:2 只雄鼠与1 只动情雌鼠)的相互行为,结果显示:(1)在嗅闻行为上,不论优势雄鼠还是从属雄鼠在3 组间都存在显著差异,它们的嗅闻频次都是在社群3 中最少、在社群2中居中,在社群1中嗅闻频次最多;(2)在攻击行为频次上,不论是优势雄鼠还是从属雄鼠在3 组中都不存在显著差异;(3)在上跳频次上,优势雄鼠在各组间存在显著差异,从属雄鼠在各组间不存在显著差异; (4) 在自我修饰行为频次上,不论是优势雄鼠还是从属雄鼠,在3 组之间不存在显著差异;(5)在相互友好行为上,3 组间存在显著差异。其中社群2 中的雄性之间的友好行为频次最高,社群3 中次之,社群1 中最低。结果表明,雄性之间的攻击行为并不因为雌性的存在而增强,反而会可能减少,我们推测这可能因为雄性要花费更多的时间用于社群探究和交配,从而减少了雄性之间的斗争。     

雄性短尾猴个体特征与临时配偶关系研究

多雄多雌的灵长类社会群体中,性成熟的雄性和雌性形成临时性的配偶关系（Consortship）是极其显著特征,但这种关系对个体的交配和繁殖成功作用缺少深入研究。本研究以栖息于安徽黄山的短尾猴YA1群为研究对象,采用全事件取样法（All occurrences recording）、目标动物取样法（Focal animal sampling）以及行为取样法（Behavioral sampling method）记录个体间的社会行为、雄性的配偶数量和临时配偶关系的持续时间,对雄性短尾猴临时配偶关系的基本特征与适应策略进行了初步探讨。研究期间,雄性个体的顺位发生替换,在替换前后,处于高顺位的雄性个体始终拥有最多的配偶数量以及形成的临时配偶关系的持续时间最长,并且雄性个体的顺位与临时配偶关系呈正相关关系（顺位变化前：配偶数量：P = 0.010;持续时间：P = 0.014;顺位变化后：配偶数量：P = 0.032;持续时间：P = 0.035）;雄性个体的年龄与临时配偶关系无显著相关性（配偶关系：P = 0.150;持续时间：P = 0.511）;雄性个体在群体中生活的时间与临时配偶关系呈显著正相关（配偶数量：P = 0.034;持续时间：P = 0.023）;雄性个体的社会关系与临时配偶关系呈显著正相关（顺位变化前：配偶数量,P = 0.013;持续时间,P = 0.001;顺位变化后：配偶数量,P < 0.001;持续时间,P = 0.003）。研究结果表明：雄性个体的顺位、在群体中生活时间以及社会关系对临时配偶的形成起主要作用,这为进一步阐明雄性行为策略与临时配偶关系提供新的科学依据。     

藏酋猴交配活动中的性打搅

1986—1987年期间,对藏酋猴(Macaca thihetana)黄山鱼鳞坑群交配活动中的性打搅行为进行了为期9个月的观察和研究。在766次交配中,交配个体受到了266次性打搅。性打搅行为大部分发生在交配雄性开始爬跨雌性时(89.2％),较少发生在交配雄性爬跨雌性之前(0.7％)和射精时或射精后(10.1％)。在266次有性打搅的交配中,参加性打搅的个体达473只次,其中,成年个体参于性打搅的频率高于亚成年和幼年个体,而雌雄个体之间各自参于性打搅的频率无明显差异。各个体因在群中的顺位不同,其参加交配活动和受到的性打搅的频率也不同。高顺位雄性和低顺位雌性比低顺位雄性和高顺位雌性较多地参于交配活动,同时它们受到的性打搅的频率也较高。因此,受到性打搅频率的高低与参于交配的频率有关,而与个体顺位的高低无关。在性打搅的行为类型中,63.8％是性打搅者直接朝着交配的雄性,6.6％朝着交配的雌性,29.6％无明确朝向。低顺位雄性和雌性的性打搅行为很少能中断高顺位雄性的交配活动,而高顺位雄性的性打搅却能成功地中断低顺位雄性或雌性的交配活动。然而,在266次有性打搅行为发生的交配中,仅8.6％的交配被性打搅中断。为此,本文就不同性别和顺位的个体所进行的性打搅行为的动机进行了探讨。     

