中国西南地区独活属植物叶表皮微形态特征及其系统学意义

利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对中国西南地区独活属16种1变种植物(分隶于中国独活属的全部4个组)的叶表皮微形态进行了观察,测量并统计气孔器大小、密度和气孔指数,并用统计学方法对远轴面气孔器长轴进行显著差异性分析.结果显示:无规则型气孔器普遍存在于所有研究类群的叶远轴面及个别类群叶近轴面,气孔器的分布和密度具有种间特异性.表皮毛普遍存在于远轴面及大部分类群近轴面,长短和覆盖密度因种而异.近轴面表皮细胞为多边形或者不规则形,垂周壁平直、浅波状或波状;远轴面表皮细胞形态多不规则形,表皮细胞垂周壁浅波状或波状.在扫描电镜下,叶表皮气孔器外拱盖内缘为近平滑、浅波状或波状;角质膜条纹状,有的附有颗粒状、鳞片状蜡质等结构.气孔器外拱盖形态以及蜡质类型是稳定的鉴别特征.研究表明独活属植物叶表皮特征存在较大的种间差异,对独活属的系统分类及进化研究具有重要意义,文中对叶表皮特征在独活属植物分类处理中的应用及系统进化问题等进行了讨论,并建立了以叶表皮微形态特征为依据的分类检索表.     

马来西亚番荔枝科紫玉盘属(Uvaria Linn.)、杯冠木属(Cyathostemma Griff)和Ellipeia Hook.f. Thomson 叶的比较解剖学

对紫玉盘属8种,杯冠木属3种和Ellipeia属1种进行了叶的比较研究,以调查不同种之间解剖学的不同点,这对种的鉴别和了解它们的分类学意义可能是有用的.有意义的解剖学特征是:末端石细胞,表皮细胞的晶簇,毛状体,在中脉和叶柄的薄壁组织内的短石细胞以及中脉和叶柄横切面的形状.有某些特征仅出现在某些种中,这对种的鉴别是有用的.结果亦显示这三个属的联系十分紧密.     

国产姜科植物的染色体计数(5)

<正> 本文继续对7属15种国产姜科植物作染色体计数观察,其中10种是染色体计数的新纪录(表、图)。通过对黄花大苞姜(Caulokaempferia coenobialis)和大苞姜(C.yunnanensis)以及凹唇姜(Bosenbevgia rotunda)和心叶凹唇姜(B.fallax)的染色体观察,确定了大苞姜属(Caulokaempferia)和凹唇姜属(Bosenbergia)的染色体基数分别为12和9。     

国产嵩草属(莎草科)植物秆的解剖学研究

对嵩草属27种(亚种)植物秆的解剖学研究证明,嵩草属植物秆的解剖学性状具有系统学意义.在该属中,秆的横切面外形为三角形、圆三角形、圆形或扁圆形.在横切面上分为2个区域;外部区域包括绿色组织、外韧维管束和气腔,内部区域为薄壁组织或其碎裂形成空腔.秆表皮的横切面观和表面观均与叶的下表皮相似.以上特征与莎草科其它类群植物秆的解剖特征一致,不支持将嵩草属和其近缘属另立为嵩草科.同时,秆的解剖学特征可以做为某些在外部形态上难于区分的种之间的分类依据.     

马来西来番荔枝科紫玉盘属(Uvaria Linn.)、杯冠木属(Cyathostemma Griff.)和Ellipeia Hook.f.et Thomson叶的比较解剖学

对紫玉盘属8种,杯冠木属3种和Ellipeia属1种进行了叶的比较研究,以调查不同种之间解剖学的不同点,这对种的鉴别和了解它们的分类学意义可能是有用的.有意义的解剖学特征是末端石细胞,表皮细胞的晶簇,毛状体,在中脉和叶柄的薄壁组织内的短石细胞以及中脉和叶柄横切面的形状.有某些特征仅出现在某些种中,这对种的鉴别是有用的.结果亦显示这三个属的联系十分紧密.     

