洪泽湖大型水生植物群落结构和时空格局的GIS模拟

2010—2011年对洪泽湖大型水生植物进行了4个季度全面的调查和研究, 共发现大型水生植物8科12种, 其中沉水植物9种, 挺水植物1种, 浮叶植物2种。马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)、微齿眼子菜(P. maackianu)、篦齿眼子菜(P. pectinatus)和菹草(P. crispus)为全年优势度较高的水生植物, 但4个季节大型水生植物的优势种类组成差异明显。秋季的水草生物量最高, 其次为夏季和冬季, 春季最低。结合GPS (Global Position System)和GIS (Geographic Information System), 利用GIS的Kring插值法对洪泽湖大型水生植物总生物量及主要优势物种的时空分布进行了可视化模拟。结果发现洪泽湖现阶段大型水生植物分布区域主要集中在湖区北部水质较好、透明度较高且相对封闭的成子湖区。文章也分析了洪泽湖大型水生植物变迁的潜在影响因子, 为水生植物保护和生态系统健康提供了基础依据。     

Submersed macrophytes play a key role in structuring bacterioplankton community composition in the large, shallow, subtropical Taihu Lake, China

Within-lake horizontal heterogeneity of bacterioplankton community composition (BCC) was investigated in the large and shallow subtropical Taihu Lake (2338 km(2), maximum depth < 3 m). Samples were collected at 17 sites along a trophic gradient ranging from mesotrophic to hypertrophic areas in August and September 2004. These sites cover two alternative stable states of shallow lakes, which are basically characterized by the dominance or the lack of submerged macrophytes. In the case of Taihu Lake, the macrophyte-dominated state is characterized by clear water and immobilized sediment, and the state largely lacking macrophytes is characterized by the dominance of phytoplankton, frequent wind-driven re-suspension of sediments, and a high turbidity. Three different methods, i.e. denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), reverse line blot hybridization (RLB) with probes targeting 17 freshwater bacterial groups, and 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing, were used for analysis of BCC. The BCC varied strongly between the two alternative ecological states, but less pronounced between phytoplankton-dominated sites even spanning chlorophyll a gradients from 16.5 (mesotrophic) to 229.8 microg l(-1) (hypertrophic). The 16S rRNA gene library representing the turbid water state contained many sequences closely related to sequences previously obtained from soil or freshwater sediment samples. Furthermore, sequences representing two new lineages of freshwater Actinobacteria were obtained from the investigated samples. Comparative statistical analyses of BCC along the investigated ecological gradients revealed that the dominance of submersed macrophytes was the most influential factor on BCC, responsible for a major part of the observed within-habitat heterogeneity of BCC in Taihu Lake.     

Effects of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) on macrophytes and invertebrate communities in a shallow lake

1. We performed two field experiments using different cage sizes to determine the direct and indirect effects of carp on macrophytes and invertebrate community composition in a shallow lake. 2. The presence of carp produced a significant decrease in macrophyte abundance, changes in species composition and decreased abundance and diversity of invertebrates in small (2.5 × 2.5 × 2.0 m) cages. In large exclosures (15 × 5 m), only macrophyte stem length was significantly affected by carp. 3. There was considerable variation in the macrophyte and invertebrate responses to carp on different sides of the lake in the large exclosures, suggesting that wind and wave action are also important variables affecting macrophyte growth and persistence. 4. The data suggest that carp can significantly affect species abundance and diversity of macrophytes and some macroinvertebrates.     

Invasive Crayfish Threaten the Development of Submerged Macrophytes in Lake Restoration

