Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

杨树幼苗器官蒸腾生态边界层结构的研究

利用氚水(³H₂O)作为示踪剂,测定杨树(69杨)叶、茎及整株等器官的蒸腾生态边界层厚度并探索植物的蒸腾与环境的关系。结果表明杨树嫩叶的叶面蒸腾率大于叶背蒸腾率;叶缘区蒸腾率大于中脉间蒸腾率。幼苗单叶器官的蒸腾生态边界层厚度为5-6cm.全株苗木的蒸腾边界层厚度为24cm.     

黑鸢消化系统形态学的初步研究

对黑鸢消化系统的形态学作了初步的观察与研究,结果表明：黑鸢舌尖钝圆,舌根分叉,叉粘膜上具有尖端指向后方的栉状突;食管宽而扁,无明显可见的嗉囊;肌胃无明显的类角质膜;肠道长是体长2．3倍,小肠较发达,K1275mm,古肠道总长的93．6％,具有不发达的双侧盲肠：胰腺短而厚、并与蛇雌、毛脚鸢的消化系统进行了比较。     

白族手掌主线分布的研究

目的:研究300名正常白族人的手掌主线分布,为人类学、医学、遗传学提供正常参数。方法:在知情同意手续下,捺印调查对象的手纹。结果:A主线,Ⅲ型占96%、Ⅴ型2.17%、Ⅰ型1.83%;B主线,Ⅴ型93%、Ⅶ型7%;C主线,Ⅴ型44.5%、Ⅶ型40.67%、Ⅸ型11.67%、O型3.16%;D主线,Ⅸ型47%、Ⅶ型46%、Ⅺ型7%。主线分布以35′5″7、35′79、35″79为主(占76.67%)。39.67%的个体双手主线对称分布,以35′5″7为主(15%)。MLI平均为6.25±1.37,MLIT为22.52±3.00,二者均为男性大于女性(P0.05)。3.17%的个体缺失c三叉。结论:白族人的手掌主线和其他民族有共性又有其特异性。     

中华花龟五种器官组织学观察

利用石蜡切片法对中华花龟的心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺和肾脏等组织器官进行了组织学观察.结果显示心肌的特点是暗带较窄,心肌纤维束状排列.肝脏分3叶,肝实质内结缔组织少,肝小叶分界不清楚.脾脏分被膜和实质两部分,实质由白髓和红髓构成,白髓包括椭球周围淋巴鞘(PELS)和动脉周围淋巴鞘(PALS),红髓由脾索和脾窦组成,未发现淋巴小结和生发中心.肺一对,为长形扁平囊,肺泡囊状,肺泡内可见管壁的结节状膨大.肾脏由肾小体、颈段、近曲小管、中间段、远曲小管和收集管6部分构成,肾小体由肾小球和肾小囊组成,在肾小体附近可见致密斑样结构.     

抗凋亡因子Survivin研究进展

Survivin是在肿瘤组织及胚胎中发现的一类细胞因子,它是IAPs(inhibitorsofapoptosisprotein)家族的成员之一,具有其独特的分子结构和组织表达特异性,在细胞中参与细胞周期的调控,主要在细胞周期的G2/M期通过抑制caspase-3及caspase-7的活性发挥作用.Survivin在细胞中的活性可能受p53的调节.Survivin也是胚胎发育早期过程中调节细胞分裂分化的一类重要的因子.对Survivin的研究对于肿瘤治疗的研究及揭示胚胎早期的发育机制有重要的意义.     

灰胸薮鹛消化系统形态的初步研究

对灰胸薮鹛（Liocichla omeiensis）消化系统的形态学作了初步观察,结果表明,灰胸薮鹛舌前端有刺毛状结构,后端有一排尖端后指的栉状突,且中间小两边大;雄鸟在舌前端正中央还有一“v”形的凹缺,深约2．5mm;雌鸟食道颈段长为13．2mm,雄鸟为17．5mm;嗉囊雌鸟长7．5mm,雄鸟长8．4mm;食道胸段雌鸟长15．5mm,雄鸟长14．7mm;肌胃发达,具角质膜,腺胃乳突短而小;肠道长与体长基本相等,小肠较发达,雌鸟长153．7mm,占肠道总长92．6％,雄鸟为133mm和95％,具有双侧盲肠,占肠道总长的3．3％,大肠短,雌鸟仅占肠道7．5％,雄鸟仅占4．75％;肝为体内最大的消化腺,分左右两叶;胰位于十二指肠袢内,细长形,分三小叶。     

An Analysis of the Response of Young Barley Seedlings to Time of Application of Nitrogen