福建薹草(莎草科)的考证

在整理和鉴定浙闽薹草属Carex植物的过程中,发现福建薹草Cares fokienensis Dunn较早发表但并未被注意。通过文献查阅、模式标本研究和野外观察,认为闽清薹草C.minqingensis Z．P.Wang、九仙山薹草C jiuxiangshanensis L.K．Dai＆Y.Z．Huang、苍绿薹草C.pallideviridis K．L．Chv（裸名）在果囊和雌花鳞片等鉴别性特征上与福建薹草并没有区别,应该处理为福建薹草的异名。     

中国PROTYNDARICHOIDES属(膜翅目,跳小蜂科)分类研究

研究了中国跳小蜂科Protyndarichoides属;详细描述了新种Protyndarichoides longicornis sp.nov.,给出了Protyndarichoides indicus Singh and Agarwal和Protyndarichoides aligarhensis(Fatma and Shafee)(中国新纪录种)的鉴别特征,并提供了各个种类的特征照片或绘图.编制了Protyndarichoides属的分种检索表.模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆.     

从东南亚进口水果截获桔小实蝇复合种五近缘种的鉴别(双翅目:实蝇科)

介绍了近年从进口东南亚水果中经常截获的、最具经济重要性的桔小实蝇复合种5个近缘种:杨桃实蝇B.carambolae、桔小实蝇B.dorsalis、芒果实蝇B.occipitalis、木瓜实蝇B.papayae及菲律宾实蝇B.philippinensis,分别记述了翅、胸、足、腹及雌虫产卵器主要鉴别特征,并列出桔小实蝇复合种5近缘种鉴别特征检索表。     

泰山黑瘤衣属地衣的初步研究

通过对泰山岩石生黑瘤衣属（Buellia）地衣的研究,鉴定出4个种,其中中国新记录种2个,即灰盘黑瘤衣（B.atrocinerella）和眼点黑瘤衣（B.ocellata）;已报道种2个,即中央黑瘤衣（B.centralis）和拟黑瘤衣（B.spuria）。文中对该4个种地衣进行了形态学、解剖学以及化学特征描述,并提供了特征照片。     

(鼲)属(啮齿目,仓鼠科)同域分布物种形态学鉴别特征组的筛选

现有的分类系统尚缺乏可用于减少䶄属物种种间鉴定不确定性的形态学鉴别特征。鉴于此,本研究旨在筛选出能够对同域分布的棕背䶄（Myodes rufocanus）, 红背䶄（M. rutilus）和堤岸䶄（M. glareolus）进行可靠鉴定的头骨形态指标和方法。为了达到以上目的,本文一方面筛选出能够用于种间鉴别的头骨和齿列形态特征,另一方面提出可用于鉴别以上三个物种的计算公式。对不同研究者提出来用于鉴别以上三个同域分布物种的35个特征进行筛选。头骨形态测量数据的获取需要花费较长的时间,而且结果变异很大。在本研究中,在分析中剔除15个形态特征,20个相对保守的特征被选择用于分析（包括来自头盖骨、牙齿和头骨其它部位的特征）。在20个特征中,有8个特征被选择出来,并使用Statistica 10 计算出判别公式。这些特征使准确鉴定不同个体各自所属种类成为可能。     

Genetic variation of Kaempferia (Zingiberaceae) in Thailand based on chloroplast DNA (psbA-trnH and petA-psbJ) sequences

