由天然叶黄素转化为玉米黄素的工艺参数的研究

本文通过碱催化反应使叶黄素异构化为玉米黄素,并对实验中的主要影响因素进行了优化.实验结果表明,以1,2-丙二醇为溶剂,氢氧化钾为催化剂,1,2-丙二醇/叶黄素(v/m)为20,氢氧化钾/叶黄素为6,反应温度为110℃,反应时间为168 h时,叶黄素转化为玉米黄素的转化率最高,达93％.     

微胶囊叶黄素理化性质及其稳定性研究

本文研究了微胶囊叶黄素产品的理化性质及其在光、热、pH值及氧气条件下的稳定性。结果表明,微胶囊叶黄素含水率为3．0％、密度0．39g／cm^3、粒径8—10μm、溶解度90s;叶黄素经微胶囊化后可明显提高叶黄素的光稳定性和热稳定性,减弱了pH值的影响和氧气对叶黄素的氧化降解。     

叶黄素和叶黄素酯的护眼功能

综述了叶黄素和叶黄素酯在消除和减轻眼视网膜底中心的蓝光集中区对眼睛的伤害方面的研究进展。     

平菇转化叶黄素酯研究

目前针对有关天然产物的生物转化研究较少,首次报道了平菇转化叶黄素酯的研究。在对平菇在叶黄素酯培养基生长的观察中,发现对于固体培养基,菌丝体可利用叶黄素酯但不能增生,而孢子悬液不能生长,但在发酵液中两者生长良好,可见只有菌丝体可分泌水解酶,而且谊酶在溶液环境下效价高。同时利用高效液相色谱测定其降解效果发现,平菇首先将叶黄素酯转化为叶黄素,同时也可将叶黄素转化为其它物质,故控制发酵时间非常重要,这为今后的工业化提供了基础。     

叶黄素循环及其调控

论述了叶黄素循环的功能及其调控,同时对叶黄素循环色素的定位、紫黄质的转化程度及程度其转化的因素进行了简要综述。     

植物叶黄素循环与非辐射能量耗散

简述了叶黄素循环机制以及非辐射能量耗散的检测方法,并介绍了叶黄素循环与非辐射能量耗散关系的研究现状和最新进展。     

叶黄素生物活性功能的研究进展

综述了叶黄素抗氧化等生物活性功能的研究进展，并分析其对大脑功能的潜在作用机制，为叶黄素在营养保健功能食品中的应用提供科学依据。     

大学生叶黄素摄入水平与视疲劳相关症状的研究

目的：分析在校大学生日常摄入叶黄素水平和视疲劳相关症状发生率,探讨视疲劳症状的危险因素。方法：随机抽取在校大学生386例进行问卷调查,应用统计学方法分析大学生日常叶黄素摄入量和引起视疲劳症状的危险因素。结果：386例在校大学生叶黄素摄入量的中位数为2.13,以蔬菜供给为主;386例大学生中存在视疲劳和相关眼部症状者295例,占76.42%,以眼睛酸胀、视力下降最为常见;视疲劳发生与荧屏光暴露、不良用眼习惯、近视相关,户外活动和叶黄素摄入是视疲劳发生的保护因素,均P＜0.05。结论：视疲劳发生与叶黄素摄入水平相关,大学生日常叶黄素摄入量较低,视疲劳发生率较高,应及时识别发生视疲劳危险因素,保护视力。     