The reasons for the sensitivity of young barley seedlings totime of application of nitrogen have been examined. It is shownthat the transfer of nitrogenous reserves from endosperm toembryo which begins at about 36 h from planting proceeds ata faster relative rate than that of dry matter as a whole. Inconsequence embryo and endosperm nitrogen contents become temporarilysimilar some 24–36 h earlier than is the case for dryweights. Addition of nitrate on day 2 does not affect ratesof transfer of endosperm reserves but leads to a significantlyhigher nitrogen content in the embryo of treated plants, particularlyin the shoots. This additional nitrogen is present as nitrateup to around day 5 when reduction of accumulated nitrate commencesin the first leaf in significant amounts. For plants up to 14 days old delay in application of nitrateleads to a lowering of total nitrogen level which is proportionalto the delay in treatment. This is so for all parts of the plantexcept the first leaf for which the evidence indicates thatlevels of total and organic nitrogen and of accumulated nitrateare much lower when treatment is made late. It is argued thatnitrate accumulation by the leaf becomes progressively lessas it reaches full expansion, but irrespective of time of nitrateapplication about 95 per cent of the additional nitrogen presentin the leaf is in organic form Significant increases in organic nitrogen are found from day6 for plants supplied with nitrate up to day 4; for plants suppliedon day 6, or day 8nitrateand nitrate reductase activity in leafextracts are found within 6 h of treatment. Peak levels of nitratereductase activity are found for all treatments around days8–10 when the first leaf is fully expanded and when photosyntheticactivity is maximal. However, late supply of nitrate leads toa lower level of enzyme activity. Nitrate reduction in the rootsystem is undetectably low, and it is concluded that a substantialamount of carbon translocated from leaf to roots is in the formof nitrogenous compounds. The effects of time of application are also found when ammoniumnitrogen is substituted for nitrate indicating that the responseis independent of effects on the nitrate reducing system inthe leaf. Some inhibition of growth, particularly of the roots,is found due to ammonium toxicity. Why plants supplied early with nitrate show superior growthand enhanced photosynthetic activity in the first leaves isexplained in terms of treatment alleviating the restrictiveeffects of declining endosperm reserves. This is only possibleif nitrogen is supplied while the first leaf is expanding andable to accumulateand utilise the available nitrogen. Late supplyis associated with failure to use the nitrogen provided leadingto a lower protein level in the leaf; this can be correlatedwith the smaller size of leaf and the lower rates of carbonfixation occurring there.     

Mechanisms of loss of latency of lysosomal enzymes. Effects of incubation on the properties of lysosomal membranes.

1. The effects of sucrose and KCl on the loss of latency of lysosomal enzymes caused by incubation at 37 degrees C, pH 7.4, were examined by using Triton-filled lysosomes from rat liver and two fractions from livers of rats not injected with Triton. 2. After incubation, the percentage free activity of lysosomal enzymes was measured before and after cooling to 0 degrees C in order to determine the amount of latency lost at 37 degrees C without cooling and the additional amount lost on cooling the incubated lysosomes to 0 degrees C. 3. The latency that is lost without cooling is first decreased and then increased by increasing the osmotic strength of the incubation medium with KCl, or with sucrose in the presence of KCl. However, if the osmotic strength is increased with sucrose alone, loss of latency is decreased up to 0.25M-sucrose, but is increased only slightly at higher sucrose concentrations. Apparently the lysosome is permeated by hyperosmolar KCl but not by sucrose during incubation. 4. If the osmotic strength of the assay medium is increased with KCl, the loss of latency caused by incubation for 60 min in hyperosmolar KCl is repressed. Thus it appears that a KCl-permeated lysosome can be obtained which is relatively stable until exposure to lower osmolarities. 5. The loss of latency caused by cooling incubated lysosomes to 0 degrees C is largely eliminated if the osmotic strength of the medium in which the lysosomes are cooled is raised sufficiently with either sucrose or KCl. 6. Osmotic-fragility curves were obtained after incubation for 1 and 60 min at iso-osmoticity (0.2M-KCl or 0.25 M-sucrose). Although little loss of latency occurs at iso-osmoticity, lysosomes incubated for 60 min display greatly increased fragility on exposure to hypo-osmolar KCl, hypo-osmolar sucrose or hyperosmolar KCl. 7. It is suggested that permeability to KCl at 37 degrees C and the increase in fragility on exposure to hypo-osmolar conditions are both consequences of injury, probably from enzymic action, sustained by the lysosomal membrane during incubation at 37 degrees C.     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

The nature of methanol-induced acidification of the medium by products of metabolism of methylotrophic yeasts

The washed cells of Hansenula polymorpha and Pichia pinus grown on the medium with methanol rapidly acidify the medium during incubation with the mentioned alcohol or formaldehyde. It is found that proton extrusion is coupled with formate anion efflux. Acidification is proved to be energy-dependent process since it is inhibited by respiration poisons, uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation, and by ATPase inhibitors.     