Genetic variation and species authentication of 71 Kaempferia accessions (representing 15 recognized, six new, and four unidentified species) found indigenously in Thailand were examined by determining chloroplast psbA-trnH and partial petA-psbJ spacer sequences. Ten closely related species (Boesenbergia rotunda, Gagnepainia godefroyi, G. thoreliana, Globba substrigosa, Smithatris myanmarensis, S. supraneanae, Scaphochlamys biloba, S. minutiflora, S. rubescens, and Stahlianthus sp) were also included. After sequence alignments, 1010 and 865 bp in length were obtained for the respective chloroplast DNA sequences. Intraspecific sequence variation was not observed in Kaempferia candida, K. angustifolia, K. laotica, K. galanga, K. pardi sp nov., K. bambusetorum sp nov., K. albomaculata sp nov., K. minuta sp nov., Kaempferia sp nov. 1, and G. thoreliana, for which more than one specimen was available. In contrast, intraspecific sequence polymorphisms were observed in various populations of K. fallax, K. filifolia, K. elegans, K. pulchra, K. rotunda, K. marginata, K. parviflora, K. larsenii, K. roscoeana, K. siamensis, and G. godefroyi. A strict consensus tree based on combined psbA-trnH and partial petA-psbJ sequences revealed four major groups of Kaempferia species. We suggest that the genus Kaempferia is a polyphyletic group, as K. candida was distantly related and did not group with other Kaempferia species. Polymorphic sites and indels of psbA-trnH and petA-psbJ can be used as DNA barcodes for species diagnosis of most Kaempferia and outgroup species. Nuclear DNA polymorphism should be examined to determine if there has been interspecific hybridization and chloroplast DNA introgression in these taxa.     

海南三七（姜科）的食源性欺骗传粉

有花植物为繁殖成功,进化出各种各样的花部特征来吸引传粉者,如为传粉者提供花蜜、花粉、栖息地等,然而在33科146属的被子植物中也存在着不提供任何报酬而欺骗昆虫为其传粉的现象。这种欺骗性传粉模式主要出现在高度进化的具有多样化传粉模式的兰科植物中。报道了在姜科植物中首次发现的食源性欺骗传粉模式。对姜科山柰属海南三七进行连续2年的传粉生物学观察和研究发现,海南三七的花在早上5:30～6:00之间开放,下午17:00～18:00左右闭合萎蔫,持续大约11～12h。开花过程中花粉活性与柱头可受性均保持较高水平(>90%)。花粉/胚珠比率(P/O)为82.20±47.89(n=20)。木蜂是其主要的访花和传粉昆虫,访花目的是吸取花蜜。海南三七虽有细长线形的蜜腺,但并不分泌花蜜作为传粉昆虫访花的报酬,采用食源性欺骗的方式欺骗木蜂为其传粉。繁育系统的研究表明广西弄化的海南三七居群主要是通过根茎进行无性繁殖。     

Genetic variation and species identification of Thai Boesenbergia (Zingiberaceae) analyzed by chloroplast DNA polymorphism

Genetic variation and molecular phylogeny of 22 taxa representing 14 extant species and 3 unidentified taxa of Boesenbergia in Thailand and four outgroup species (Cornukaempferia aurantiflora, Hedychium biflorum, Kaempferia parviflora, and Scaphochlamys rubescens) were examined by sequencing of 3 chloroplast (cp) DNA regions (matK, psbA-trnH and petA-psbJ). Low interspecific genetic divergence (0.25-1.74%) were observed in these investigated taxa. The 50% majority-rule consensus tree constructed from combined chloroplast DNA sequences allocated Boesenbergia in this study into 3 different groups. Using psbA-1F/psbA-3R primers, an insertion of 491 bp was observed in B. petiolata. Restriction analysis of the amplicon (380-410 bp) from the remaining species with Rsa I further differentiated Boesenbergia to 2 groupings; I (B. basispicata, B. longiflora, B. longipes, B. plicata, B.pulcherrima, B. tenuispicata, B. thorelii, B. xiphostachya, Boesenbergia sp.1 and Boesenbergia sp.3; phylogenetic clade A) that possesses a Rsa I restriction site and II (B.curtisii, B. regalis, B. rotunda and Boesenbergia sp.2; phylogenetic clade B and B. siamensis; phylogenetic clade C) that lacks a restriction site of Rsa I. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and indels found can be unambiguously applied to authenticate specie-origin of all investigated samples and revealed that Boesenbergia sp.1, Boesenbergia sp.2 and B. pulcherrima (Mahidol University, Kanchanaburi), B. cf. pulcherrima1 (Prachuap Khiri Khan) and B. cf. pulcherrima2 (Thong Pha Phum, Kanchanaburi) are B. plicata, B. rotunda and B. pulcherrima, respectively. In addition, molecular data also suggested that Boesenbergia sp.3 should be further differentiated from B. longiflora and regarded as a newly unidentified Boesenbergia species.     

