档案图书防霉条件研究及防霉剂的筛选*

对档案图书保藏过程中引起霉变的微生物种类、引起霉变的主要环境因素和防霉剂的筛选进行了试验研究。结果表明:曲霉属微生物是档案图书霉变的主要霉腐菌,发生霉变的环境温度条件和能够引发霉变的孢子浓度范围较宽,环境相对湿度对霉变起关键作用。安全防霉条件为:控制环境相对湿度低于65%,温度10℃～25℃;低毒防霉剂对硝基苯甲醛和仲丁胺可以应用于档案图书的防霉过程。     

中草药防腐剂的杀菌作用

从九种含有挥发性杀菌物质的中草药中筛选出一种以挥发性植物油为主的复合防霉剂──ＳＣ－４防霉剂。通过对分离自档案材料基质的１０多种霉菌进行杀菌试验,效果显著,杀菌性能强而持久又无污染,杀菌作用明显优于某些商品防霉剂。可望用于大量档案、图书等的防腐。     

猪皮革霉变菌的分离与防霉剂的筛选

皮革的主要成分是蛋白质和脂肪,只要环境适宜,它就是微生物生长繁殖的理想基质,所以皮革上的霉菌污染相当严重。由于场所、材料、工艺及制品的不同,常见的霉变真菌种类及比例也不相同。一般情况下,皮革上的霉变真菌大多是青霉和曲霉。为了探索解决的办法,我们对保定皮革厂生产的猪皮革进行了霉腐真菌的分离,并用20多种药物进行了防霉试验。现将结果报道如下。     

军用帆布防霉技术的研究

通过对帆布霉腐菌的调查,筛选出有效的防霉剂,经模拟环境试验和实地应用试验,军用帆布防霉等级达到０级,大大延长了其使用寿命。     

橡胶木防霉试验

研制了一种新型、安全、广谱的木材防霉剂。经检测,它对木材具有良好的防霉效果,且稳定持久。初步核算,DCMX木材防霉剂处理木材成本低于市场使用的其他木材防霉剂。     

霉菌对高档皮鞋的危害及防治研究

目的:为了探索霉菌对皮鞋的危害及防治方法,有效防治霉菌对皮鞋的侵蚀。方法:采用人工接种方法,将军标指示霉菌接种到两组皮鞋上,一组置于SK新的生物防霉剂袋中,适当透气。二组置于无SK新的生物防霉剂袋中,适当透气。在温度30℃±1℃,湿度98%±5%交替变化条件下试验一个周期28d。用微格测量法测量长霉面积。结果:实验表明一组长霉面积很小,平均只占总面积的0.49%,而二组长霉面积很大,平均占总面积的78.7%。结论:SK新的生物防霉剂对皮鞋有明显防霉作用,最大长霉面积只有0.49%。     

档案库房空气中微生物生长情况初探

1研究档案库房空气中微生物生长情况的意义档案库房空气环境中的微生物不仅可以对档案工作者、档案利用者身体健康造成危害,还会对档案载体造成危害。它们会附着在空气中的飘尘上,被人体通过呼吸道吸入并携带,当身体抵抗力降低时引起疾病。还会飘落到档案载体上,在条件合适的情     

植物香原料防霉剂—防霉剂P的初步研究

在不同自然环境条件下,由于霉菌污染而造成各种工业品霉变、引起人体霉菌性皮肤感染,这是一个大家十分关心的问题。目前,工业防霉应用中,一些新的低毒、高效产品,逐渐取代了苯汞类有毒物质。在皮肤病真菌性感染的治疗中,     

拌石灰贮存玉米对黄曲霉菌生长和黄曲霉毒素产生的影响

粮食容易霉变,霉变粮食可诱发实验动物产生癌证。研究也发现粮食霉变而污染黄曲霉毒素是肝癌高发的一个不可忽视的发病因素。因此粮食防霉已成为极待解决的问题。我区天等县居民历史上习惯将玉米晒干后拌入石灰粉贮存,为观察拌石灰贮粮在防霉上的作用以及对黄曲霉菌生长和黄曲霉素产生的影响,我们在该县进行拌石灰贮存玉米对黄曲霉菌生长和     

工业材料与制品的防霉

工业材料与制品的毒腐是由微生物引起的,引起工业材料霉变的霉菌种类很多,据统计,单是与各种工业材料和制品劣化有关的霉菌就有110多个属,230多个种,其中主要是曲霉、青霉、毛壳霉、木霉等。微生物生长与繁殖的最基本的几个条件是营养、温度、空气相对湿度及基质本身的水份。此外,pH值、一些金属离子对微生物的生长也有着重要影响。在各种工业材料与制品中一般都含有某些微生物     

Pathogenicity of the Fungus Verticillium lecanii to Aphids and Powdery Mildew

Aspects of the host specificity and pathogenicity of the hyphomycete, Verticillium lecanii , were investigated under laboratory conditions. DiVerences were observed in the pathogenicities of three strains of V. lecanii (DAOM 198499, DAOM 216596 and Vertalec) to the potato aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Sphaerotheca fuliginea , the causal agent of cucumber powdery mildew. The estimated median lethal concentration required to achieve 50% mortality (LC ), 50 median lethal time leading to 50% mortality (LT ) and aphid net reproductive rate ( R ) 50 0 indicated that Vertalec and strain 198499 were more virulent to aphids than strain 216596. The estimated median colonization time for 50% of fungal colonies (CT ) showed that strain 50 198499 was the best antagonist of cucumber powdery mildew. Further comparison suggested that the mean pathogenicity of V. lecanii strain 198499 to cucumber powdery mildew was almost equivalent to that of Sporothrix flocculosa , a biological control agent of greenhouse fungal pathogens. These observations provide convincing experimental evidence that V. lecanii is biologically active against both arthropods and fungi. The potential of using V. lecanii strain 198499 in biological control is discussed.     

