小麦早衰及其相关生理性状的QTL分析

利用RIL群体及其分子标记遗传图谱,对小麦早衰指标和与早衰相关的6个生理性状进行了QTL定位分析。小麦早衰指标中,检测到2个籽柆饱满度的加性QTL,分别位于3A和3B染色体,可解释表型变异的9.62%和18.30%。生理性状中,共检测到可溶性蛋白含量、SOD活性和POD活性3个性状的5个加性QTL,涉及2A、2B、2D、4A和6B等5条染色体,可解释表型变异的8.1%~49.56%。这些QTL间不存在连锁关系。     

小麦萌发期抗旱和耐盐性状的QTL分析

该研究以‘山农0431×鲁麦21’RIL群体及其父母本为材料,用20%PEG-6000溶液和100 mmol·L-1 NaCl溶液分别模拟干旱和盐环境,对12个小麦萌发期抗旱耐盐相关性状进行测定,结合已构建的分子标记遗传图谱对小麦萌发期抗旱、耐盐的相关性状进行QTL分析,为小麦抗旱、耐盐基因的克隆和分子标记辅助选择提供参考。结果表明:(1)正常、干旱和盐胁迫3种处理下共检测到143个QTL。检测到相对高频QTL(RHF-QTL)29个,平均贡献率范围为4.39%~13.28%,贡献率在10%以上的主效RHF-QTL有10个。(2)检测到胁迫下特异表达的RHF-QTL共17个,正常处理下特异表达的RHF-QTL为8个,稳定表达的RHF-QTL为4个。(3)QTL分析结果表明,7个RHF-QTL形成了3个QTL簇,且分布在2D、4D和5B等3条染色体上,其中:QC1位于2D染色体的wPt-6847~D-1172783区间,包括3个QTL(QRl-2D.2、QSdw-2D.3、QTdw-2D);QC2位于4D染色体短臂的D-2245724~D-1108531区间,包括2个QTL(QSl-4D、QShl-4D);QC3位于5B染色体的D-982263~S-1083095区间,包括2个QTL(QSl-5B.2、QTdw-5B.1)。     

小麦苗期水分利用效率及其相关性状的QTL分析

以小麦DH群体(旱选10号×鲁麦14)为研究材料,采用复合区间作图法,对小麦幼苗在水分胁迫及非胁迫条件下的水分利用效率(WUE)及其相关性状的QTL进行定位,并对比分析QTL的加性效应.两种水分条件下共检测到14个具显著加性效应的QTL,分布在2A、3A、4A、5A、6A、7A、1B、3B、3D染色体上,可解释表型变异的范围在6.36%～19.73%.其中,非胁迫(对照)条件下检测到10个QTL,包括2个单株WUE的QTL,5个地上部WUE的QTL,1个根系WUE的QTL及2个总耗水量的QTL;水分胁迫条件下上述性状各检测到1个QTL.对于同一性状没有检测到在两种水分条件下均位于同一标记区间的QTL,表明不同水分环境条件下同一性状的QTL表达模式是不同的.论文也讨论了可能用于标记辅助选择的QTL及其分子标记.     

水稻光合功能相关性状QTL分析

利用粳稻Kinmaze／籼稻DV85杂交后代单粒传衍生的81个F11家系所组成的重组自交系（Recombinant Inbred Lines,RILs）群体,研究水稻光合功能相关性状的数量性状基因座（QTL）。在水稻抽穗后7d测定叶片全氮含量（TLN）、叶绿素a／b比值（Chl．a：b）和叶绿素含量（Chl）。共检测到6个QTL,各QTL的LOD值为2．66～4．81,贡献率为11．2％-29．6％,其中,在第1、2和11染色体上检测到3个与全氮含量相关的QTL,相应贡献率为17．3％、15．3％、13．7％;在第3和4染色体检测到2个与叶绿素a／b比值相关的QTL,贡献率为13．8％和29．6％;在第1染色体检测到1个与叶绿素含量相关的QTL,贡献率为11．2％。4个QTL为本研究新检测的基因座。有趣的是,控制叶绿素含量的qCC-1位于第1染色体上RFLP标记C122附近,与已报道的NADH-谷氨酸合成酶基因位置一致,而叶绿素合成始于谷氨酸,暗示该基因座与水稻光合功能关系极为密切。然而,对抽穗后30d叶绿素含量进行QTL分析,结果未检测到与其相关的QTL,表明控制叶绿素含量qCC-1效应随水稻叶片的衰老而降低。     