苞叶姜大小孢子发生和雌雄配子体发育

对苞叶姜(Pyrgophyllum yunnanense)大小孢子发生和雌雄配子体发育进行了显微观察, 研究结果表明: 苞叶姜花药2室, 药壁发育属基本型, 绒毡层为分泌型。小孢子母细胞经减数分裂形成左右对称型四分体, 胞质分裂为连续型, 成熟花粉粒为2-细胞型; 子房下位, 3室, 胚珠多数, 倒生, 具双珠被、厚珠心, 中轴胎座。大孢子母细胞经减数分裂形成线型(或T形)四分体, 珠孔端3个大孢子退化, 合点端的1个发育成功能大孢子, 胚囊发育为蓼型。比较苞叶姜、黄花大苞姜(Caulokaempferia coenobialis)和海南三七(Kaempferia rotunda)的早期胚胎学特征, 表明苞叶姜与黄花大苞姜系统学关系较近, 与海南三七系统学关系较远。在分类等级上, 胚胎学证据支持苞叶姜独立成属。     

苞叶姜大小孢子发生和雌雄配子体发育

对苞叶姜（Pyrgophyllum yunnanense）大小孢子发生和雌雄配子体发育进行了显微观察,研究结果表明：苞叶姜花药2室,药壁发育属基本型,绒毡层为分泌型。小孢子母细胞经减数分裂形成左右对称型四分体,胞质分裂为连续型,成熟花粉粒为2-细胞型;子房下位,3室,胚珠多数,倒生,具双珠被、厚珠心,中轴胎座。大孢子母细胞经减数分裂形成线型（或T形）四分体,珠孔端3个大孢子退化,合点端的1个发育成功能大孢子,胚囊发育为蓼型。比较苞叶姜、黄花大苞姜（Caulokaempferia coenobialis）和海南三七（Kaem pferia rotunda）的早期胚胎学特征,表明苞叶姜与黄花大苞姜系统学关系较近,与海南三七系统学关系较远。在分类等级上,胚胎学证据支持苞叶姜独立成属。     

Polyoxygenated cyclohexane derivatives and other constituents from Kaempferia rotunda L

Methanol extracts of Kaempferia rotunda L. rhizomes yielded seven compounds including six polyoxygenated cyclohexane derivatives identified as (-)-6-acetylzeylenol (1), four acylated derivatives of 1-benzoyloxymethyl-1,6-epoxycyclohexan-2,3,4,5-tetrol (3-6), a Diels-Alder adduct of 3-benzoyl-1-benzoyloxymethylcyclohexa-4,6-dien-2,3-diol (7), and a triacylated derivative of salicin (9). The cyclohexane diepoxide, crotepoxide (8), was also obtained. Spectroscopic methods were used for structure determination. The methanol extract of the rhizomes of K. rotunda and (-)-2-acetyl-4-benzoyl-1-benzoyloxymethyl-1,6-epoxycyclohexan-2,3,4,5-tetrol (2-acetylrotepoxide B; 6), had antifeedant activity against larvae of Spodoptera littoralis. (-)-Zeylenol (2) also showed antifeedant activity, whereas (-)-6-acetylzeylenol (1) was inactive.     

