香港大榄郊野公园的植物组成与植被数量分类

通过对香港大榄郊野公园森林群落的样地调查,利用组平均法和除趋势对应分析两种方法,对样方进行聚类与排序分析。把35个样地划分为11个植被类型,森林群落可划分为台湾相思（Acacia confusa Merr．）林、红胶木（Lophostemon confertus（R．Br．）PeterG．Wilson ex J．T．Waterh．）林、木荷（Schima superba Gardner ex Champ．）林、柠檬桉（Eucalyptus citriodora Hook．）林、湿地松＋鸭脚木（Pinus elliottii Engelm．＋Schefflera octophylla（Lour．）Harms．）林、土沉香（Aquilaria sinensis（Lour．）Spreng．）林、毛叶桉（Eucalyptus torelliana F．Muell．）林;灌木群落分为山油柑＋越南叶下珠（Acronychia pedunculata（L．）Miq．＋Phyllanthus cochmchinensis（Lour．）Spreng．）矮树灌丛、豺皮樟＋桃金娘（Litsea rotoundifolia（Nees）Hemsl．var．oblongifolia（Nees）C．K．Allen＋Rhodomyrtus tomentosa（Alton）Hassk．）矮树灌丛、大头茶（Gordonia axillaris（Roxb．ex Ker Gawl．）D．Dietr．）矮树灌丛、桃金娘＋芒萁（Rhodomyrtus tomentosa （Alton）Hassk．＋Dicranopteris dichotoma（Thunb．）Bernh．）灌草丛。DCA排序结果反映海拔高度与各个森林群落的分布格局和物种组成关系不大,而环境湿度是影响森林群落物种组成的主要因素。多样性分析结果显示,台湾相思林和土沉香林多样性指数最高,说明台湾相思林逐渐向次生林演变,除了红胶木林和少数郁闭度低的台湾相思林中有强阳生性树种外,大部分人工林下植物以阳生性稍耐阴的树种为主。调查结果显示,大榄郊野公园植物生长条件东部优于西部,西部的物种丰富度和多样性指数较低,主要以人工林和灌丛为主,加上山火频繁发生,导致长期处于先锋阶段。     

广西中部7种典型灌丛群落的物种多样性特征

为揭示广西中部典型灌丛群落的结构和物种多样性特征,运用样方法调查分析了广西中部7种典型灌丛群落的物种、区系组成、生活型谱和物种多样性指数。结果表明,7个群落中共有85种灌木,隶属37科68属,以大戟科(Euphorbiaceae)和豆科(Leguminosae)为主,分别有10种和9种,占灌木种数的11.76%和10.59%;还有74种草本植物,隶属35科61属,以禾本科(Gramineae)和菊科(Asteraceae)为主,分别有13种和11种,占草本物种数的17.57%和14.87%。龙须藤(Bauhinia championii)群落的物种丰富度指数(S)、Simpson优势度指数(D)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)和Pielou均匀度指数(J)均最高,而光荚含羞草(Mimosa sepiaria)、老虎刺(Pterolobium punctatum)、桃金娘(Rhodomyrtus tomentosa)群落的相对较低。由于研究区域地处中亚热带南缘,灌丛群落的区系组成以泛热带分布最多,占43.94%,生活型以高位芽植物为主,占37.50%。因此,广西中部灌丛群落的区系组成和生活型谱的热带性质强于温带性质,且接近于南亚热带植被的组成特征。     