海岛棉(Gossypium barbadense L.)产量和早熟性状QTL定位

对海岛棉产量和早熟性状进行QTL初步定位,为分子标记辅助育种提供依据.利用5200多对SSR引物筛选海岛棉品种新海3号和Giza82间的多态性引物,获得107对.以多态性引物检测新海3号×Giza82的190个F2∶3家系,获得120个多态性位点.利用JoinMap3.0分析软件构建了一个包含22个连锁群,74个标记,标记间平均距离12.06cM,全长893cM,覆盖海岛棉基因组20.12％的分子标记遗传连锁图谱.采用复合区间作图法检测到21个与海岛棉产量性状和早熟性状有关的QTL,其中早熟性状检测到12个QTL,分别位于1、3、5、6、11、17、22共7个连锁群上;产量性状检测到9个QTL,分别位于1、4、5、6、7、16、22共7个连锁群上.研究结果为海岛棉产量性状和早熟性状的分子设计育种提供了有用的信息.     

水稻低温发芽性QTL的分子标记定位

利用1个粳／籼交来源的重组自交系群体,采用纸卷法在15℃低温条件下进行发芽试验,在发芽培养的6～14d中每天观测统计1次发芽率(％)。结合一张含有198个DNA标记的连锁图谱,用复合区间作图法定位水稻低温发芽性QTL。共检测到7个主效应QTL,分别位于水稻1、3、5、6和8号染色体上,单个QTL对性状的贡献率为5％～16％。其中,位于3号染色体标记区间RM148-RM85的qLTG-3-2和位于8号染色体标记区间RM223-RM210的qLTG-8-1对性状的贡献率最大,分别达16％和14％。QTL qLTG-3-2在发芽培养6～10d中表达,其效应由强渐弱,对性状的贡献率由发芽培养6d时的16．4％逐渐降低为发芽11d时的5．1％;而QTL qLTG-8-1则在发芽培养9～14d中起作用,其效应值由小逐渐增大,对性状的贡献率由发芽9d时的8．6％逐渐上升为发芽13～14d的14％。尽管这2个QTL加性效应的大小在低温发芽过程中按一定趋势变化,但加性效应的方向始终是一致的。QTL qLTG-3-2的增效基因来源于亲本特青,而QTL qLTG-8-1的增效基因来自于亲本Lemont。这2个QTL的增效等位基因有望作为分子标记辅助育种的操作对象,用于水稻品种低温发芽性的遗传改良。     

硝酸还原酶和可溶性蛋白对蒙古栎种源生长的影响

研究了硝酸还原酶和可溶性蛋白含量对蒙古栎种源生长的影响。结果表明:蒙古栎在生长性状、硝酸还原酶活性以及可溶性蛋白含量上都存在着显著的差异,绥阳种源含量最高。同时,不同种源的硝酸还原酶活性及可溶性蛋白含量呈现明显的季节变化,以6月份最高,这与蒙古栎在6月份生长较快相符。而且生长性状与所研究的两个理化指标之间存在显著的正相关,即树木生长潜力大的种源、体内硝酸还原酶活性高、蛋白质积累多。本研究为人们预测树木生长状态,提供了一定的理论依据。     