笼养雌性短尾猴月经周期及性行为

在多雄多雌的灵长类社会中,成年雌雄个体的性行为并不局限于雌性受孕期,但仍认为性行为在受孕期最为活跃。对于雌性隐藏发情的灵长类物种,雌雄个体的性行为与雌性月经周期的相关性尚不清楚。本研究以短尾猴(Macaca thibetana)为研究对象,研究雌性隐藏发情灵长类的性行为与月经周期阶段的关系。在短尾猴繁殖季节,从2019年10月2日至2020年1月14日连续采集了安徽省铜陵市动物园6只成年雌性短尾猴的490份粪便样本,采用放射免疫分析法检测粪便中雌二醇激素的浓度,并用焦点动物取样法和行为取样法采集目标个体(4只雌性、4只雄性)的性行为数据。本研究利用Spearman相关系数检验雌激素与性行为的相关性;独立样本T检验分析雌性短尾猴发情的邀配性指标(雌性呈臀行为)、吸引性指标(雄性性检查行为)和交配行为在月经周期三个阶段(受孕期前:受孕期前的5 d;受孕期:最有可能排卵的2 d加上精子能在雌性生殖道中存活的3 d;受孕期后:受孕期后的5 d)的分布差异性。结果表明,雌性短尾猴的雌二醇浓度在繁殖季节呈现周期性波动,周期长度为(31.1±1.8)d(n=7,范围23～37 d);同时在月经周期内,雌二醇浓度与雌性呈臀行为呈显著负相关(r=﹣0.616,n=15,P=0.015),而与交配行为和雄性性检查行为均无显著相关性;雌性呈臀行为的平均频次主要集中在受孕期前(T=﹣1.215,df=12,P=0.044);交配行为和雄性性检查行为在月经周期的三个阶段无显著性差异。短尾猴的性行为并没有集中在雌性的受孕期,说明雌激素对短尾猴的性行为无严格控制作用,且雄性短尾猴无法准确识别雌性的受孕期。     

非优势顺位雄性黄山短尾猴的交配策略

在多雄多雌、顺位决定交配机会、雄性偏斜繁殖的非人灵长类社会中,低顺位雄性为提高自己的繁殖成功率,通常采取多样的交配策略以获得较多的交配机会。对非优势顺位雄性交配策略的研究可以增加对灵长类社会性行为复杂性的理解,对于深入探讨动物的婚配制度及繁殖策略具有十分重要的科学意义。本研究采用目 标动物取样法和全事件记录法,在２０１２ 年９ －１２ 月（交配期）记录了安徽黄山短尾猴鱼鳞坑ＹＡ１ 群中４ 只成年雄性个体的交配及有关的行为。研究发现：（１）非优势顺位雄性个体在远离优势顺位雄性视野范围的交配频次和交配时间显著高于优势顺位视野范围内;（２）与优势顺位雄性个体相比,非优势顺位雄性的强行交配（forced copulation）和隐秘交配（clandestine copulation）比例较高;（３） 就交配对象而言,对成功生育的雌性个体,优势顺位雄性在选择交配对象时具有明显的倾向性,非优势顺位雄性在选择时倾向性不显著;对未生育的雌性,优势顺位雄性更倾向于选择没有生殖经历的亚成年雌性个体,非优势顺位雄性则倾向于选择处于哺乳后期的成年雌性个体;（４）在具体交配策略上,优势顺位雄性选择跟随（follow） 雌性,非优势顺位雄性则通过做鬼脸 （grimacing）和性追求（sexual chasing）直接获取交配机会。本研究结果表明黄山短尾猴中非优势雄性个体形成了多变的交配策略,更多采取强制性方式,以获得更多的交配机会,多数的交配都是机会性的。     