基于天然更新性能筛选海南岛木麻黄海防林混交树种

基于对海南木麻黄(Casuarina equisetifolia L.)海防林天然更新情况的实地调查,采用更新数量、更新分布范围和更新结构3项单目标评价方法和熵权综合评价方法,对不同树种在木麻黄林下的天然更新性能进行评价和排序,据此筛选出适宜在木麻黄林下天然更新的树种。结果显示,更新能力较强的树种有:乔木树种潺槁木姜子(Litsea glutinosa(Lour.)C.B.Rob.)、大叶相思(Acacia auriculiformis A.Cunn.ex Benth)、苦楝(Melia azedarace L.)和鹊肾树(Streblus asper Lour.);小乔木鸦胆子(Brucea javanica(Linn.)Merr.)、露兜树(Pandanus tectorius Sol.)和暗罗(Polyalthia suberosa(Roxb.)Thw.);灌木酒饼簕(Atalantia buxifolia(Poir.)Oliv.)、调料九里香(Murraya koenigii(L.)Spreng.)、刺篱木(Flacourtia indica(Burm.F.)Merr.)和基及树(Carmona microphylla(lam.)G.Don)。具有一定更新潜力的树种有:乔木树种榄仁树(Terminalia catappa L.)、红厚壳(Calophyllum inophyllum L.)等;小乔木粗糠柴(Mallotus philippensis(Lam.)Muell.Arg.)、八脉臭黄荆(Premna octonervia Merr.et Metc.)等;灌木苦郎树(Clerodendrum inerme(L.)Gaertn.)、九节(Psychotria rubra(Lour.)Poir.)等。小乔木和灌木是海防林的伴生树种,适当保留和种植可提高木麻黄林的物种多样性和层次结构。选用天然更新良好的树种与木麻黄混交,最终可实现海防林由人工林向“近自然”林的转化。     

浙江省厚叶石斑木天然群落特征分析

对浙江省9个厚叶石斑木〔Rhaphiolepis umbellata(Thunb.)Makino〕天然群落的物种组成、表型性状、物种多样性和群落相似性进行了调查分析。结果表明:浙江省厚叶石斑木天然群落的物种数量相对较少,共有维管植物39科58属63种;生活型以常绿木本为主,1年生和2年生草本所占比例最小;优势科包括山茶科(Theaceae)、禾本科(Gramineae)、百合科(Liliaceae)、菊科(Compositae)和蔷薇科(Rosaceae),优势属包括柃木属(Eurya Thunb.)、芒属(Miscanthus Anderss.)、石斑木属(Rhaphiolepis Lindl.)、山菅属(Dianella Lam.)和海桐花属(Pittosporum Banks)。根据灌木层优势种的重要值,9个厚叶石斑木天然群落可分为8个类型:滨柃〔Eurya emarginata(Thunb.)Makino〕灌丛、厚叶石斑木+檵木〔Loropetalum chinense(R.Br.)Oliv.〕灌丛、厚叶石斑木+海桐〔Pittosporum tobira(Thunb.)Ait.〕灌丛、滨柃+赤楠(Syzygium buxifolium Hook.et Arn.)灌丛、厚叶石斑木灌丛、厚叶石斑木+大叶胡颓子(Elaeagnus macrophylla Thunb.)灌丛、海桐灌丛和厚叶石斑木+滨柃灌丛。9个群落中,厚叶石斑木的叶片、果实和种子等表型性状变异丰富,叶长、叶宽、叶片长宽比、单果鲜质量和种子鲜质量分别为3.58~5.70 cm、1.38~3.01 cm、2.11~2.43、0.19~0.60 g和0.09~0.30 g,变异系数的均值分别为12.7%、17.5%、12.4%、24.4%和31.8%;灌木层和草本层的物种丰富度、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数最高的群落分别是位于普陀区元山岛的群落Ⅲ和位于玉环县大鹿岛的群落Ⅶ。在各群落中,灌木层的物种丰富度和Shannon-Wiener指数总体上大于草本层,Simpson指数无明显规律性,草本层的Pielou均匀度指数大于灌木层。不同群落间植物种类变化明显,9个群落的相似性系数为0.160~0.625。研究结果表明:浙江省厚叶石斑木天然群落遗传多样性丰富。     