Submerged macrophytes enhance water transparency and aquatic biodiversity in shallow water ecosystems. Therefore, the return of submerged macrophytes is the target of many lake restoration projects. However, at present, north-western European aquatic ecosystems are increasingly invaded by omnivorous exotic crayfish. We hypothesize that invasive crayfish pose a novel constraint on the regeneration of submerged macrophytes in restored lakes and may jeopardize restoration efforts. We experimentally investigated whether the invasive crayfish (Procambarus clarkii Girard) affects submerged macrophyte development in a Dutch peat lake where these crayfish are expanding rapidly. Seemingly favourable abiotic conditions for macrophyte growth existed in two 0.5 ha lake enclosures, which provided shelter and reduced turbidity, and in one lake enclosure iron was added to reduce internal nutrient loading, but macrophytes did not emerge. We transplanted three submerged macrophyte species in a full factorial exclosure experiment, where we separated the effect of crayfish from large vertebrates using different mesh sizes combined with a caging treatment stocked with crayfish only. The three transplanted macrophytes grew rapidly when protected from grazing in both lake enclosures, demonstrating that abiotic conditions for growth were suitable. Crayfish strongly reduced biomass and survival of all three macrophyte species while waterfowl and fish had no additive effects. Gut contents showed that crayfish were mostly carnivorous, but also consumed macrophytes. We show that P. clarkii strongly inhibit macrophyte development once favourable abiotic conditions for macrophyte growth are restored. Therefore, expansion of invasive crayfish poses a novel threat to the restoration of shallow water bodies in north-western Europe. Prevention of introduction and spread of crayfish is urgent, as management of invasive crayfish populations is very difficult.     

Salinity Impact on Bacterial Community Composition in Five High-Altitude Lakes from the Tibetan Plateau,Western China

The influence of salinity and geographical distance on bacterial community composition (BCC) in five freshwater, oligosaline or polysaline lakes located at altitudes higher than 4400 m on the central and southern Tibetan Plateau were investigated using the 16S rRNA gene clone library approach together with multivariate analysis of environmental variables. A total of 10 clone libraries were constructed with two libraries in each lake, one in the epilimnion and the other in the hypolimnion. Geographical distance was not found to impact BCC significantly, but salinity, chl a and lake hydraulic retention time were significant factors influencing the BCC. Bacteria in lakes located on the central and southern Plateau owned the same community composition as that observed from the eastern Tibetan lakes. They were both predominated by Bacteroidetes and Cyanobacteria, had low taxon richness, and similar typical freshwater clusters and distributed characteristics. Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Geomicrobiology Journal to view the supplemental file.     

Colonization and succession of submerged macrophytes in shallow Lake Væng during the first five years following fish manipulation

Colonization of submerged macrophytes and changes in species composition were studied in shallow Lake Væng during the first five years (1987–91) following fish manipulation in 1986–1988 and a resultant significant improvement in lake water transparency. No submerged macrophytes were present in the lake from 1981–1986, during which time the summer mean Secchi depth ranged from 0.6 and 0.8 m. From 1987 to 1990, Secchi depth increased from 0.9 m to 1.8 m and macrophyte coverage consequently increased (1 % of the lake area in 1987, 2% in 1988, 50% in 1989, 80% in 1990 and 90% in 1991). At the same time, the macrophytes became taller, and the weedbeds more dense. The macrophytes colonized from the exposed and deeper part of the lake towards the sheltered and more shallow part of the lake, a colonization pattern that was confirmed by transplantation experiments. The delay in colonization of the shallow parts may be caused by waterfowl grazing. The vegetation was initially dominated by Potamogeton crispus L., but there was a gradual change during 1988–1989 and Elodea canadensis Michx became exclusively dominant in 1990–1991.     

Long‐term dynamics of submerged macrophytes and algae in a small and shallow,eutrophic lake: implications for the stability of macrophyte‐dominance