野生黄山短尾猴雄性睾酮的季节性变化

本文研究了黄山短尾猴野生群体雄性睾酮的变化规律.采用放射性免疫分析方法,对黄山短尾猴鱼鳞坑YA2群成年雄性个体在交配期(2005年10月至2006年1月;2006年7月至9月)与非交配期(2006年2月至6月)的粪便睾酮水平进行了测定,共采集到5只雄性个体的新鲜粪便样品426个.结果表明:在群体水平,黄山短尾猴成年雄性睾酮浓度交配季节(12.283±5.745 ng/ml)显著高于非交配季节(9.424±4.987 ng/ml),季节性变化显著(P<0.01);个体水平上,不同个体雄性睾酮均呈现显著的季节性变化(P<0.01);成年雄性睾酮分泌水平与生境温度变化呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05),且在交配季节初期雄性睾酮浓度最高,交配季节末期降到最低.研究结果支持短尾猴季节性繁殖的结论,且环境温度是影响短尾猴雄性睾酮浓度的可能因素.     

Postconflict Affiliation Between Former Opponents in Macaca thibetana on Mt. Huangshan, China

We describe basic patterns of postconflict affiliation between former opponents within a group of wild, provisioned Tibetan macaques Macaca thibetana on Mt. Huangshan, China. Like most primates studied to date, Tibetan macaques reconciled, i.e., overall they engaged in affiliative interaction with opponents at higher rates immediately after an aggressive conflict than at other times. Probabilities of affiliation were enhanced ≤30 s after the end of hostilities. However when we examined sex partner combinations separately, we found unequivocal evidence for reconciliation only for male-male dyads. Tolerant interaction among other partner combinations apparently was not disrupted after a conflict, presumably obviating the need to reconcile. One aspect of reconciliation among males was consistent with other indications of a despotic dominance style: aggressors initiated a higher proportion of affiliative interactions after a conflict than at other times. Another aspect of reconciliation was more typical of relaxed dominance styles: males used specialized behaviors (embraces and same-sex mounts) disproportionately to reconcile. We also found inconsistent evidence for the valuable relationship hypothesis; probabilities of reconciliation were enhanced for male-male dyads with the closest affiliative relationships, but not for those that displayed the most tolerance or mutual agonistic support. We discuss reconciliation and other aspects of conflict management among males in the context of a group with nearly even sex ratios and high male-male mating competition.     

雄性短尾猴的等级顺位、睾酮水平与肠道寄生虫感染强度的关系

在等级森严的非人灵长类群体中,睾酮对雄性顺位维持有着重要作用,且影响着体内寄生虫种类和荷虫量。本研究以栖息于安徽黄山的雄性短尾猴为研究对象,通过计算成年雄性的等级顺位,测定其粪便中睾酮含量以及寄生虫的荷虫量,探讨雄性等级顺位、睾酮水平与健康间的平衡关系。结果表明：共检测出10种肠道寄生虫,包括4种蠕虫、5种原虫和1种螨虫;其中雄性短尾猴个体间睾酮水平（1.00±0.42） ng/g和肠道寄生虫荷虫量（112.44±83.62）EPG均存在显著差异（Kruskal-Wallis H,P<0.05）;等级顺位与睾酮水平呈正相关（Spearman, N=8,ρ= 0.326, P<0.05）,与肠道原虫类的荷虫量呈负相关（Spearman, N=8,ρ= - 0.345, P<0.05）,与肠道蠕虫类的荷虫量无相关性（Spearman, N=8,ρ= 0.065, P>0.05）;睾酮水平与肠道原虫类寄生虫的荷虫量呈负相关（Spearman, N=8,ρ= -0.546, P<0.05）,与肠道蠕虫类的荷虫量无相关性（Spearman, N=8,ρ= -0.013, P>0.05）。本研究表明高顺位雄性拥有更高的睾酮水平,这不仅对其顺位的维持具有重要作用,对原虫类寄生虫也具有明显的抑制作用。     