叶黄素持续补充对机体叶黄素水平及抗氧化能力影响研究

目的：探讨叶黄素持续补充对机体血浆叶黄素浓度、血浆氧化应激水平及氧化型低密度脂蛋白（Ox-LDL）水平的影响。方法：20名健康青年志愿者,随机分为2组,分别为叶黄素组和正常对照组,叶黄素组每天补充叶黄素20mg,连续补充20d,正常对照组未给予任何补充。试验前及首次口服后的12、24、72、144、240、480、720h分别留取清晨空腹静脉血5mL,分离血浆。HPLC检测血浆叶黄素浓度,测定血浆总超氧化物歧化酶（T-SOD）及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活性、丙二醛（MDA）含量、Ox-LDL浓度。结果：叶黄素组血浆叶黄素浓度呈稳定上升趋势,GSH-Px及T-SOD活性呈持续性上升趋势,MDA含量呈持续性下降趋势。叶黄素组血浆叶黄素浓度在口服72、144、240、480h后分别升高59%、115%、164%、214%（P均＜0.05）,且女性血浆叶黄素浓度在口服240h后显著高于男性（P＜0.05）;血浆GSH-Px活性在补充20d后升高42%（P＜0.05）,MDA含量下降23%（P＜0.05）。结论：每天补充叶黄素20mg,持续补充20d能有效提高机体血浆叶黄素浓度及机体抗脂质过氧化能力。     

叶黄素的抗癌作用及其研究现状

叶黄素是自然界广泛存在的类胡萝卜素,可以提高人体的免疫能力,也是一种抗氧化剂,对老年视黄斑退行性变化有很好的预防作用,但更重要的是研究表明,叶黄素对一些类型的癌症具有预防效果。本综述了近年来有关叶黄素预防癌症作用的流行病学调查、分析,以及与癌症关系的实验研究及作用机制等方面的研究进展。     

The lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis of lutein diesters in non-aqueous media is favored at extremely low water activities

The enzymatic hydrolysis of a mixture of lutein diesters from Marigold flower (Tagetes erecta) was performed both in organic solvents and supercritical CO(2) (SC-CO(2)) using two commercial lipases: lipase B from Candida antarctica (Novozym 435) and the lipase from Mucor miehei (Lipozyme RM IM). Both lipases showed an unexpected dependence of initial reaction rate with the initial water activity (a(wi)) in hexane, with the highest rates of hydrolysis taking place at the lowest a(wi) of the biocatalyst particles. The same result was observed using isooctane, toluene, or SC-CO(2). It is proposed that an increase in a(wi) generates a hydrophilic microenvironment that prevents efficient partitioning of the highly hydrophobic lutein diesters to the enzyme. The critical role of water in this system has not been reported for other hydrolytic reactions in low water media. Calculations of water available for hydrolysis from isotherm analysis, Karl-Fischer titration, and substrate conversion at a(wi) = 0.13, indicate that the extent of reaction is not limited by the amount of available water. Accordingly, the enzyme that holds the largest amount of water after prehydration at the same a(wi) (0.13) will yield the greatest substrate conversion and concentration of the free lutein product. The highest conversion occurred in SC-CO(2), which opens up new opportunities to develop a combined extraction-reaction process for the environmentally benign synthesis of lutein, an important nutraceutical compound.     

HPLC法测定甘薯叶片中的叶黄素

建立甘薯叶片中有效成分叶黄素含量的高效液相色谱测定方法,以寻求含量高的甘薯品种。采用Waters SunFire^TM C₁₈(150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm )色谱柱;以甲醇—水为95:5(V/V)为流动相,流速为0.8 mL·min^-1;检测波长为445 nm;外标法定量。此色谱条件下,叶黄素含量在5~100 μg·mL^-1范围内时,与峰面积呈线性关系;样品平均回收率为99.5%;相对标准偏差 (RSD)为1.9%(n=5)。该方法灵敏、准确、专属性强,适用于甘薯叶片中叶黄素的测定;大部分供试品种间存在显著差异,其中以苏薯8号的含量最高。     

