酪酸梭菌活菌散治疗婴幼儿秋冬季腹泻的临床疗效观察

目的观察酪酸梭菌活菌散治疗婴幼儿秋冬季腹泻的临床疗效。方法将120例秋冬季腹泻的患儿随机分为酪酸梭菌活菌散治疗组和对照组,对照组60例患儿单用蒙脱石散,1.5g/次,3次/d;酪酸梭菌活菌散治疗组60例患儿先服用蒙脱石散,剂量同上,间隔2h后,加服酪酸梭菌活菌散,1袋/次,3次/d,疗程为3~7d或治愈为止;在此基础上,两组患儿均给予补液(纠酸、维持水电解质及酸碱平衡)、退热等治疗。观察两组患儿腹泻治疗效果(包括大便性状恢复正常时间、呕吐消失时间和总有效率)及不良反应发生情况。结果酪酸梭菌活菌散治疗组显效率为81.7%,总有效率为100.0%,对照组显效率为28.3%,总有效率为90.0%,酪酸梭菌活菌散治疗组明显高于对照组,且差异均有统计学意义(χ2=4.385,P0.05);酪酸梭菌活菌散治疗组第3天大便次数相比对照组明显减少[治疗组(1.88±0.88)次/d,对照组(3.28±1.80)次/d,t=5.395,P0.05)],大便恢复正常时间明显短于对照组[治疗组(3.67±1.31)d,对照组(4.8±1.09)d,t=5.158,P0.05)],呕吐消失时间也明显短于对照组[治疗组(2.9±0.99)d,对照组(4.02±1.34)d,t=4.894,P0.05)]。结论酪酸梭菌活菌散治疗婴幼儿秋冬季腹泻的临床疗效显著,且未见不良反应发生,值得临床推广。     

酪酸梭菌辅助根除幽门螺杆菌感染的Meta分析

目的系统评价酪酸梭菌辅助根除幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,H.pylori)感染的疗效和安全性。方法计算机检索PubMed、CENTRAL(2016年7期)、CBM、CNKI、万方数据库、维普数据库,同时追溯纳入文献和相关综述的参考文献,收集关于酪酸梭菌辅助根除H.pylori感染的随机对照试验(RCT),检索时间均从建库至2016年7月30日。由两名评价员根据纳入排除标准筛选文献、提取资料、评价纳入研究的偏倚风险,采取RevMan 5.3进行Meta分析。结果最终纳入13个RCT,共1 372例患者(其中试验组742例,对照组630例)。Meta分析结果显示:与标准根除方案相比,酪酸梭菌辅助治疗组有利于提高H.pylori的根除率(RR=1.26,95%CI:1.18~1.34,P0.00001),并且降低总不良反应(RR=0.41,95%CI:0.32~0.52,P0.00001)、腹泻(RR=0.31,95%CI:0.16~0.58,P=0.0003)、味觉紊乱的发生率(RR=0.35,95%CI:0.17~0.73,P=0.005);然而,在腹胀、恶心的发生率上,酪酸梭菌辅助治疗组虽低于标准方案组,但差异无统计学意义。结论当前证据显示酪酸梭菌联合标准方案不仅可提高H.pylori的根除率,还能降低总不良反应、腹泻及味觉紊乱的发生。受纳入研究的质量和数量的限制,上述结论有待更多高质量的研究予以验证。     

布拉酵母菌预防我国婴幼儿抗生素相关性腹泻的Meta分析

目的系统评价布拉酵母菌对我国婴幼儿抗生素相关性腹泻(ADD)的预防作用及安全性。方法计算机联机检索Cochrane图书馆、Em Base、Pub Med、CNKI、CBM、Medline、VIP、万方数据库(各数据库检索时间为创建至2014年7月)中关于布拉酵母菌预防ADD的随机对照试验(RCT),用Rev Man 5.3软件对数据进行Meta分析。结果共纳入17篇RCT,包括2 389例患儿。Meta分析结果显示,布拉酵母菌预防婴幼儿ADD效果优于对照组[RR=0.32,95%CI(0.27,0.39),P0.01]。结论基于现有临床证据,布拉酵母菌预防ADD有效,安全性高。但由于纳入研究数量较少,研究质量不统一,本结论尚需要更多大样本、高质量临床RCT予以证实。     