Superoxide dismutase: determination of activity by inhibition of photosensitized chemiluminescence of glycyltryptophan

A technique for quantitative determination of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in biological material is described. The technique is based on the riboflavin-photosensitized oxidation of Gly-Trp, which is accompanied by chemiluminescence. Formation of the luminescent product is inhibited by SOD. The dependence of SOD activity on reciprocal intensity of chemiluminescence is linear. The concentration for 50% inhibition is 7.5 ng/ml, and the minimum reliably determined concentration is about 2 ng/ml. The reaction is not sensitive to high concentrations of cyanide, which allows the separate determination of Cu,Zn- and Mn-SOD in mixtures.     

Problem of identity of functional states of neuronal systems

A compartmental conception of modeling the neuron networks is presented. Stationary and other regimes under standard electrical stimulation of neuron networks are described. Neuron networks may be reducible and irreducible. The mathematical model of the stationary state is a model of a normal neuron network under hyperventilation. The role of output stimuli in identifying the hierarchical structure of neuron networks and the stability of special regimes and such structure is discussed. A biological interpretation of the results of modeling is presented.     

雕鸮消化系统形态学的初步研究

对一只雕消化系统的形态学作了初步的观察与研究,结果表明:雕舌呈鞋底形,舌根分叉,叉粘膜上具有尖端指向后方的栉状突;食管宽而扁,无明显可见的嗉囊;肌胃无明显的类角质膜;肠道长是体长的2.05倍,小肠较发达,长970.5 mm,占肠道总长的75.7%,具有较发达的双侧盲肠。并与蛇雕、毛脚、黑鸢的消化系统进行了比较。     

不同风信子品种在南京地区的物候期及生长特性分析

对从荷兰引进的17个风信子(Hyacinthus orientalis L. )品种在南京地区的物候期、观赏特性和生长状况进行了调查分析.调查结果表明,17个风信子品种的耐寒性较强,出苗期最早在1月下旬,多数品种的出苗期在2月中下旬;绝大多数风信子品种的叶片展开期集中在3月14日至20日;花现色期多为2月底至3月初,第1朵花的开花期在3月中上旬;大部分品种的单花序开花持续时间和群体开花持续时间较长,分别达20～22 d和27～31 d.17个风信子品种的花均具有非常浓烈的香味,花蕾与花脉颜色相同,花色从花脉辐射至花瓣边缘并逐渐变淡,花色艳丽, 观赏性强. 少数品种具1个花枝, 多数品种具2个花枝, 花茎长度12.7～21.9 cm, 多数品种的花茎长度在17 cm以上;主花序长度多在11 cm以上,约占整个花茎长度的2/3;单花序花朵数为20～61.各品种的花瓣数和花药数基本一致,多以6为基数;17个风信子品种的花粉均有一定的萌发能力,其中9个品种的花粉萌发率较高,均超过40%.多数品种的叶片数为6或7,叶片长18～29 cm,宽2.2～3.6 cm.除品种'阿姆斯特丹'、'简波斯'和'福特'外,其余品种均可以分生出籽球,其中,品种'蓝星'、'蓝夹克'和'爱丽斯'的籽球分生能力最强,分生率达66%以上;不同风信子品种的籽球直径也各不相同,多数籽球直径较大,为3～5 cm.结果显示,风信子可作为早春花卉在南京进行种植,但具体种植条件尚待深入研究.     

退休教师骨密度的超声研究

目的：了解老年教师骨质疏松病的情况,用超声骨密度仪对813例老年教师做跟骨超声振幅衰减值研究。方法：超声测量是一种新技术,利用不同密度的物体衰减值不同及穿过不同密度物体声速不同等特性对跟骨进行成像,并计算最具说明性区域的一系列数据。参数中BUA值为最主要的参数,三根等距离曲线的形态和宽度能直观分析出年龄与骨量变化的关系。结果：本文男性平均BUA为63.87dB/MHz,得出回归公式：体重=189.1417 0.2062BUA-0.0224SOS。女性平均BUA为58.9dB/MHz,各年龄分组的BUA值与参考值很接近,统计学显示无意义。结论：调查发现男性和女性的骨质不同,男性BUA骨峰值比女性高。BUA值与其体重有密切关系。在60岁以后（或绝经1-5年后）年龄增长与BUA值无明显关系,说明随着年龄的增加骨量减少很小或不减少。利用这种关系,假如BUA值突然下降则提示近期发生骨质疏松。     

The Influence of Temperature on the Effect of Bacteriostatic Concentrations of Phenol Against Escherichia coli