海南猕猴岭自然保护区海南锥+黄牛木群落特征研究

采用样地调查法,对海南猕猴岭自然保护区海南锥+黄牛木(Castanopsis hainanensis Merr.+Cratoxylum cochinchinense (Lour.) Blume)群落的植物区系组成、结构特征和物种多样性进行研究。结果显示:(1)在2500 m~2样地中,有维管束植物39科73属85种;种子植物区系以热带性质为主。(2)生活型以高位芽为主,占94.12%;叶级以中型叶为主,占71.76%。(3)优势种群处于增长阶段;群落物种频度等级分布为A CB E D。(4)群落物种丰富度指数为9.85,均匀度指数为0.74,Simpson指数为0.95,Shannon-Wiener指数为3.29;优势种群的优势地位明显,但幼苗更新不足,群落均匀度和多样性指数较低,应加强就地保护力度。     

城市化过程中森林meta种群结构及动态分析

采用样地每木调查法,通过丰富度、均匀度、多样性、层次结构复杂性和直径结构复杂性等指数进行分析比较,研究了快速城市化过程中深圳市不同立地等级黄牛木meta种群结构。结果表明：黄牛木群落以黄牛木[Cratoxylum cochinchinense（Lour．）Blume]和豹皮樟[Litsearotundifolia var．oblongifolia（Nees）Allen]两物种紧密组合为基本特征,立地等级越高,物种竞争力越强。立地条件好的黄牛木群落物种丰富度、均匀度和多样性比立地条件差的分别高1．58～1．85倍、0．67～0．87倍和1．34～1．60倍,说明缀块生境变差将导致群落层次结构趋于简单,群落不稳定。受城市化影响,黄牛木meta种群在台湾相思（Acacia confusa Merr．）群落和梅叶冬青[Hex asprella（Hook．et Arn．）Champ．ex Benth．]群落中明显占据优势种地位,群落有逆向演变趋势。今后应着力保护群落上层乔木层物种,改善群落缀块生境。     

黔西北地区不同杜鹃灌丛群落特征和物种多样性

为探明黔西北地区不同杜鹃灌丛群落特征和物种多样性变化，本研究以5个不同的杜鹃群落为研究对象，分析了物种组成、重要值和多样性指数。结果表明，5个群落共有33种植物，属16科23属，灌木层和草本层分别有27种和6种；优势种和共优势种植物分别为小果珍珠花、小果珍珠花+露珠杜鹃、小果珍珠花+露珠杜鹃、露珠杜鹃、露珠杜鹃+黄山杜鹃。5个杜鹃灌丛群落灌木层的α多样性指数差异明显，灌木层的Margalef丰富度指数、Simpson多样性指数均表现为露珠杜鹃+黄山杜鹃灌丛群落(V)最大，小果珍珠花灌丛群落(I)最小；Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均表现为小果珍珠花+露珠杜鹃灌丛群落(II)最大，小果珍珠花灌丛群落(I)最小。露珠杜鹃+黄山杜鹃灌丛群落(V)有进一步演替为亚热带常绿阔叶林的趋势。杜鹃属植物覆盖度大的临近群落的Whittaker指数、Jaccard指数和Sorenson指数值均较覆盖度小的临近群落大。     

渤海无居民海岛主要植被类型群落特征

渤海无居民海岛众多,为进一步了解渤海无居民海岛植物群落特征,选取渤海近岸9个面积大小不一的无居民海岛作为研究对象。采用样方法进行调查,对群落内的物种组成、物种数、物种高度、胸径等开展调查。共鉴定出140种维管植物,隶属于38科98属,群落物种组成主要有菊科、禾本科、豆科等。通过对66个样地的样方数据分析,量化描述了渤海9个无居民海岛的主要植物群落特征。结果表明,这一地区原生森林植被已被刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)林、黑松(Pinus thunbergii)林、大果榆(Ulmus macrocarpa)林、臭椿(Ailanthus altissima)林组成的次生植被替代。温性落叶灌丛是该区具有代表性的植被类型,代表性群系有酸枣(Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa)灌丛、杠柳(Periploca sepium)灌丛、一叶萩(Flueggea suffruticosa)灌丛、南蛇藤(Celastrus orbiculatus)灌丛等。草本植物群系有艾(Artemisia argyi)草丛、盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)草丛、茵陈蒿(Artem...     