金双歧预防国内婴幼儿抗生素相关性腹泻的Meta分析

目的系统评价金双歧对国内婴幼儿抗生素相关性腹泻(ADD)的预防作用及安全性。方法计算机联机检索Cochrane图书馆、Em Base、Pub Med、CNKI、CBM、Medline、VIP、万方数据库(各数据库检索时间为创建至2014年10月)中关于金双歧预防ADD的随机对照试验(RCT),用Rev Man 5.3软件对数据进行Meta分析。结果共纳入14篇RCT,包括1 638例患儿。Meta分析结果显示,金双歧预防婴幼儿ADD效果优于对照组[RR=0.41,95%CI(0.35,0.47),P0.00001]。结论基于现有临床证据,金双歧预防ADD有效,安全性高。但由于纳入研究数量较少,研究质量不统一,本结论尚需要更多大样本、高质量临床RCT予以证实。     

酪酸梭菌活菌散治疗婴幼儿病毒性腹泻疗效观察

目的观察和评价酪酸梭菌活菌散治疗婴幼儿病毒性腹泻的临床疗效。方法将200例病毒性腹泻患儿随机分为观察组和对照组。观察组120例,服用酪酸梭菌活菌散,首次1 000 mg,以后500 mg/次,4次/d,疗程3~7 d,对照组80例,应用蒙脱石散治疗,观察疗效和不良反应。结果观察组总有效率为92.5%,对照组总有效率为71.25%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论酪酸梭菌活菌散治疗婴幼儿病毒性腹泻疗效显著,且未见不良反应,值得临床推广应用。     

双歧杆菌三联活菌散/胶囊治疗儿童抗生素相关性腹泻临床疗效的meta分析

目的 采用meta分析评价双歧杆菌三联活菌散/胶囊治疗儿童抗生素相关性腹泻的临床疗效。方法 系统性地检索中国知网、维普、万方、PubMed、Embase及Web of Science数据库，纳入国内外使用双歧杆菌三联活菌散/胶囊治疗儿童抗生素相关性腹泻的随机对照研究和前瞻性非随机对照临床试验，文献检索时间至2022年6月，筛选所检索文献，提取符合纳入标准的文献数据进行质量评价，采用Cochrane协作网提供的RevMan 5.3软件进行meta分析。结果 经系统地检索文献，本研究共纳入16项前瞻性非随机对照研究进行meta分析，共计1 415例儿童，meta分析结果显示使用双歧杆菌三联活菌散/胶囊治疗儿童抗生素相关性腹泻的显效率显著高于对照组[OR=2.58,95%CI(2.03,3.28),I²=10%,P<0.000 1]；治疗组的总体有效率也显著高于对照组[OR=5.80,95%CI(3.80,8.85),I²=0%,P<0.000 1]。结论 Meta分析评价现有文献结果表明双歧杆菌三联活菌散/胶囊与常规治疗措施相比，能够...     