雄性黄山短尾猴攻击行为和粪便睾酮水平季节性变化

睾酮对启动和维持雄性动物的性行为及保持雄性第二性征有重要作用,高浓度的睾酮还可促进雄性的攻击性。但是长时期维持高的睾酮水平还会使雄性付出很高的能量代价,所以雄性不会长时期地维持高的睾酮水平。本研究对黄山短尾猴鱼鳞坑YA2群雄性个体交配期（2006年9月-12月）与产仔期（2007年1月-4月）攻击行为进行研究,同时收集研究个体的新鲜粪便,并用放射免疫分析法测定粪便睾酮水平,以探讨雄性黄山短尾猴不同时期睾酮水平差异及睾酮水平与攻击行为的关系。结果表明,成年雄性黄山短尾猴攻击行为发生频次在交配期显著高于非交配期;成年雄性粪便睾酮水平在交配期显著高于非交配期;交配期成年雄性的粪便睾酮水平与攻击行为发生频次有较显著的正相关关系,而在非交配期无显著相关;低顺位个体在交配期和非交配期都没有观察到攻击行为。本研究的结果支持了“繁殖竞争假说”。     

成年黄山短尾猴雌性等级结构稳定性

等级结构稳定性是衡量群体凝聚力的重要指标,雌性等级结构稳定对于母系社会群体具有重要的生物学意义。本文采用目标动物取样和全事件记录相结合的方法,研究黄山短尾猴鱼鳞坑A1 群(YA1 群)和鱼鳞坑A2 群(YA2 群)的成年雌性分别在交配季节(2011 年9 ～ 12 月)和非交配季节(2012 年2 ～ 5 月)内的攻击-屈服行为。采用等级结构中雌性间攻击- 屈服频率、社会顺位和等级梯度3 个量化指标,首次定量探讨了短尾猴雌性等级结构及其稳定性。研究期间,YA1 群和YA2 群雌性间攻击- 屈服频率、社会顺位和等级梯度均无季节性变化(P >0. 05)。结果表征短尾猴雌性等级结构趋于稳定,该结果支持了短尾猴雌性等级结构稳定性的定性判断。     

Recognition of social relationships in bridging behavior among Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana)

Bridging behavior among male Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) was studied in a free-ranging group at Mt. Huangshan, China. This behavior was defined as a type of affiliative behavior in which two individuals simultaneously lifted up one infant. Bridging behavior occurred after an adult male carried an infant to another male or approached another male who was holding an infant. Each male frequently held and groomed a particular infant in the group, which was named an “affiliated” infant of the male. Males were more frequently provided with their affiliated infant by other males than with other non-affiliated infants. This finding suggests that male Tibetan macaques recognized the affiliative relationship between a male and his affiliated infant, and chose that infant for bridging behavior on the basis of this knowledge. Such choice might be important for effective bridging behavior or other affiliative interactions between males. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

江西三清山兰科植物区系分析

江西省三清山兰科植物资源丰富,约21属30种,占江西省兰科植物属种的56.76%、38.46%,占中国兰科植物属种的12.28%、2.41%。区内兰科植物生活型以地生兰为主;分布区式样以温带型为主;区系成分分散,缺乏本地特有成分。与各山地的相似性以及属种分布型比较显示,三清山与5山地在属级水平上相似性系数高,兰科植物区系联系比较紧密,从属分布区类型看,三清山、黄山、天目山和庐山以北温带分布为主,井冈山和武夷山以热带亚洲-热带大洋洲为主;在种级水平上相似性系数较低,种分布区类型均以东亚和中国特有分布为主。按生态型划分,地生兰为主,附生兰为辅,三清山和黄山只有两生态类型,武夷山、天目山、井冈山和庐山生态类型齐全。最后,依据"中国物种红色名录"对各山地珍稀濒危保护物种进行归纳统计。     

Relationships Between the Bryoflora of Mt. Wuyi,SE China,and Those of Neighbouring Mountain Regions