1. Submerged macrophyte and phytoplankton components of eutrophic, shallow lakes have frequently undergone dynamic changes in composition and abundance with important consequences for lake functioning and stability. However, because of a paucity of long‐term survey data, we know little regarding the nature, direction and sequencing of such changes over decadal–centennial or longer timescales. 2. To circumvent this problem, we analysed multiple (n = 5) chronologically correlated sediment cores for plant macro‐remains and a single core for pollen and diatoms from one small, shallow, English lake (Felbrigg Hall Lake, Norfolk, U.K.), documenting 250 years of change to macrophyte and algal communities. 3. All five cores showed broadly similar stratigraphic changes in macrophyte remains with three distinct phases of macrophyte development: Myriophyllum–Chara–Potamogeton (c. pre‐1900), to Ceratophyllum–Chara–Potamogeton (c. 1900–1960) and finally to Zannichellia–Potamogeton (c. post‐1960). Macrophyte species richness declined from at least 10 species pre‐1900 to just four species at the present day. Additionally, in the final Zannichellia–Potamogeton phase, a directional shift between epi‐benthic and phytoplankton‐based primary production was indicated by the diatom data. 4. Based on macrophyte–seasonality relationships established for the region, concomitant with the final shift to Zannichellia–Potamogeton, we infer a reduction in the seasonal duration of plant dominance (plant‐covered period). Furthermore, we hypothesise that this change in species composition resulted in a situation whereby macrophyte populations were seasonally ‘sandwiched’ between two phytoplankton peaks in spring and late summer as observed in the contemporary lake. 5. We suggest that eutrophication‐induced reductions in macrophyte species richness, especially if the number of plant‐seasonal strategies is reduced, may constrict the plant growing season. In turn, this may render a shallow lake increasingly vulnerable to seasonal invasions of phytoplankton resulting in further species losses in the plant community. Thus, as part of a slow (over perhaps 10–100s of years) and self‐perpetuating process, macrophytes may be gradually pushed out by phytoplankton without the need for a perturbation as required in the alternative stable states model of plant loss.     

Ciliate communities of a large shallow lake: Association with macrophyte beds

We investigated the influence of macrophyte composition on ciliate community structure in a large, shallow, eutrophic Lake Võrtsjärv. We hypothesized that macrophyte composition must have strong influence on the dispersal of ecologically different ciliate groups in a shallow lake and that more diverse macrophyte stands cause also a greater diversity in the ciliate community. In Võrtsjärv macrophyte distribution is spatially strongly polarized both in east–west and north–south directions in relation to abiotic factors. Phragmites australis and Myriophyllum spicatum were the most widespread species occurring in most parts of the lake. Correlation of environmental, macrophyte and planktonic ciliate variables confirmed the suggested spatial gradients. More diverse macrophyte stands supported a high species richness and abundance of epiplanktonic community but showed negative influence on the number and abundance of euplanktonic ciliate taxa. Opposite trends were found relative to the abundance of P. australis. Benthic ciliates showed a similar distribution pattern to euplanktonic taxa being most abundant in sites were the Shannon–Weaver index for macrophytes was low. Strong polarizing effect of the lake's vegetation on planktonic ciliate diversity was reflected in correlations of the number of ciliate taxa as well as the numbers of eu- and epiplanktonic taxa with geographic co-ordinates.     

Assessing maximum depth distribution,vegetated area,and production of submerged macrophytes in shallow,turbid coastal lagoons of the southern Baltic Sea

Submerged macrophytes improve water quality in shallow coastal lagoons but eutrophication often resulted in a degradation of macrophytes. Management measures that protect and restore macrophyte stands require knowledge on what limits macrophyte distribution. Information on macrophyte production and distribution in the Darss-Zingst Bodden Chain (southern Baltic Sea) is lacking since an almost complete loss of submerged vegetation in the 1980s. Nutrient input was reduced in the 1990s and macrophytes seem to recover, although turbidity is high and light conditions are still poor. However, this recovery raised hope that returning macrophytes could stabilize sediments and improve water clarity. In this study, seasonal changes in photosynthesis–irradiance curves of selected macrophyte species were used to calculate potential primary production in different depths and turbidity situations. Bathymetry of the area is then used to assess depth distribution and vegetated area. Since the so-calculated depth limits correspond well with the actual depth distribution in the field, macrophyte depth distribution is concluded to be mostly determined by light conditions. Most macrophytes grow in very shallow areas up to 50 cm depth where also 70% of potential primary production takes place. Present light conditions do not support a further expansion of macrophyte distribution in the DZBC.     

Effects of vertebrate predation on freshwater gastropods: an exclosure experiment

A field experiment with predator exclosures was performed in a pond in Southern Sweden to evaluate the effects of vertebrate predators on the diversity, density and distribution of freshwater gastropods. Ten exclosures (1 × 1 × 1.5 m) were erected in the nearshore vegetation at a waterdepth of 0.5–0.7 m in early June 1983 so that they included different amounts and species of macrophytes. The exclosures and cageless controls were sampled for macrophytes and gastropods at the end of the summer. The density of gastropods in the controls, exposed to predators, was positively correlated to the abundance of macrophytes. No such correlation existed in the exclosures. Further, the density of gastropods was significantly higher in the exclosures than predicted by the regression between gastropods and macrophytes in the controls. There was no difference between species composition of gastropods between controls and exclosures, but the number of species and the density of gastropods were lower in the macrophyte stands dominated byScirpus lacustris than in the more complex stands dominated bySparganium erectum. These results indicate that vertebrate predation is a major structuring force of benthic freshwater gastropod communities.     