酪酸梭菌活菌散防治小儿肺炎继发性腹泻的效果及卫生经济学评价

目的评价酪酸梭菌活菌散防治小儿肺炎继发性腹泻的临床疗效,进一步从卫生经济学角度探讨其成本-效果比及经济学价值。方法选择深圳市儿童医院收治的571例小儿肺炎患者,随机分为预防组与对照组,预防组286例,对照组285例,两组患儿均给予抗生素及对症治疗,预防组在治疗同时加服酪酸梭菌活菌散,出现腹泻后继续服用:对照组待出现腹泻后服用酪酸梭菌活菌散,至腹泻痊愈为止。观察两组患儿腹泻的发生率、严重程度、腹泻持续时间、住院时间,并比较分析治疗期间直接费用、间接费用、成本-效果比。结果预防组患儿腹泻发生率、严重程度、腹泻持续时间及住院时间均明显低于对照组,且差异有统计学意义(P0.05):预防组的直接费用、间接费用和成本效果比均明显低于对照组,预防性应用微生态制剂酪酸梭菌活菌散可减少次均住院总费用283.68元。结论酪酸梭菌活菌散防治小儿肺炎继发性腹泻有很好的成本效果,值得临床推广使用。     

益生菌预防成人艰难梭菌相关性腹泻的 Meta分析

目的系统评价益生菌预防成人艰难梭菌相关性腹泻(Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea,CDAD)的临床疗效。方法计算机检索PubMed、EMBASE、Cochrane、Web of Science、CBM、万方数据库、维普资讯网和中国知网全文数据库,纳入益生菌预防成人CDAD的随机对照试验(RCT),采用随机效应模型进行Meta分析。结果共有13项符合纳入标准的随机对照试验,包括5 179名患者,其中干预组2 730例,对照组2 449例。Meta分析结果显示,预防性使用益生菌可降低CDAD的风险(RR=0.49,95%CI0.33-0.75,I2=16.4%)。亚组分析发现益生菌高剂量(RR=0.41,95%CI0.22-0.77,P=0.043)、混合菌种(RR=0.43,95%CI0.24-0.75,P=0.037)与对照组相比,差异均有统计学意义。结论辅助性益生菌的应用能够有效预防成人艰难梭菌相关性腹泻的发生。但受纳入研究数量较少与研究质量的参差不齐的影响,本结论尚需要开展更多高质量、大样本的研究予以证实。     

酪酸梭菌活菌散与抗菌药间隔序贯应用预防抗生素相关性腹泻疗效观察

目的观察和评价酪酸梭菌活菌散（商品名：宝乐安）与抗菌药间隔序贯应用治疗小儿肺炎预防抗生素相关性腹泻的临床疗效。方法将203例肺炎患儿随机分为预防组和对照组,预防组103例,对照组100例,2组均给予抗菌药及对症支持治疗。其中预防组在治疗的同时间隔2～3 h序贯使用酪酸梭菌活菌散,0.5 g/次,3次/d,出现腹泻继续服用;对照组不用酪酸梭菌活菌散预防,出现腹泻用酪酸梭菌活菌散治疗,0.5 g/次,3次/d。对2组继发腹泻的发生率、腹泻持续天数、肺炎治疗的总疗程、腹痛和脱水等症状和体征进行统计分析。结果预防组继发腹泻12例,发生率为11.7%,对照组继发腹泻57例,发生率为57.0%,2组相比差异具有非常显著性（P〈0.01）;预防组腹泻持续时间和治疗疗程显著短于对照组（P〈0.01）;预防组患儿腹痛和脱水等症状和体征发生率均少于对照组（P〈0.01）。结论酪酸梭菌活菌散与抗菌药间隔序贯应用治疗肺炎,能显著降低小儿抗生素相关性腹泻的发生率,预防性应用具有积极的临床意义。     

酪酸梭菌活菌散与制霉菌素片联用治疗婴幼儿鹅口疮的疗效观察

目的观察和评价酪酸梭菌活菌散与制霉菌素片联用治疗婴幼儿鹅口疮的临床疗效。方法将97例鹅口疮患儿随机分为观察组和对照组,观察组47例,在涂抹制霉菌素片的基础上服用酪酸梭菌活菌散,0.5g/次,3次/d,疗程28 d,对照组50例,单独制霉菌素片,观察复发率和不良反应。结果观察组的总复发率为8.5%,显著低于对照组的30%(P<0.05)。结论酪酸梭菌活菌散与制霉菌素片联用治疗婴幼儿鹅口疮预防复发疗效显著,且未见不良反应,值得临床推广应用。     