油菜油分、蛋白质和硫苷含量相关性分析及QTL定位

为定位与油分、蛋白质和硫苷含量等品质性状相关的数量性状位点（QTL）,以2个含油量较高的甘蓝型油菜（Brassica napus）品系8908B和R1为研究材料,配置正反交组合。在正反交F2代群体中,含油量和蛋白质含量都存在极显著的负相关,相关系数分别为-0．68和-0．81,含油量和硫苷含量相关性不显著：蛋白质含量和硫苷含量在正交群体中相关性不显著,但在反交群体中存在显著负相关（相关系数r=-0．45）。利用正交F2代群体中的118个单株,构建了包含121个标记的遗传连锁图谱,图谱长1298．7cM,有21个连锁群（LGs）。采用复合区间作图法,在连锁图上定位了2个与含油量有关的QTL,分别位于LG8和LG10,其贡献率分别为4．8％和13．7％,增效基因都来源于R1;定位了2个与蛋白质含量有关的QTL：pr01和pr02,分别位于LG1和LG3,其贡献率分别为15．2％和14．1％,位点pr07由8908B提供增效基因,pro2则由R1提供增效基因：定位了4个与硫苷含量有关的QTL,其中LG20上有2个,LG4和LG8上各1个,它们的贡献率在1．9％-25．4％之间,除LG20上glu7的增效基因来自R1外,其余3个QTL位点均由8908B提供增效基因。     

小麦籽粒品质性状的QTL分析

利用小麦中国春(母本)和兰考大粒(父本)F2群体构建了169个标记的分子遗传图谱,将F2∶3家系分别种植于3个环境中,利用基于完备区间混合模型的单环境作图模型和多环境作图模型对小麦籽粒容重、硬度、蛋白含量和结合水含量性状进行了QTL分析。结果显示:(1)两种作图模型下,检测到容重的6个共同QTL(QTW-6B-6、QTW-7B-6、QTW-7B-9、QTW-5D-2、QTW-6D-1、QTW-6D-4),单环境模型下遗传贡献率为1.99%~6.57%,多环境模型下遗传贡献率为3.66%~20.07%,其中QM TW-7B-9、QM TW-6D-1和QM TW-6D-4在多环境模型中表现为主效QTL。(2)检测到硬度的3个共同QTL(QHD-4A-5、QHD-7A-1和QHD-7B-9),单环境模型下的遗传贡献率为6.00%~6.95%,多环境模型中遗传贡献率为5.43%~9.64%。(3)检测到蛋白含量1个共同QTL(QPR-6D-1),单环境模型下的遗传贡献率为5.39%,多环境模型中遗传贡献率为10.06%,表现为主效QTL。(4)检测到籽粒结合水含量1个共同QTL(QMO-1B-4),单环境模型下的遗传贡献率为39.20%,多环境模型下的遗传贡献率为75.01%,均表现为主效QTL。(5)1B染色体上存在同时控制籽粒容重、硬度、蛋白和结合水含量的QTL,说明1B染色体对小麦品质的影响可能很大。研究表明,小麦容重、硬度、蛋白含量、结合水含量的遗传主要受加性效应控制。该研究初步定位的一些重要QTL可为进一步精细定位、基因挖掘和育种早代品质性状分子标记辅助选择提供依据。     