Effects of an artificial protection structure on the sandy shore macrofaunal community: the special case of Lido di Dante (Northern Adriatic Sea)

Biomanipulation of eutropicated peaty lakes has rarely been successful; clear water with dense macrophyte stands fails to develop in most cases. It was unclear whether (1) high turbidity due to resuspension by benthivorous fish or wind is the major cause of low macrophyte density or whether (2) the establishment of submerged macrophyte stands is prevented by a lack of propagules, low cohesive strength of the lake sediment, high concentrations of phytotoxics, grazing by waterfowl and/or shading by periphyton growth. These hypotheses were tested in an experiment in a shallow peat lake in the Netherlands (Terra Nova). Removal of fish from a 0.5 ha experimental site resulted in clear water and the development of a dense (90% coverage) and species-rich (10 species) submerged vegetation. At a fish-stocked site and a control site the water remained turbid and dense macrophyte stands did not develop. The establishment of submerged macrophytes appeared not to be limited by a lack of propagules. Introduced plants grew poorly in turbid water, but very well in clear water. Exclosures showed that bird grazing reduced the plant biomass. In clear water grazing seemed to enhance the vegetation diversity. Periphyton development did not prevent plant growth in clear water. After the experiment, the fish stock was greatly reduced in the whole lake (85 ha), to test if (3) in a large lake, submerged macrophyte stands will not develop after biomanipulation. In the first season after fish reduction, transparency increased and species-rich submerged macrophyte stands developed, covering 60% of the shallow parts of the lake. Most of the species known to have occurred in the past re-established. The results indicate that high turbidity caused by benthivorous fish in combination with bird grazing were the major causes of the absence of submerged macrophyte stands in this lake. Abiotic conditions after the clearing of the lake were suitable for the growth of macrophytes. We infer that the restoration potential of submerged macrophyte stands in eutrophicated peaty lakes can be high, and results can be obtained quickly.     

Do Patterns of Bacterial Diversity along Salinity Gradients Differ from Those Observed for Macroorganisms?

It is widely accepted that biodiversity is lower in more extreme environments. In this study, we sought to determine whether this trend, well documented for macroorganisms, also holds at the microbial level for bacteria. We used denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) with phylum-specific primers to quantify the taxon richness (i.e., the DGGE band numbers) of the bacterioplankton communities of 32 pristine Tibetan lakes that represent a broad salinity range (freshwater to hypersaline). For the lakes investigated, salinity was found to be the environmental variable with the strongest influence on the bacterial community composition. We found that the bacterial taxon richness in freshwater habitats increased with increasing salinity up to a value of 1‰. In saline systems (systems with >1‰ salinity), the expected decrease of taxon richness along a gradient of further increasing salinity was not observed. These patterns were consistently observed for two sets of samples taken in two different years. A comparison of 16S rRNA gene clone libraries revealed that the bacterial community of the lake with the highest salinity was characterized by a higher recent accelerated diversification than the community of a freshwater lake, whereas the phylogenetic diversity in the hypersaline lake was lower than that in the freshwater lake. These results suggest that different evolutionary forces may act on bacterial populations in freshwater and hypersaline lakes on the Tibetan Plateau, potentially resulting in different community structures and diversity patterns.     

The macrophytic vegetation of the draw-down area of Lake Kainji, Nigeria

Recent publications on the vegetation of Lake Kainji, Nigeria, give the impression that Echinochloa pyramidalis is the dominant macrophyte species of the lake. However, our experience of working on the lake since 1979 suggests a different floristic composition of the macrophyte vegetation of the lake. The most frequent macrophyte in Lake Kainji is Echinochloa stagnina. At all sites investigated, emergent macrophytes are more important than floating macrophytes. There is a possible successional shift from an Echinochloa pyramidalis sere to an Echinochloa stagnina stage. This argument does not, however, preclude the possibility of a mis-identification by early workers.     