Degradation and conversion of somatostatin in normal and diabetic rats in vivo and in vitro

Plasma somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the portal and jugular veins of streptozotocin diabetic rats was compared with that in normal control rats. In the diabetic group, somatostatin levels in the portal (p less than 0.05) and jugular (p less than 0.01) veins were both elevated compared with those in the control group. Moreover, the degree of elevation was greater in the jugular vein than in the portal vein. To further investigate the role of the liver in the clearance of somatostatin-28 in vivo, 2 micrograms of somatostatin-28 was administered as a bolus into the external jugular vein of intact and functionally hepatectomized rats. The mean half-time of somatostatin-28 was significantly longer in intact diabetic rats than in controls (p less than 0.05). The functional hepatectomy did not cause a significant difference in the half-time in diabetic rats but made it longer in control rats. These results suggest that the longer half-time of somatostatin-28 in diabetic rats in vivo is due to its slower hepatic clearance. The hepatic clearance of somatostatin-28 and somatostatin-14 was further studied in vitro using a recirculating liver perfusion method. The hepatic clearance of 1.2 nM of either somatostatin-28 or somatostatin-14 was significantly lower in diabetic rats than in controls (p less than 0.01). This indicates that elevated plasma somatostatin levels in diabetic rats are caused at least in part by decreased hepatic clearance of somatostatin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Production of arsine and methylarsines in soil and in culture

Arsenate, arsenite, monomethylarsonate, and dimethylarsinate were added to different soils, and evolution of gaseous arsenical products was determined over 3 weeks. Arsine was produced in all three soils from all substrates, whereas methylarsine and dimethylarsine were produced only from methylarsonate and dimethylarsinate, respectively. At least three times more arsine than dimethylarsine was produced in soil incubated with dimethylarsinate. Resting cell suspensions of Pseudomonas and Alcaligenes produced arsine as the sole product when incubated anaerobically in the presence of arsenate or arsenite. In all instances, no trimethylarsine was observed, nor could any evidence be shown for the methylation of any arsenical substrate in soil or in culture. It was concluded that reduction to arsine, not methylation to trimethylarsine, was the primary mechanism for gaseous loss of arsenicals from soil.     

Growth and mitogenic effects of arylphorin in vivo and in vitro

In insects, developmental responses are organ- and tissue-specific. In previous studies of insect midgut cells in primary tissue cultures, growth-promoting and differentiation factors were identified from the growth media, hemolymph, and fat body. Recently, it was determined that the mitogenic effect of a Manduca sexta fat body extract on midgut stem cells of Heliothis virescens was due to the presence of monomeric alpha-arylphorin. Here we report that in primary midgut cell cultures, this same arylphorin stimulates stem cell proliferation in the lepidopterans M. sexta and Spodoptera littoralis, and in the beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Studies using S. littoralis cells confirm that the mitogenic effect is due to free alpha-arylphorin subunits. In addition, feeding artificial diets containing arylphorin increased the growth rates of several insect species. When tested against continuous cell lines, including some with midgut and fat body origins, arylphorin had no effect; however, a cell line derived from Lymantria dispar fat body grew more rapidly in medium containing a chymotryptic digest of arylphorin.     