Mt. Wuyi, located at 27°37‛-27°54‛ N, 117°27‛-117°51‛ E, is the highest mountain in South-East China. Its main peak, Huanggangshan, is 2158 m above the sea level. In 1955, P. C. Chen organized the first expedition to Mt. Wuyi, and the authors investigated the different ravines and the forests of that area in 1976 and from 1979 to 1984 respectively. Up to now 355 species of the bryophytes have been found in Mt. Wuyi. I. The influence of the factors of geological history on the bryoflora of Mt. Wuyi Fujian Province, belonging to Cathaysian, one of three Chinese ancient lands, was a part of ocean until the end of the lower Tertiary. In the early Devonian, Fujian uplifted above the sea level, but it submerged in the sea later, and then uplifted above the sea level again in the upper Triassic. By the end of the lower Triassic the Himalayan movement influenced the paleogeography of China deeply, and the eastern and central mountains of Fujian uplifted again. In the Tertiary, Fujian was influenced by the hot maritime weather, so the tropical evergreen forests existed in southern Fujian at that time. The conclusion was made by Z. B. Zhao in 1983 after his long period of study on geological history of Fujian Province since the Yanshan movement. According to the morden geographical distribution of Chinese bryophytes, it seems that the above influence might be related to the bryophytes of Mt. Wuyi and also the southern part of Zhejian Province. By the end of the Tertiary the weather became cold in most parts of China. Since then the cold weather and hot weather alternated several times. One kind of the endemic elements of the bryoflora formed in the area from the south-eastern coast of China to the southeastern Xizang (Tibet), including Japan. They are not specialized at the family level or closely related to each other, but they have similar distribution and belong to different families. In the Quaternary, Mt. Wuyi gradually uplifted following the Himalayan movement. As the weather cooled down in the upper part of the mountain, deciduous broad-leaved and needleleaved trees increased there. Meanwhile, temperate genera and species of the bryophytes spread and invaded South China and entered Mr. Wuyi. Rhytidiadelphus and Hvlocomium probably began to grow in Mt. Wuyi at that time, and their distribution is quite different from their primary one. On the other hand, a part of tropical and subtropical bryophytes might enjoy the changed weather and environment in the Quaternary and existed in a few small localities of Mt. Wuyi, and the genera Haplomitrium, Endotrichella and Floribundaria are probably their representatives. From the point of view of geological history we are now living in the interglacial period and the present natural conditions will last continuously, so they will steadily influence the bryoflora of Mt. Wuyi in a long period of time. 2. Essential characteristics of the bryoflora in Mt. Wuyi Due to the geographical position and the other factors of Mt. Wuyi the bryoflora is represented by numerous tropical and subtropical elements (34.1%), but the East-Asiatic endemic ones (79.2%) are characteristic of the bryoflora in Mt. Wuyi (Tab. 1). The tropical and subtropical families of the bryophytes, found south of Changjiang (Yangtzi) River, are Haplomitriaceae (1 genus, 3 species), Porellaceae (2 genera, 8 species), Frullaniaceae (2 genera, 10 species), Lejeun eaceae (21 genera, 35 species), Trachypodaceae (3 genera, 4 species), Meteoriaceae (10 genera, 17 species), Neckeraceae (5 genera, 8 species) and Hookeriaceae (3 genera, 3 species). The above 8 families, including 46 genera and 85 species, represent about 1/4 genera (24.3%) and less than 1/4 species (23.9%) of the bryoflora of Mt. Wuyi. Most species of East-Asiatic elements show very close relationships with Japan, and are widely distributed from the low altitude of Mt. Wuyi to the summit of Mt. Huanggangshan. However, the Holarctic species (26.8%) are also important elements of the bryoflora in Mt. Wuyi, showing its transition nature, although it is located in the subtropics. Moreover, the in fluence of the Himalayas also exists in Mt. Wuyi, and the Himalayan elements cover 14.4% in the bryoflora of Mt. Wuyi. The similarity coefficients between the bryofloras of Central and South America, Africa and Oceania and that of Mt. Wuyi are from 5.0-9.2% respectively. The endemic species are not very many and cosmopolitan species are only 7 there. In 1958, P. C. Chen designated Mt. Wuyi as “the transition region of South and North China rich in East-Asiatic genera and species”. His very important conclusion is essentially in accordance with the fact of the bryoflora on Mt. Wuyi. Recently, some of the new records fur ther show the characteristics of the bryoflora in Wuyi. Two facts are worth being mentioned. One is that East-Asiatic genera are only five in Mt. Wuyi. However, there are 9 East-Asiatic genera in Mt. Huangshan more than in Mt. Wuyi; 4 East-Asiatic genera are recorded in Mt. Shennongjia. The other is that epiphyllous liverworts in Mt. Wuyi, consisting of 7 families, 21 genera and 36 species, are less than on Hainan Island and Xishuangbannan, located in the tro pics in China. 