Absorption and Ocular Deposition of Dietary Lutein in Marine Mammals

Cataracts and ocular disease are common lesions of marine mammals in zoological collections. Lutein, an oxygenated carotenoid, may have therapeutic or prophylactic effects on ocular disorder. Therefore, this study examined the ability of marine mammals to absorb dietary lutein. Two preliminary trials examined lutein in two forms (beadlet or ester) in a small sample size of marine mammals representing pinnipeds and cetaceans. Lutein was fed daily in tablets providing 0.89–3.6 mg lutein/kg body weight^0.75 per day for 15 days to 2 years. A third study was conducted using lutein beadlet fed at 3.6 mg lutein/kg body weight^0.75 per day for 15–21 days. Blood was analyzed for lutein pre‐ and postsupplementation. In the preliminary trials, lutein beadlet was observed to result in greater blood lutein levels than lutein esters, and cetaceans had more noticeable responses than pinnipeds. In Study 3, serum lutein and zeaxanthin increased postsupplementation in beluga whales (P < 0.05), and serum lutein tended to increase postsupplementation in dolphins (P < 0.10), but little change was seen in serum lutein in pinnipeds or manatee. Opportunistic retinal samples demonstrated some detectable lutein in the retina of a dolphin and several harp seals. The lutein levels in dolphins after supplementation are similar to those reported in free‐ranging animals. Ocular lutein in harp seals demonstrates that ocular deposition occurs despite low circulating lutein levels. Zoo Biol. 32:316–323, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Heterotrophic production of lutein by selected Chlorella strains

Seven Chlorella strains representing three species obtained from culture collections and research laboratories were screened for their potential of heterotrophic production of lutein on two different media (Basal and Kuhl) containing glucose. While both media supported good growth and lutein formation of the seven strains in darkness, higher biomass concentrations and lutein content were achieved on Basal medium. Chlorella protothecoides CS-41 was chosen from the seven strains for further investigation due to its higher productivities of both biomass and lutein. The maximal biomass concentration and lutein content of C. protothecoides cultivated heterotrophically with 9 g L^-1 glucose in a 3.7-L fermentor were respectively 4.6 g dry cells L^-1 and 4.60 mg lutein g^-1 dry cells on Basal medium, and 4.0 g dry cells L^-1 and 4.36 mg lutein g^-1 dry cells on Kuhl medium. The heterotrophic cultivation process was scaled up successfully to 30 L using a fermentor, in which the Basal medium containing 36 g L^-1 glucose was used; the maximal biomass concentration of 16.4 g dry cells L^-1, specific growth rate of 0.92 d^-1,lutein content of 4.85 mg lutein g^-1 dry cells,growth yield of 0.47 g dry cells g^-1 glucose and lutein yield of 1.93 mg lutein g^-1 glucose were respectively achieved. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Assessment of trans‐scleral iontophoresis delivery of lutein to the human retina

The efficacy of novel scleral iontophoresis device for in situ delivery of lutein to the human retina was assessed by Resonance Raman spectroscopy (RRS) technique. Eight human donor eye globes were used for experiments, 6 of which underwent trans‐scleral iontophoresis delivery of lutein and the other 2 were used as controls. The scleral iontophoresis applicator was filled with liposome‐enriched 0.1% lutein solution and the generator's current was set at 2.5 mA and delivered for 4 min. A custom RRS setup was used for detecting lutein in the inner sclera, choroid, retinal periphery and macula of treated samples and controls. Forty minutes after iontophoresis, the inner sclera, choroid and retinal periphery were greatly enriched with lutein (P < .05); no lutein was found in the same ocular regions of non‐treated samples. In the same period, the average concentration of lutein in the macula (4.8 ± 1.7 ng/mm²) of treated samples was 1.3 times greater than controls (3.7 ± 1.0 ng/mm²; P = .4). Scleral iontophoresis was shown to be effective in delivering lutein to the human retina. Future studies will aim at assessing if this therapeutic strategy is valuable to enrich the macular pigment in human subjects.      

Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine membranes modified with carotenoid pigment lutein: Experiment versus Monte Carlo simulation study of the membrane organization

Organization of bilayer lipid membrane formed with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and containing a xanthophyll pigment lutein was studied by both the Monte Carlo simulation and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The simulations were based on ten-state Pink model. The proposed model consisted of two monolayers represented by a two-dimensional triangular lattice with vacancies. The orientation and aggregation state of lutein, obtained from the analysis of the spectroscopic measurements, were used to calibrate intermolecular interactions in the model. In accordance with the experimental data, the model allows two orientations of lutein molecules: one spanning the membrane and the other parallel to its plane. The influence of the intermolecular interactions on the main phase transition as well as on the aggregation of lutein molecules is discussed. The analysis of the model enables us to learn about molecular mechanisms that govern the effects of lutein on the membrane properties as well as the effects of the lipid matrix on lutein organization in the membrane. A concept is discussed according to which increasing domination of parallel lutein orientation, observed at high temperatures, can protect the membrane against penetration by water molecules and reactive oxygen species and against loss of the membrane compactness, especially in the regions of oxidized acyl chains.     

Enhanced production of lutein in heterotrophic Chlorella protothecoides by oxidative stress

The fast growing unicellular green microalgae Chlorella protothecoides has attracted interest as a promising organism for commercial production of a high-value carotenoid, lutein, by heterotrophic fermentation. Effects of two oxidant-forming reactive oxygen species (ROS) on the biomass concentration, and yield and content of lutein in batch culture of heterotrophic Chlorella protothecoides were investigated in this study. The addition of 0.1 mmol/L H₂O₂ and 0.01 mmol/L NaClO plus 0.5 mmol/L Fe²⁺ to the culture led to the generation of ^·OH and enhanced the lutein content from 1.75 to 1.90 and 1.95 mg/g, respectively. The lutein content further increased to 1.98 mg/g when 0.01 mmol/L H₂O₂ and 0.5 mmol/L NaClO were added to generate ¹O₂. The maximum yield of lutein (28.5, 29.8 and 31.4 mg/L) and a high biomass concentration (15.0, 15.3 and 15.9 g/L) were also achieved through the above treatments. The results indicated that 1O2 could promote lutein formation and enhance lutein production in heterotrophic Chlorella protothecoides. Moreover, ¹O₂ produced from the reaction of H₂O₂ and NaClO was more effective in enhancing lutein production and reducing biomass loss than ^·OH from the reaction of H₂O₂ or NaClO plus Fe²⁺. Supported by the National Key Project of Sci & Tech Supporting Programs Funded by Ministry of Science & Technology of China (Grant No. 2006BAD27B03), Sci & Tech Project of Guangzhou (Grant No. 2005Z3-E0331) and Sci & Tech Project of Guangdong (Grant No. 20052050166)     

Enhanced phosphorylation of AMPK by lutein and oxidised lutein that lead to mitochondrial biogenesis in hyperglycemic HepG2 cells

The stimulation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a prime target to decrease the hyperglycemic condition, hence it is a lutein (L) and oxidised lutein (OXL) is a target molecule for the treatment of type II diabetes. In the current study, a plausible interaction of L and OXL with AMPK was investigated by molecular docking. In addition, the effect of L and OXL for the activation of AMPK that triggers the downstream regulator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), TFAM expression, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), mitochondrial biogenesis and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) in high glucose treated HepG2 cells were investigated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. Molecular docking reveals higher binding affinity of L (ΔG = −6.3 kcal/mol) and OXL (ΔG = −15.5 kcal/mol) with AMPK, compared with metformin (ΔG = −5.0 kcal/mol). The phosphorylation of AMPK increased by 1.3- and 1.5-fold with L and OXL treatment, respectively, in high glucose induced HepG2 cells. The activation of PGC-1α is significant (P < 0.05) in OXL group than L. Similarly, TFAM expression is increased with L and OXL compared with the high glucose group. Further increase in SOD2 and mtDNA, confirms the efficacy of L and OXL in restoring the mitochondrial biogenesis in high glucose induced cells through AMPK, PGC-1α, and TFAM.