Mildew of oleaster (Elaeagnus oxycarpa Schlecht.) registered in large industrial cities (Pavlodar,Aksu, Ekibastuz) of the Pavlodar region

Purpose: Vegetation plays a very important role in industrial regions in terms of not only air purification, but also oxygen enrichment, air humidity, and city aesthetics. The paper presents the authors’ study of oleaster mildew during 2012–2013 in the cities of Pavlodar, Ekibastuz, and Aksu. Method: The species composition of mildew, patterns of its growth and reproduction, seasonal dynamics, and the level of trees infection according to a six-score scale were determined. Result: Three cultivars of mildew from three genera were registered. The species composition of mildew of oleaster is studied for the first time in large industrial cities of the Pavlodar region. The comparative analysis of the systematic structure of phytopathogenic fungi was followed by the study of the micro flora of green planting in megalopolises. The seasonal dynamics of growth, development, and reproduction was determined. The impact of pests on host-plants was studied. Conclusion: Timely diagnosis and localization of disease outbreak increases the likelihood of successful treatment and saving of plants.     

温湿度和光照对宁夏灌区春小麦白粉病菌分生孢子萌发的影响

在宁夏灌区,春小麦白粉病菌(Erysiphe graminis f.sp.tritici)的分生孢子在-3-29℃温度范围都可萌发。温度达33℃时不能萌发,最适温度为10—15℃。分生孢子虽然在0—100%的湿度下都可以萌发。但以饱和湿度最适。紫外光对分生孢子有强烈的杀伤作用。直射阳光对分生孢子的萌发有抑制作用;在散射光和黑暗条件下,孢子的萌发率没有显着差异。     

Single gene restoration of cytoplasmic male sterility in wheat and its implications in the breeding of restorer lines

Summary Cultivars of T. aestivum crossed onto two lines with male sterility induced by the cytoplasm of T. timopheevi gave a high level of restoration in the F₁ generation. The ratio of fertile to sterile plants segregating in the F₂ generation was consistent with that expected for a single dominant restorer gene. The possible association between this gene and mildew resistance or some other desirable character derived from CI 12633, a common ancestor of the cultivars used, is discussed.     

瓜类白粉病的生物防治研究进展

白粉病是危害瓜类作物最为严重的一种气传病害,引起该病的病原菌为单囊壳白粉菌Podosphaera xanthii(synonym Podosphaera fusca)和二孢白粉菌Golovinomyces cichoracearum(synonym Erysiphe cichoracearum),其中对Podosphaera xanthii的报道较为常见。主要概述了瓜类白粉病病原菌的分类地位、病理特征和生物防治方面的研究进展,重点阐述了微生物源生防制剂和植物源生防制剂对瓜类白粉病的防治成果,并对当前研究与应用中存在的问题进行了探讨,为该病的深入研究和有效防治提供参考。     

太原北齐徐显秀墓壁画真菌群落组成与菌害成因

【目的】确定壁画病害真菌群落组成,解析影响病菌发生的关键环境因子,为墓室壁画的科学保护提供依据。【方法】利用无菌解剖刀分别采集白色霉变与无明显霉变壁画样品;使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析病害真菌微观形态特征;通过提取样品基因组总DNA、扩增真菌ITS区、构建克隆文库、测序和系统发生关系分析等技术研究壁画真菌群落组成与结构特点;结合温度与相对湿度监测,分析诱发壁画霉变的环境成因。【结果】霉变壁画表面有大量菌丝体,分生孢子大小为(1.5-2.0)μm×(1.0-1.5)μm。霉变壁画克隆文库序列分别与NCBI数据库中白色侧齿霉属(Engyodontium)和支顶孢属(Acremonium)真菌具有较高的相似度,白色侧齿霉菌(Engyodontium album)为优势病害菌(98.1%);无明显霉变壁画克隆文库序列分别与青霉属(Penicillium)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、链格孢属(Alternaria)、假丝酵母属(Candida)、毛壳菌属(Chaetomium)和白色侧齿霉属真菌高度相似,无绒毛青霉菌(Penicillium laeve)为优势菌(77.4%);所有文库序列均属于子囊菌门(Ascomycota)。监测期墓道下部环境温度在-0.3-17.6°C之间波动,相对湿度长期在80%-100%之间变化。【结论】霉变与无明显霉变壁画中真菌群落组成差异较大;白色侧齿霉菌是引起墓道壁画霉变的主要病害菌;墓道下部相对湿度常年较高是诱发壁画霉变的关键环境因子;有必要开展壁画菌害区域的抢救性防护,并实施一定的环境控制措施以保护该考古遗址古代壁画。     

Genetics of Powdery Mildew Resistance in Barley

A comprehensive, critical review on the present knowledge regarding the genetics of resistance of barley to the powdery mildew fungus is presented. The review deals with six kinds of resistance: Race-specific resistance; Mlo resistance; partial resistance; induced resistance; passive resistance; and non-host resistance. Most of the sections are subdivided into: phenotype of the interaction; resistance mechanisms; and genetics. A distinction is made between three groups of genes involved in the defense of plants to diseases: those that serve exclusively to mediate resistance; those that are mobilized to strengthen the plants' defense; and those that serve exclusively functions other than disease defense, but may bring about resistance. The more than 200 gene symbols assigned to race-specific mildew resistance genes over time are summarized and revised to 85 symbols that may be considered valid.     

Mildew reinfection in adjacent and separated plots of sprayed barley

In latin square experiments in 1973 and 1974, reinfection of sprayed barley, by mildew (Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei) was decreased by widely spacing the plots. In 1974, when yields differed between plots which were either contiguous or separated, the results suggested different times to spray for best yield increase.