The response of periphyton and submerged macrophytes to nitrogen and phosphorus loading in shallow warm lakes: a mesocosm experiment

1. Recent experimental and field studies on temperate shallow lakes indicate that nitrogen may play a greater role in their functioning than previously thought. Several studies document that abundance and richness of submerged macrophytes, both central in shallow lake ecology, may decrease with increasing nitrogen loading, especially at high phosphorus levels. However, the role of nitrogen in warm lakes with fluctuating water regimes remains to be described in detail. 2. The effect of increasing nitrate and phosphate concentrations on submerged macrophyte growth was examined in a 3‐month mesocosm experiment conducted in summer in a shallow freshwater lake on the north western coast of Turkey with a Mediterranean climate. Twenty four field mesocosms, open to the sediment and atmosphere, were stocked with Myriophyllum spicatum shoots and small cyprinid fish. Three nitrate loadings in combination with two phosphate loadings were applied in a fourfold replicated design. 3. Mean ± SD nutrient concentrations maintained throughout the experiment were 0.55 ± 0.17, 2.2 ± 0.97, 9.2 ± 5.45 mg L^?1 total nitrogen and 55 ± 19.2, 73 ± 22.9 μg L^?1 total phosphorus. Mean periphyton biomass increased with increasing nutrient concentrations and peaked at the highest nitrogen and phosphorus loadings, while the mean phytoplankton biomass remained relatively low in all treatments. 4. Percent volume inhabited (% PVI) by macrophytes throughout the experiment and total macrophyte biomass at the end of the experiment did not differ among treatments. In addition to stocked M. spicatum, Ceratophyllum demersum and Potamogeton crispus appeared in the majority of the mesocosms. The plants grew continuously up to 50% PVI throughout the experiment and remained resilient to shading provided by periphyton and phytoplankton. 5. The mean summer air temperature in 2007 was 2.2 °C higher than the average of the last 32 years, which resulted in a water level decrease of 0.3 m in the mesocosms over three months. This might have counteracted the shading of submerged macrophytes provided by phytoplankton and periphyton. The results of the experiment are consistent with observations of higher macrophyte resilience to nutrient loading in Mediterranean lakes compared with northern temperate lakes.     

Adaptations of macrophytes to life in moving water: upslope limits and mechanical properties of stems

Structural properties of vascular aquatic macrophyte stems were studied from a mechanical perspective using data from Jackson Lake, Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming. Stem tensile strength, extensibility and cross sectional width were measured for seven vascular freshwater species. Mean values for these properties were significantly different when all species were compared.Moreover, tensile strength and extensibility were significantly different when deep water species were compared with shallow water species. Extensibility was significantly different when species duplicating by clone production were compared with species switching between clonal and sexual duplication, but tensile strength was not statistically different. Force to break a stem was modeled as a significantly increasing power function of stem cross sectional area (R² = 86.0%). Species specific tensile properties are considered as factors that can regulate the upslope distribution of macrophytes in moving water.     

Herbivory of invertebrates on submerged macrophytes from Danish freshwaters

1. Invertebrate herbivory on submerged freshwater macrophytes, measured as per cent leaf area lost, was determined for sixteen species and forty-two populations of macrophytes during peak summer biomass in Danish streams and lakes. 2. All seventeen Potamogeton populations and seventeen of the remaining twenty-five non-Potamogeton populations were grazed. Species of Potamogeton were significantly more heavily grazed (mean 4.2%) than non-Potamogeton species (mean 0.8%). Herbivory losses were not significantly different between stream (mean 2.4%) and lake populations (mean 1.9%). Wide ranges in herbivory loss were observed between species from the same locality and within species from different localities. The location of main damage to either old or young leaves was not species specific but varied among localities. Additional data for four macrophyte populations showed that herbivory loss had a strong seasonal variation (e.g. 1.0–26.3% for Potamogeton perfoliatus), with maximum losses during May-June. 3. Although the mean defoliation percentages were low during the period of maximum macrophyte biomass, they were not systematically lower than encountered for terrestrial plants.     