桃金娘叶的化学成分研究

为了解桃金娘[Rhodomyrtus tomentosa(Ait.) Hassk.]的化学成分,从其叶的醇提物中分离得到10个化合物,经波谱分析分别鉴定为羽扇豆醇(1)、杨梅素-3-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷(2)、rhodomyrtone (3)、4,8,9,10-四羟基-2,3,7-三甲氧基蒽醌-6-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(4)、豆甾醇(5)、山奈酚-3-O-α-L-呋喃阿拉伯糖苷(6)、杨梅素(7)、23-羟基委陵菜酸(8)、2α,3β,19α,23-四羟基乌苏-12-烯-28-酸28-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(9)和laricitrin (10)。其中化合物5~10均为首次从桃金娘中分离得到。化合物3对金黄色葡萄球菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌表现出显著的抗菌活性(MIC=0.78μg mL–1)。     

海南岛霸王岭两种典型热带季雨林群落特征

热带季雨林为海南岛的隐域性植被类型,分布在与热带低地雨林相似的海拔范围但生境条件较差的局部地段,在旱季其大部分的乔木种类和个体都会落叶.海南岛霸王岭林区分布着海南岛最为典型且大都保存较为完好的热带季雨林原始林,按照其优势树种可划分为海南榄仁(Terminalia hainanensis)季雨林和枫香(Liquidambar formosana)季雨林两种群落类型.通过对霸王岭林区两种典型的热带季雨林老龄林群落的样地调查,比较分析了其物种组成、大小结构、多样性、季相变化等特征.结果表明:海南岛热带季雨林群落中物种优势度明显,具有明显的标志种--海南榄仁和枫香.海南榄仁群落具有较高的灌木物种丰富度、个体多度及较低的乔木物种丰富度、个体多度和多样性;海南榄仁群落在小径级和低高度级中具有较高的植物个体多度,同时在低高度级中具有较低的物种丰富度,但其它径级和高度级两个群落物种丰富度及个体多度差异均不显著;除灌木落叶物种丰富度海南榄仁群落显著高于枫香群落外,其余各生长型落叶物种丰富度及个体多度两个群落之间均无显著差异;在具刺木质藤本物种丰富度和个体多度上海南榄仁群落与枫香群落差异不显著,但乔木、灌木和木本植物具刺物种丰富度及个体多度海南榄仁群落均显著高于枫香群落.总体来看,海南榄仁群落比枫香群落的季雨林特征明显,是海南岛最为典型的季雨林群落类型.     

山西五台山蓝花棘豆群落的数量分类和排序

应用双向指示种分析法(TWINSPAN)和除趋势对应分析法(DCA)对山西五台山蓝花棘豆群落[Oxytropis coerulea (Pall.) DC.]进行了分类和排序.TWINSPAN分类结果将26个样方划分为8个群丛,即,蓝花棘豆 披针叶苔草 垂穗鹅观草群丛、蓝花棘豆 披针叶苔草群丛、蓝花棘豆 披针叶苔草 地榆群丛、蓝花棘豆群丛、蓝花棘豆 披针叶苔草 莓叶委陵菜群丛、蓝花棘豆 无芒雀麦群丛、蓝花棘豆 地榆群丛、蓝花棘豆 山蒿群丛,并分别对每个群丛生境进行了论述. DCA二维排序图较好地验证了TWINSPAN的分类结果,其纵、横坐标均反映了群丛所在环境的海拔等生态因子的梯度变化.种的DCA排序结果表明,群落中的建群种对海拔等生态因子有明显的指示作用,随海拔升高群落中的建群种由喜温耐旱植物演变为喜湿耐寒植物.     