3. Comparison between the bryoflora of Mt. Wuyi and those of the neighbouring regions As China covers a very large area, bryofloristic elements are quite different in the diffe rent regions. In this section, we are concentrated on making a comparison between the bryof loras of Mt. Wuyi and the regions belonging to the Central China of the bryoflora named by P. C. Chen. Huaping Forest Region, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in South China, with both latitute and altitude very similar to Mt. Wuyi, is included in this comparison (Fig. 1). According to the rough estimation, the similarity coefficient of moss genera between Mt. Wuyi and Huaping is 56.3%, and those between the mountain and southern Zhejian and Mt. Huangshan, Anhui, are 62.7% and 51.6% respectively, while the similarity coefficient of the genera of the mossfloras between Mt. Shennongjia and Mt. Wuyi is 46.8%. Table 2 shows the statistics of mosses in Mt. Wuyi and the others, but the bryoflora of Huaping needs further study However, it is very interesting to note that Haplomitrium and Pleurozia of liverworts are both found in Mt. Wuyi and Huaping Forest Region, and the similarity coefficient between the mossfloras of Mt. Wuyi and Zhejian Province is also higher than those mentioned above. Tropical and subtropical elements reduce towards the north in China, and temperate ones increase. Huaping is located in the south, and, as expected, some tropical and subtropical genera such as Hookeriopsis and Symphyodon have been found there, but not in Mt. Wuyi; several temperate genera, such as Schwetschkeopsis and Fauriella, have been recorded in Mt. Huangshan, but not in Mt. Wuyi. For some unknown reasons, Octoblepharum and Neckeropsis are only found in southern Zhejiang, but not in Mt. Wuyi. Mt. Shennongjia, with its main peak over 1000 m higher than that of Mt. Wuyi, is located in its northwest, and more than ten temperate genera, such as, Ceratodon, Aulacomnium Myurella, Bryonoguchia and Abietinella have been found there. Generally, Mt. Wuyi belongs to the central subtropical region of China, and East-Asiatic endemic genera are the main elements of its bryoflora, but the bryoflora also consists of tropical and subtropical elements with some temperate ones. 4. East-Asiatic endemic genera in the bryoflora of Mt. Wuyi In the bryoflora of Mt. Wuyi, one of the main elements, East-Asiatic endemic genera, should not be neglected (Tab. 4). East-Asiatic endemic genera in Mt. Wuyi (five) are less than in Mt. Huangshan and Mt. West Tianmu, although the positions of the latter two are very close to Mt. Wuyi. East-Asiatic endemic genera of liverworts are Trichocolea and Macvicaria so far found in Mt. Wuyi, and the mosses are Myuriopsis, Meteoriella, Pseudospiridentopsis (Fig. 1). Myuriopsis is only distributed in Taiwan Province and Mt. Wuyi, and the other four are distributed in Mt. Huangshan or Mt. West Tianmu, and also in Taiwan, besides in Mt. Wuyi. About thirty EastAsiatic endemic genera have so far been known in China, which means that about one sixth of East- Asiatic endemic genera of the bryophytes occur in Mt. Wuyi. We may notice that nine and seven East-Asiatic endemic genera of the bryophytes have been recorded in Mt. Huangshan and Mt. West Tianmu respectively. In Mt. Shennongjia, Central China, there are four East Asiatic endemic genera, but only two have been found in the Huaping Forest Region, South China. In Mt. Dinghua, located south of Mt. Wuyi, on East-Asiatic endemic genus of the bryophytes has so far been found. East-Asiatic endemic genera of the bryophytes are mainly limited to China, Korea and Japan, including the East Himalayas, rarely occur in South Asia, Siberia of the Soviet Union. Therefore, these genera enjoy a warm and moist environment. In Mt. Wuyi, all the East-Asiatic endemic genera are monotypic ones with a disjunct distribution. Now in Taiwan Province five of six recorded East-Asiatic endemic genera are common to Mt. Wuyi. In Japan, about eleven, i.e. one third of, East Asiatic endemic genera so far found are common to China, which shows a long history of the phytogeographical relationships between Japan and China. East Asiatic endemic genera of the bryophytes might therefore exist on islands of Taiwan Province and Japan before they were separated from the mainland of Asia. However the fossil evidence is still lacking in the bryophytes, so we are not able to discuss about the distribution area and the distribution center of the East-Asiatic bryoflora in detail. The above estimation is more or less related to geological history, and we assume that the East-Asiatic endemic genera have existed at least since the end of the Tertiary. Starting from the Quaternary, the climatic change during glacial epoch has been possibly the most important factor affecting the bryoflora in Asia, and the upheaval of the Himalayas has stimulated the diversity and the specialization of the bryophy tes. Considering these factors, East-Asiatic endemic genera might be the “Tertiary fossil plants”. Another problem is difficult to explain, because Mts. Huangshan, West Tianmu and Shen nongjia were once influenced by glaciation directly, although Chinese geologists hold different views. However, no evidence of glaciation has been found in Mt. Wuyi. It is worth to study the close relationships between Mt. Wuyi, Mt. Huangshan and Mt. West Tianmu, where is the distri bution center of the East-Asiatic endemic genera. The above three mountain regions share half of the East-Asiatic endemic genera, and about 32% genera of the others are found in two of them (Fig. 2). Myuriopsis, one of the East Asiatic types, was only recorded in Taiwan Pro vince, Japan and Korea. Neodolichomitra, occuring in Taiwan Province, is endemic to China. More or less the differentiation has taken place in Mt. Huangshan, Mt. West Tianmu and Mt. Wuyi. The number of the East-Asiatic endemic genera is smaller in Mt. Wuyi, so it is possibly located on the border of the distributional center of the East-Asiatic endemic genera. Moreo ver, three of four East-Asiatic endemic genera in Mt. Shennongjia are also found in Mt. Huang shan and Mt. West Tianmu, but the other East-Asiatic genus in Mt. Wuyi is common to the mountain areas in SW China, the Qinglin Range of NW China, and the isolated mountain areas of NE China. Considering all the characteristics of the bryoflora of Mt. Shennongjia, we assume that Mt. Shennongjia may belong to another distribution center, including SW part of Sichuan Province, and the other neighbouring mountains.     