Climate-related differences in the dominance of submerged macrophytes in shallow lakes

It has been suggested that shallow lakes in warm climates have a higher probability of being turbid, rather than macrophyte dominated, compared with lakes in cooler climates, but little field evidence exists to evaluate this hypothesis. We analyzed data from 782 lake years in different climate zones in North America, South America, and Europe. We tested if systematic differences exist in the relationship between the abundance of submerged macrophytes and environmental factors such as lake depth and nutrient levels. In the pooled dataset the proportion of lakes with substantial submerged macrophyte coverage (> 30% of the lake area) decreased in a sigmoidal way with increasing total phosphorus (TP) concentration, falling most steeply between 0.05 and 0.2 mg L⁻¹. Substantial submerged macrophyte coverage was also rare in lakes with total nitrogen (TN) concentrations above 1–2 mg L⁻¹, except for lakes with very low TP concentrations where macrophytes remain abundant until higher TN concentrations. The deviance reduction of logistic regression models predicting macrophyte coverage from nutrients and water depth was generally low, and notably lowest in tropical and subtropical regions (Brazil, Uruguay, and Florida), suggesting that macrophyte coverage was strongly influenced by other factors. The maximum TP concentration allowing substantial submerged macrophyte coverage was clearly higher in cold regions with more frost days. This is in agreement with other studies which found a large influence of ice cover duration on shallow lakes' ecology through partial fish kills that may improve light conditions for submerged macrophytes by cascading effects on periphyton and phytoplankton. Our findings suggest that, in regions where climatic warming is projected to lead to fewer frost days, macrophyte cover will decrease unless the nutrient levels are lowered.     

Phytoplankton biomass in Lake Xolotlán (Managua): Its seasonal and horizontal distribution

Some well-documented studies on restoring eutrophic lake systems in The Netherlands by fish stock management have been evaluated with the emphasis on the role of macrophytes. Furthermore, the factors determining the light climate for submerged macrophytes in a large shallow eutrophic lake (Lake Veluwe) have been assessed and the potential success of biomanipulation in large scale projects is discussed. Today relatively little attention has been paid to macrophyte management although the importance of macrophytes in lake restoration has been recognized regularly. The biomanipulation strategy was successful in small scale projects. In a large scale project, however, wind-induced resuspension may largely determine the underwater light climate through attenuation by the water column and periphytic layer. Therefore, restoration of relatively large waterbodies by fish stock management only is expected not to lead to any noteworthy improvement of the light climate for submerged macrophytes. Additional measures aimed at reducing wind-induced resuspension of sediment particles and reestablishing of the macrophyte stands are required for successful biomanipulation strategies. Water quality managers should pay more attention to macrophyte stands in biomanipulation projects because macrophytes enhance a more stable and diverse ecosystem. Restoration objectives and the methods of their achievement must be carefully planned since an abundant submerged macrophyte vegetation may have undesirable effects as well.     

Temporal and spatial variability in nearshore bacterioplankton communities of Lake Michigan

The spatial and temporal variability of bacterial communities were determined for the nearshore waters of Lake Michigan, an oligotrophic freshwater inland sea. A freshwater estuary and nearshore sites were compared six times during 2006 using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Bacterial composition clustered by individual site and date rather than by depth. Seven 16S rRNA gene clone libraries were constructed, yielding 2717 bacterial sequences. Spatial variability was detected among the DGGE banding patterns and supported by clone library composition. The clone libraries from deep waters and the estuary environment revealed highest overall bacterial diversity. Betaproteobacteria sequence types were the most dominant taxa, comprising 40.2–67.7% of the clone libraries. BAL 47 was the most abundant freshwater cluster of Betaproteobacteria , indicating widespread distribution of this cluster in the nearshore waters of Lake Michigan. Incertae sedis 5 and Oxalobacteraceae sequence types were prevalent in each clone library, displaying more diversity than previously described in other freshwater environments. Among the Oxalobacteraceae sequences, a globally distributed freshwater cluster was determined. The nearshore waters of Lake Michigan are a dynamic environment that experience forces similar to the coastal ocean environment and share common bacterial diversity with other freshwater habitats.