Antiplatelet and antithrombotic activities of purpurogallin in vitro and in vivo

Enzymatic oxidation of pyrogallol was efficiently transformed to an oxidative product, purpurogallin (PPG). Here, the anticoagulant activities of PPG were examined by monitoring activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT), and the activities of thrombin and activated factor X (FXa). And, the effects of PPG on expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) were evaluated in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α activated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Treatment with PPG resulted in prolonged aPTT and PT and inhibition of the activities of thrombin and FXa, as well as inhibited production of thrombin and FXa in HUVECs. In addition, PPG inhibited thrombin-catalyzed fibrin polymerization and platelet aggregation. PPG also elicited anticoagulant effects in mice. In addition, treatment with PPG resulted in significant reduction of the PAI-1 to t-PA ratio. Collectively, PPG possesses antithrombotic activities and offers a basis for development of a novel anticoagulant. [BMB Reports 2014; 47(7): 376-381]     

Growth and reproduction of Arabidopsis thaliana in relation to storage of starch and nitrate in the wild-type and in starch-deficient and nitrate-uptake-deficient mutants

We have investigated the interactions between resource assimilation and storage in rosette leaves, and their impact on the growth and reproduction of the annual species Arabidopsis thaliana. The resource balance was experimentally perturbed by changing (i) the external nutrition, by varying the nitrogen supply; (ii) the assimilation and reallocation of resources from rosette leaves to reproductive organs, by cutting or covering rosette leaves at the time of early flower bud formation, and (iii) the internal carbon and nitrogen balance of the plants, by using isogenic mutants either lacking starch formation (PGM mutant) or with reduced nitrate uptake (NU mutant). When plants were grown on high nitrogen, they had higher concentrations of carbohydrates and nitrate in their leaves during the rosette phase than during flowering. However, these storage pools did not significantly contribute to the bulk flow of resources to seeds. The pool size of stored resources in rosette leaves at the onset of seed filling was very low compared to the total amount of carbon and nitrogen needed for seed formation. Instead, the rosette leaves had an important function in the continued assimilation of resources during seed ripening, as shown by the low seed yield of plants whose leaves were covered or cut off. When a key resource became limiting, such as nitrogen in the NU mutants and in plants grown on a low nitrogen supply, stored resources in the rosette leaves (e.g. nitrogen) were remobilized, and made a larger contribution to seed biomass. A change in nutrition resulted in a complete reversal of the plant response: plants shifted from high to low nutrition exhibited a seed yield similar to that of plants grown continuously on a low nitrogen supply, and vice versa. This demonstrates that resource assimilation during the reproductive phase determines seed production. The PGM mutant had a reduced growth rate and a smaller biomass during the rosette phase as a result of changes in respiration caused by a high turnover of soluble sugars ( Caspar et al. 1986 ; W. Schulze et al. 1991 ). During flowering, however, the vegetative growth rate in the PGM mutant increased, and exceeded that of the wild-type. By the end of the flowering stage, the biomass of the PGM mutant did not differ from that of the wild-type. However, in contrast to the wild-type, the PGM mutant maintained a high vegetative growth rate during seed formation, but had a low rate of seed production. These differences in allocation in the PGM mutant result in a significantly lower seed yield in the starchless mutants. This indicates that starch formation is not only an important factor during growth in the rosette phase, but is also important for whole plant allocation during seed formation. The NU mutant resembled the wild-type grown on a low nitrogen supply, except that it unexpectedly showed symptoms of carbohydrate shortage as well as nitrogen deficiency. In all genotypes and treatments, there was a striking correlation between the concentrations of nitrate and organic nitrogen and shoot growth on the one hand, and sucrose concentration and root growth on the other. In addition, nitrate reductase activity (NRA) was correlated with the total carbohydrate concentration: low carbohydrate levels in starchless mutants led to low NRA even at high nitrate supply. Thus the concentrations of stored carbohydrates and nitrate are directly or indirectly involved in regulating allocation.     

Activity of native and dextran-modified hyaluronidase in in vitro and in vivo systems

Modified hyaluronidase derivatives have been obtained. Covalent coupling of the enzyme with aldehyde dextran results in 65-85% protein binding to the carrier, residual catalytic activity accounting for 90-100% of the baseline. Modified hyaluronidase is more thermostable than the native enzyme. The data on intravenous drug distribution in the mouse organs are promising and ensure effective use of modified hyaluronidase for the treatment of pulmonary diseases.