Reproductive ecology of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Myrtaceae)

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Ait.) Hassk. is widely distributed in tropical Asia and is an invasive species in Florida, USA. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the reproductive ecology of the species in order to provide information that may be useful in elucidating factors contributing to its invasiveness. The research was carried out at Heshan Hilly Land Integrated Experimental Station, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong Province, China in 2003 and 2004. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa flowers in March or April and the flowering period lasts for about 3 months. Flowers open early in the morning and last 2–3 days. The pollen remain viable for about 12  h and the stigma is only receptive on the blooming day. The breeding system is a mixed mating system (outcrossing and geitonogamy). The species is bee-pollinated with pollen as the floral reward. Almost all pollinators appeared before 12  am. Amegilla florea (Smith) Brooks and Xylocopa nasalis Westwood are the primary pollinators for the species. The results indicate that the reproductive features of R. tomentosa – with the mixed mating system and common generalist pollinators – are not limiting factors when colonization occurs in a new environment.     

湖南植物志资料（一）木兰科、八角科、五味子科、樟科、水马齿科补遗

本文报道了湖南植物新记录共计１１种,隶属于５科１０属．归并樟科植物３种２变种：将石木姜子ＬｉｔｓｅａｆａｂｅｒｉＨｅｍｓｌ．和近轮叶木姜子Ｌ．ｓｕｂｖｅｒｔｉｃｉｌｌａｔａＹａｎｇ归入黄丹木姜子Ｌ．ｅｌｏｎｇａｔａ（Ｗａｌｌ．ｅｘＮｅｅｓ）Ｂｅｎｔｈ．ｅｔＨｏｏｋ．ｆ．,将长梗绒楠ＭａｃｈｉｌｕｓｖｅｌｕｔｉｎａＣｈａｍｐ．ｅｘＢｅｎｔｈ．ｖａｒ．ｌｉｎｇｉｐｅｄｕｎｃｕｌａｔａＣ．Ｊ．Ｑｉ归入绒毛润楠Ｍ．ｖｅｌｕｔｉｎａＣｈａｍｐ．ｅｘＢｅｎｔｈ．,将短梗新木姜子ＮｅｏｌｉｔｓｅａｂｒｅｖｉｐｅｓＨ．Ｗ．Ｌｉ归入美丽新木姜子Ｎ．ｐｕｌｃｈｅｌｌａ（Ｍｅｉｓｓｎ）Ｍｅｒｒ．,将紫云山新木姜子Ｎ．ｗｕｓｈａｎｉｃａ（Ｃｈｕｎ）Ｍｅｒｒ．ｖａｒ．ｐｕｂｅｎｓＹａｎｇｅｔＰ．Ｈ．Ｈｕａｎｇ归入巫山新木姜子Ｎ．ｗｕｓｈａｎｉｃａ（Ｃｈｕｎ）Ｍｅｒｒ．．     

Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.) Schltr., Eleutherine americana Merr. and Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. as antibiofilm producing and antiquorum sensing in Streptococcus pyogenes

Biofilm formation has been demonstrated as a potentially important mechanism contributing to antibiotic treatment failure on Streptococcus pyogenes. It could play a significant role in recurrent and chronic infections. Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.) Schltr., Eleutherine americana Merr. and Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. have been previously reported from our laboratory as effective agents against S. pyogenes. Therefore, in the present study, we observed the effect of these plants on biofilm formation. The bacterial biofilms were quantified by safranin staining and absorbance at 492 nm. The results clearly demonstrated that all subinhibitory concentrations [1/32-1/2 minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)] of E. americana (7.81-125 microg mL(-1)) and R. tomentosa (0.24-7.81 microg mL(-1)) extracts significantly prevented biofilm formation while 1/2MIC (7.81 microg mL(-1)) of B. pandurata extract produced this effect. The issue of antiquorum sensing of this pathogenic bacterium has been further explored. A correlation between antiquorum-sensing and antibiofilm-producing activities was demonstrated. Strong inhibition on quorum sensing was displayed with the extract of R. tomentosa. Eleutherine americana extract showed partial inhibition, while B. pandurata did not show this activity. By contrast, an assay of microbial adhesion to hydrocarbon revealed no changes in the cell-surface hydrophobicity of the treated organisms. Active organisms with the ability to inhibit quorum sensing and biofilm formation are worth studying as they may provide complimentary medicine for biofilm-associated infections.     