山东滨海盐碱地11个造林树种叶解剖特征对土壤条件的响应

叶片作为植物与大气环境连接的重要纽带, 对逆境具有强烈的响应。基于叶性状探讨植物对环境的适应机制对盐碱地植物群落构建具有指导意义。该研究以山东省滨海盐碱地3种不同土壤条件下的11个造林树种为对象, 通过对各树种叶解剖性状的测定分析, 阐明叶片功能性状与盐碱地土壤环境的关系, 以期为盐碱地植被修复与群落构建提供科学依据。主要研究结果: (1) 11个树种的叶片厚度较大, 栅栏组织发达, 紧密排列在叶肉近轴面, 呈3-5层。各树种叶片的栅栏组织与海绵组织厚度比值(PT/ST)普遍较高但差异较大, 可指示叶解剖特征在树种间的差异性。(2)不同树种的叶解剖结构在立地环境间具有显著差异, PT/ST可作为指示指标。(3)相关分析和冗余分析表明, 树种叶片解剖结构与立地土壤条件具有密切联系。PT/ST与土壤理化性质相关程度高, 且与土壤pH以及土壤电导率(25 ℃)均呈显著正相关关系, 与土壤硝态氮含量呈显著负相关关系。叶片特征和叶脉特征可解释叶性状随环境变异约84%的信息量。综上所述,叶解剖结构与盐碱地土壤条件存在密切关系, 基于叶解剖特征可进一步分析树种对盐碱环境的适应性, 并为盐碱地植物群落构建的树种选择提供科学依据。     

Strategies of leaf water uptake based on anatomical traits

• The ability of leaves to absorb fog water can positively contribute to the water and carbon balance of plants in montane ecosystems, especially in periods of soil water deficit. However, the ecophysiological traits and mechanisms responsible for variations in the speed and total water absorption capacity of leaves are still poorly known.
• This study investigated leaf anatomical attributes of seven species occurring in seasonal tropical high‐altitude ecosystems (rocky outcrop and forest), which could explain differences in leaf water uptake (LWU) capacities. We tested the hypothesis that different sets of anatomical leaf attributes will be more marked in plant individuals living under these contrasting environmental conditions. Anatomical variations will affect the initial rate of water absorption and the total storage capacity, resulting in different strategies for using the water supplied by fog events.
• Water absorption by leaves was inferred indirectly, based on leaf anatomical structure and visual observation of the main access routes (using an apoplastic marker), the diffusion of water through the cuticle, and non‐glandular or glandular trichomes in all species.
• The results suggest that three LWU strategies coexist in the species studied. The different anatomical patterns influenced the speed and maximum LWU capacity. The three LWU strategies can provide different adaptive advantages to adjust to temporal and spatial variations of water availability in these tropical high‐altitude environments.

     

Classification of Kobresia fragilis C. B. Clarke (Cyperaceae) and related taxa

The classification of Kobresia fragilis C. B. Clarke and related taxa were studied based on gross morphology and nutlet epidermal micromorphology. About 13 names have been involved in the species group. They could not be clearly defined using the morphological characters employed by previous authors. Thus, more than 200 sheets of 89 specimens of related taxa were studied thoroughly, and the taxonomic significance of morpbological characters was re-evaluated. In order to further understand the classification of K. fragilis and its allies, micromorphology of nutlet epidermis of these taxa was observed under scanning electron microscope. Based on the results, K. curvata C. B. Clarke and K. fragilis were recognized. Other names were treated as synonymies of K. fragilis. K. clarkeana (Kükenthal) Kükenthal, K. clarkeana var. megalantha Kükenthal and K. curticeps (C. B. Clarke) Kükenthal var. gyirongensis Y. C. Yang were reduced to new synonymies of K. fragilis. K. curvata was distinct from K. fragilis on both morphological and micromorphological basis. One specimen of K. fragilis collected from Luqu, Gansu, China, represents anew distribution record of this species in Gansu.     

Anatomy of the Muhlenbergia Montana complex (Poaceae)

Leaf anatomical data from 13 taxa of the Muhlenbergia montana complex were surveyed, and 18 critical characters were found. Results obtained from the phenetic analysis of anatomical data have given independent data to compare with the morphological, phytogeographical, and flavonoid data (previously reported) in determining the relationships of the species. An anatomical dendogram illustrates a close corroboration. Leaf anatomy clearly supports the recognition of a close relationship among the two taxa — M. virescens and M. quadridentata—as has been suggested in previous reports. Therefore, a change of level is suggested in which M. quadridentata (H.B.K.) Kunth is proposed here as M. virescens (H.B.K.) Kunth ssp. quadridentata (H.B.K.) Herrera (comb. nov.).