小麦旗叶长、宽及面积的QTL分析

以小麦品种‘小偃81’和‘西农1376’构建的含236个家系的自交重组系(RIL)群体(F2:7、F2:8代)为研究材料,采用完全随机区组设计,连续2年在陕西杨陵、河南驻马店和山东济南于灌浆期(花后20d)随机取每个株系10株测量旗叶长、宽,并利用172个SSR标记构建了遗传连锁图谱,通过基于完备区间作图法的QTL IciMapping V3.2软件,对控制小麦旗叶长、宽和面积的数量性状位点(QTL)进行了加性效应分析。结果发现:(1)9个旗叶长QTLs位于1A、4A、3B、5D和7D染色体上,单个QTL可解释5.10%~16.44%的表型变异;10个旗叶宽QTLs位于1A、3A、5A、7A、3B和5D染色体上,单个QTL可解释4.63%~14.24%的表型变异;12个旗叶面积QTLs位于1A、4A、3B、2D和5D染色体上,单个QTL可解释4.25%~22.67%的表型变异。(2)控制小麦旗叶长、宽和面积的QTLs存在差异,同一QTL在不同性状中的遗传贡献率也不同。(3)同一性状在同一年份,不同地点和在不同年份,相同地点下检测到的QTLs有的相同,但有的差异明显。(4)有些控制不同性状的QTLs在染色体的同一标记区间,表现一因多效。研究表明:位于1A和5D染色体上的2个加性QTLs都同时控制旗叶长、宽和面积,且前者为主效基因,后者遗传贡献率也较大,可用于标记辅助育种和分子聚合育种。     

不同浓度Hg^2＋对睡莲的毒害影响研究

主要研究了Ｈｇ＾２＋对睡莲的外部形态及叶绿素含量、过氧化物酶活性、硝酸还原酶活性。可溶性蛋白含量等生理指标的影响。结论是：Ｈｇ＾２＋对其外部形态的毒害程度与处理浓度和时间成正相关。１－５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ处理使叶绿素含量、硝酸还原酶活性上升,８－１０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ处理则下降;１－８ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ处理过氧化物酶活性随浓度增加而上升,１０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ处理则下降,但仍高于对照;可溶性蛋白含量随处理浓度增加呈下降趋     

野生和栽培马蹄金抗旱性比较及其抗旱机制初探

 为了鉴别野生和栽培马蹄金（Dichondra repens）的抗旱性,探讨其抗旱适应性的生理机制,对野生和栽培马蹄金进行了土壤水分胁迫处理,系统测定了野生和栽培马蹄金叶片内超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、硝酸还原酶的活性和游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、NO₂^- /NO₃^-含量以及总DNA片断化程度。结果表明野生和栽培马蹄金在抗旱适应性上存在显著差异。随水分胁迫强度的增加,野生马蹄金叶片内抗氧化酶活性及其升高幅度,渗透调节物质的积累量及积累速度均高于栽培马蹄金,而叶片含水量下降的程度、DNA片断化程度低于栽培马蹄金,其中野生和栽培马蹄金叶片内NO₂^- /NO₃^-含量,硝酸还原酶的活性变化差异尤其显著,野生马蹄金叶片内的NO₂^- /NO₃^-含量、硝酸还原酶的活性明显高于栽培马蹄金,二者最大含量分别相差10和2.2倍。研究结果说明了野生马蹄金对干旱环境的适应性强于栽培品种;在干旱逆境下马蹄金叶片内的NO₂^－ /NO₃^－含量的变化在一定程度上可能反映了内源NO的变化,内源NO浓度的高低可能是野生和栽培马蹄金不同抗性的真正原因。     

Quantitative trait loci mapping of dark-induced senescence in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum)

In order to explore the genetics of dark-induced senescence in winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.),a quantitative trait loci(QTL)analysis was carried out in a doubled haploid population developed from a cross between the varieties Hanxuan 10(HX)and Lumai 14(LM).The senescence parameters chlorophyll content(Chl a+b,Chl a,and Chl b),original fluorescence(Fo),maximum fluorescence level(Fm),maximum photochemical efficiency(Fv/Fm),and ratio of variable fluorescence to original fluorescence(Fv/Fo)were evaluated in the second leaf of whole three-leaf seedlings subjected to 7 d of darkness.A total of 43 QTLs were identified that were associated with dark-induced senescence using composite interval mapping.These QTLs were mapped to 20 loci distributed on 11 chromosomes:1B,1D,2A,2B,3B,3D,5D,6A,6B,7A,and 7B.The phenotypic variation explained by each QTL ranged from 7.5% to 19.4%.Eleven loci coincided with two or more of the analyzed parameters.In addition,14 loci co-located or were linked with previously reported QTLs regulating flag leaf senescence,tolerance to high light stress,and grain protein content(Gpc),separately.     