S ummary . During early exponential growth of Escherichia coli in the absence of phenol there is a natural death rate at 20, 30, and 44° but at the optimum temperature around 37° there is little if any significant death. The influence of a rise in temperature from 20 to 44° is to decrease the generation time and at 44° the lower generation time compensates for a reduced generation index. The main effect of sub-bacteriostatic concentrations of phenol is to increase the generation time but at 30, 37 and 44° there is a significant reduction in the generation index at the higher concentrations resulting in a dynamic bacteriostasis. At 20° bacteriostasis is due mainly to a large generation time but there is a little growth and so bacteriostasis is essentially dynamic. There is also evidence to suggest that the effect of a particular concentration of phenol on the generation index is not merely influenced by the temperature but by the generation time under the particular set of conditions. If phenol is added to rapidly growing cultures of E. coli the effect of a rise in temperature is to reduce the concentration required for bacteriostasis but if it is added during the lag phase there is a maximum in the bacteriostatic concentration between 20 and 37°.     

Primary structure of the oligosaccharide chain of lipopeptidophosphoglycan of epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi

The lipopeptidophosphoglycan of epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi is composed of a glycan linked through a non-N-acetylated glucosamine residue to an inositol phosphorylceramide. Using conventional analysis techniques, including 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR spectroscopy and negative ion fast atom bombardment mass spectroscopy, the structure of the carbohydrate-containing part of the molecule is determined as: (Sequence: see text). There is uncertainty as to which 2-O-substituted alpha-D-Manp unit is attached the side chain or whether it is distributed between the two units. Some of the structures lack the Galf side chain. The inositol unit is linked to ceramide via a phosphodiester bridge. The major aliphatic components of the ceramide portion were lignoceric acid and sphinganine.     

Consequences of the widespread use of antibiotics

The cancer problem is increasing as life expectancy increases and greater portions of the populace live to the age at which cancer is more likely. Early diagnosis still is difficult. Even with modern methods and with considerable public education with regard to cancer, the disease is often not diagnosed until it is beyond the stage at which cure might be effected. The need for a serodiagnostic test for general screening purposes for cancer detection is tremendous. The major objective of cancer serodiagnostic test methods is to discover a general test that will detect cancer in a high percentage of cases while it is in an early stage; that will give few "false positive" results; that can be done in any laboratory; and that is simple and inexpensive. Many serodiagnostic tests for cancer have been published but none has proven worthy of being a good general test to detect cancer. Yet unless some serodiagnostic test which will be suitable for general screening purposes is developed, it is difficult to see how there can be much improvement in the early diagnosis of cancer, particularly internal cancer. It is hoped that an open-minded attitude will be maintained by physicians on this subject. Recent reports of such a test being developed are encouraging and it is hoped that continued investigations will be confirmatory.     

Quantitative Aspects of a Theory of Translocation

An analysis is made of two aspects of the behaviour of a proposedmechanism of translocation based on the mixing effect withina sieve-tube of streaming transcellular strands of protoplasmpassing through the sieve-pores and through a vacuole-like reservoirof sucrose solution in each sieve-element. First, the behaviour of the model is considered when it is transportinga solute (sucrose, for example) in the steady-state conditionof constant consumption and supply. It is found that the concentrationsof solute in the regions of the model are readily determinedat all points of the sieve-tube, and that the gradients of concentrationare all equal, the concentrations differing by constant amountsat all points. Transport is analogous to diffusive transferin that the steepness of the concentration gradient is proportionalto the rate of transfer and simple expressions are derived forthe net transport of solute and for the apparent diffusion coefficientin terms of the properties of the model. Transfer is found tobe rapid over a short path and slower over a longer path; thereis a maximum distance beyond which a given rate of transfercannot take place. Second, an analysis is made of the unsteady behaviour of themodel when changing concentrations of solute are introducedinto the system. The concept of strand diffusion time is introduced.This is the time taken for the concentration in the strand surroundedby an infinite reservoir to fall to I/e of its initial value.The results of this analysis are used to determine how radioactivesolute will become distributed when it is introduced into thesteady-state model. If the time over which the translocationof radioactive solute has proceeded is small compared with thestrand diffusion time, a wave-like profile of radioactivitywith distance is produced, and if large, the profile is of adiffusive kind; intermediate conditions give a profile displayingboth characteristics which is termed the transition type. Thesethree types of profile of radioactivity are exemplified by experimentsin different plants (Salix, Tropaeolum, and Helianthus), andthe experimental profiles are used to estimate (1) the apparentdiffusion coefficient of translocated sucrose in the sense ofMason and Maskell, and (2) the permeability constant of thestrand-reservoir boundary. The close correspondence betweenthese two sets of figures derived from the radioactive profileswith the experimental values obtained directly is regarded asstrong confirmation of the theory.