元谋干热河谷不同人工林中鞘翅目甲虫多样性比较

在元谋干热河谷采用网扫法调查了云南松林、桉树林、新银合欢林、桉树＋新银合欢林、印楝林及多树种混交的人工林鞘翅目昆虫多样性。结果表明,鞘翅目甲虫标本925号,计71种,分属18个科,其中叶甲科种类最丰富,象甲科数量最丰富。人工林鞘翅目昆虫群落物种丰富度在7～23,Shannon—Wiener多样性指数在1．249～2．562,昆虫多样性总体较低。各样地鞘翅目群落之间为不相似水平。云南松林鞘翅目昆虫群落物种丰富度、Shannon—Wiener指数、Simpson指数及Pielou指数分别为20、2．562、0．104和0．855,其多样性最高,多树种混交林较高,印楝林较低,而桉树林、新银合欢林、桉树＋新银合欢林多样性极低。多树种混交的恢复对昆虫多样性提高有显著促进作用。     

Notes and lectotypification of names based on Brazilian collections of Prince Maximilian of Wied

In the course of reconstructing the Brazilian herbarium of Prince Maximilian of Wied, several species were found in the literature which need either correction or clarification. Problems include priority considerations, authority of species names, conflicting typifications and other errors. This paper reports 12 currently accepted species collected by Prince Maximilian in Brazil, commenting on their taxonomic status and nomenclature. Included are type specimens of Andromeda ambigua Schrad. (lecto and isolectotypes; = Agarista revoluta (Spreng.) Hook. f. ex Nied.), Andromeda crassifolia Nees (lecto and isolectotypes; = Agarista revoluta), Aphelandra marginata Nees & Mart. (lecto and isolectotypes), Aphelandra maximiliana (Nees) Benth. (lecto and isolectotypes), Ceiba ventricosa (Nees & Mart.) Ravenna (lectotype), Cinnamodendron axillare (Nees) Endl. ex Walp. (lecto and isolectotypes), Croton gnaphaloides Schrad. (lecto and isolectotype), C. klaenzei Müll. Arg. (holotype), Geissomeria nitida (Nees & Mart.) Nees & Mart. (lecto and isolectotypes), Nectandra squarrosa Nees var. pyrifolia Nees (lecto and isolectotypes; = Ocotea squarrosa (Nees) Mez), Ocotea squarrosa (lecto and isolectotypes), Pavonia semiserrata (Schrad.) Steud. (lecto and isolectotypes), Stenandrium serpens Nees (lecto and isolectotypes), Zollernia falcata Wied-Neuw. & Nees (lecto and isolectotypes; = Z. glabra (Spreng.) Yakovlev) and Z. splendens Wied-Neuw. & Nees (lectotype; = Z. glabra). Additionally, a new name, Aphelandra verrugensis P. L. R. Moraes, is proposed to replace Synandra amoena Schrad., which is the oldest name of the taxon currently known as Aphelandra ignea Nees.     

Floral Development of Three Maesa Species, with Special Emphasis on the Position of the Genus within Primulales

Floral development of three Maesa Forssk. species, M. argenteaWall., M. japonica(Thunb.) Moritzi ex Zoll. and M. perlarius(Lour.)Merr., was studied with a scanning electron microscope. Thedistinctive floral features of the genus, such as presence oftwo persistent bracteoles, perigynous flowers and many-seededfruits, have been used to discuss the systematic position ofthe genus within Primulales. In addition, the development ofcommon stamen-petal primordia, the number, arrangement and positionof ovules and the shape of the anthers provide evidence in favourof placing Maesa in a separate family, Maesaceae, as suggestedby Anderberg and Ståhl (Canadian Journal of Botany, 73:1699–1730, 1995). Copyright 2000 Annals of Botany Company Primulales, Maesa argentea Wall., Maesa japonica(Thunb.) Moritzi ex Zoll., Maesa perlarius(Lour.) Merr., floral ontogeny, SEM