Protein-carbohydrate interaction. A turbidimetric study of the interaction of concanavalin A with amylopectin and glycogen and some of their enzymic and chemical degradation products

1. RNA and protein synthesis was studied during the incubation of excised radish cotyledons in nitrate, conditions that induced nitrate reductase activity in the tissue. 2. Synthesis of total RNA and protein, as measured by the incorporation of radioactive precursor, was significantly stimulated in the presence of nitrate (compared with chloride control), but was decreased in the presence of ammonium nitrate, which induced higher enzyme activity. 3. Synthesis of RNA and protein was required for induction of enzyme activity, as determined by using the inhibitors actinomycin D, puromycin and cycloheximide. 4. On the basis of 5-fluorouracil inhibition, the synthesis of only DNA-like RNA was required for induction, but no differences, either quantitative or qualitative, were observed in DNA-like RNA synthesis in the presence or absence of induction. 5. A 100-fold purification of the nitrate reductase activity showed no increase in nitrate reductase protein, nor any increased incorporation of radioactive precursor into nitrate reductase protein in the induced versus the control system. Such results suggested that the protein synthesis required for induction may be for a protein other than nitrate reductase.     

Localization of new, microdissection- generated, anonymous markers and of the genes Pcsk1, Dhfr, Ndub13, and Ccnb1 to rat chromosome region 2q1

The centromeric region of rat chromosome 2 (2q1) harbors unidentified quantitative trait loci of genes that control tumor growth or development. To improve the mapping of this chromosome region, we microdissected it and generated 10 new microsatellite markers, which we included in the linkage map and/or radiation hybrid map of 2q1, together with other known markers, including four genes: Pcsk1 (protein convertase 1), Dhfr (dihydrofolate reductase), Ndub13 (NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit b13), and Ccnb1 (cyclin B1). To generate anchor points between the different maps, the gene Ndub13 and the microsatellite markers D2Ulb25 and D2Mit1 were also localized cytogenetically. The radiation map generated in region 2q1 extends its centromeric end of about 150 cR.     

Effects of different LED sources on the growth and nitrogen metabolism of lettuce

Using a light-emitting diode (LED) as the light source, the effects of eight different light treatments [white light (control, W), purple light (P), blue light (B), red light (R), green light (G), yellow light (Y), red–blue light in a 9:1 ratio (9R/1B), and red–blue light in a 4:1 ratio (4R/1B)] on the growth, quality and nitrogen metabolism of lettuce were studied. The results showed that compared with the white light, the purple light, blue light, red light, and the red-blue light combination could all increase the biomass of the aboveground part of lettuce to various degrees, while green light and yellow light inhibited lettuce growth. Under blue light, the contents of soluble protein and flavonoid in lettuce were the highest; under red light, the soluble sugar content was the highest, while the contents of soluble protein, free amino acids, and vitamin C (VC) were relatively higher under the 4R/1B light condition. Compared with white light, the sources of purple, blue, and red lights as well as the red–blue light combination all significantly reduced nitrate accumulation in lettuce, and the activities of the nitrogen (N) metabolism-related enzymes such as nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase, and glutamate dehydrogenase were increased to varying degrees. In contrast, the contents of nitrate and ammonium N were significantly accumulated in lettuce under green light, and the activities of relative enzymes were significantly reduced. Therefore, the purple light, blue light, and red–blue combination light sources could promote N assimilation and improve the aboveground biomass accumulation in lettuce by improving the activity of the N metabolism-related enzymes in lettuce. Particularly under the 4R/1B light source, the biomass, soluble protein, VC, and total amino acid content were rather high in lettuce, which indicated that the 4R/1B light source could better effectively improve the nutritional quality and promote the growth of lettuce, while yellow light and green light are not suitable to serve as direct sources in a plant factory. These results provide a certain theoretical basis for the regulation of the light environment in cultivation facilities.     