黄山与11个代表性山区的藓类植物区系统计分析

对黄山与其它11个山区藓类植物区系进行了统计分析比较.从12个山区藓类植物共有属的分析结果来看,黄山是一些典型具有热带性质的属分布北界,同时又是一些典型温带属的分布南界,显示了黄山是热带亚热带向温带、寒温带过渡的典型区域.从极点排序的二维图形分析结果看,黄山与江西的马头山,广西的九万山,浙江的金华山、西天目山关系更为密...     

Dominance and its Behavioral Measures in a Captive Group of Bonobos (Pan paniscus)

We investigated the existence of a social dominance hierarchy in the captive group of six adult bonobos at the Planckendael Zoo. We quantified the pattern of dyadic exchange of a number of behaviors to examine to what extent each behavior fits a linear rank order model. Following de Waal (1989), we distinguish three types of dominance: agonistic dominance, competitive ability and formal dominance. Fleeing upon aggression is a good measure of agonistic dominance. The agonistic dominance hierarchy in the study group shows significant and strong linearity. The rank order was: 1. female (22 yr), 2. female (15 yr)., 3. male (23 yr.), 4. female (15 yr.), 5. male (9 yr.), 6. male (10 yr.). As in the wild, the females occupy high ranks. There is prominent but nonexclusive female agonistic dominance. Teeth-baring does not fulfil the criteria of a formal submission signal. Peering is a request for tolerance of proximity. Since its direction within dyads is consistent with that of fleeing interactions, it is a useful additional measure to determine agonistic ranks in bonobos. In competitive situations, the females acquire more food than other group members do. The rank obtained from access to food resources differs from the agonistic rank due to female intrasexual social tolerance, expressed in food sharing. We typify the dominance styles in the group as female intrasexual tolerance and male challenging of rank differences. The agonistic rank order correlates significantly with age and has a strong predictive value for other social behaviors.