Loci controlling nitrate reductase activity in maize: ultraviolet‐B signaling in aerial tissues increases nitrate reductase activity in leaf and root when responsive alleles are present

Environmental factors, such as ultraviolet‐B (UV‐B) irradiation, have the ability to affect pathways such as nitrogen metabolism. As fixed nitrogen is the keystone mineral nutrient that controls grain crop yield, any alteration in this cycle can be detrimental to plant productivity. Nitrate reductase enzyme activity is responsible for the reduction of nitrate to nitrite, and nitrate is the major form of nitrogen assimilated in plants. In maize (Zea mays L.) production, nitrate assimilation kinetics are important for both high‐ and low‐input agricultural systems. Nitrate reductase protein activity is controlled by phosphatases and kinases. Nitrate reductase activity is responsive to environmental signals such as light–dark cycles and UV‐B radiation, although the regulatory controls are not yet fully understood. We have determined the location of maize genetic factors that control nitrate reductase activity and the extent of contribution of each of these factors, both locally in the leaf tissue and via long‐distance signaling loci that affect root nitrate reductase activity upon leaf UV irradiation. In the IBM94 recombinant inbred mapping population, the loci controlling regulation of nitrate reductase activity under UV‐B map to different positions than the loci controlling nitrate reductase activity in unexposed plants.     

丛枝菌根真菌对牡丹生长及相关生理指标的影响

以采自山东省菏泽牡丹园的牡丹'凤丹'种子为试材,采用盆栽的方法研究了接种丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌Glomus mosseae、Glomus versiforme和Glomus intraradices对牡丹幼苗生长及生理生化特性的影响.结果表明:(1)不同AM真菌的侵染率不同,并以G.mosseae的侵染率最高,为48.3%;(2)AM真菌能够促进牡丹幼苗生长,接种G.mosseae的植株干重比对照显著提高了69.5%;(3)AM真菌能够提高牡丹的叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、矿质元素(N、P、K)含量和硝酸还原酶活性,并对可溶性蛋白含量和硝酸还原酶活性的影响达显著水平.(4)植株总干重与菌根侵染率、硝酸还原酶活性、叶绿素含量呈极显著正相关,与可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量呈显著正相关.研究发现,G.mosseae是最适宜牡丹接种的优良菌种.     

Involvement of a low-molecular-weight substance in in vitro activation of the molybdoenzyme respiratory nitrate reductase from a chlB mutant of Escherichia coli.

The soluble subcellular fraction of a chlB mutant contains an inactive precursor form of the molybdoenzyme nitrate reductase, which can be activated by the addition to the soluble fraction of protein FA, which is thought to be the active product of the chlB locus. Dialysis or desalting of the chlB soluble fraction leads to the loss of nitrate reductase activation, indicating that some low-molecular-weight material is required for the activation. The protein FA-dependent activation of nitrate reductase can be restored to the desalted chlB soluble fraction by the addition of a clarified extract obtained after heating the chlB soluble fraction at 100 degrees C for 8 min. The heat-stable substance present in this preparation has a molecular weight of approximately 1,000. This substance is distinct from the active molybdenum cofactor since its activity is unimpaired in heat-treated extracts prepared from the organism grown in the presence of tungstate, which leads to loss of cofactor activity. Mutations at the chlA or chlE locus, which are required for molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis, similarly do not affect the activity of the heat-treated extract in the in vitro activation process. Moreover, the active material can be separated from the molybdenum cofactor activity by gel filtration. None of the other known pleiotropic chlorate resistance loci (chlD, chlG) are required for the expression of its activity. Magnesium ATP appears to have a role in the formation of the active substance. We conclude that a low-molecular-weight substance, distinct from the active molybdenum cofactor, is required to bestow activity on the molybdoenzyme nitrate reductase during its biosynthesis.