微生态制剂防治儿童感染性腹泻的有效性评价CSCD

目的对微生态制剂防治儿童感染性腹泻的有效性和安全性进行分析研究。方法选取2017年3月到2018年3月间我院收治的132例感染性腹泻患儿为研究对象,依据随机数字表法分为对照组(n=66)与观察组(n=66)。对照组患儿施以常规药物防治,观察组患儿应用益生菌进行防治。对两组患儿的治疗效果、腹泻持续时间、治疗后病情、血常规与肝功能情况进行比较分析。结果观察组患儿治疗总有效率(96.97%)明显高于对照组(86.36%)。观察组患儿腹泻持续时间为(2.41±1.08)d,明显少于对照组的(3.67±1.89)d。观察组患儿治疗3 d后腹泻频率≤2次/d的发生率为24.24%,低于对照组的60.61%。观察组患儿治疗后脱水发生率为3.03%,低于对照组的22.73%。观察组患儿血常规与肝功能水平明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在儿童感染性腹泻中应用微生态制剂有助于提高治疗效果,缩短腹泻持续时间,促进大便恢复正常,且具有较高的安全性,可有效促进患儿康复。     

布拉氏酵母菌防治婴幼儿抗生素相关性腹泻的临床研究

目的探讨布拉氏酵母菌防治婴幼儿抗生素相关性腹泻的临床效果。方法选用58例诊断为支气管肺炎的住院患儿(均需要使用抗生素治疗),采用数字单双号的模式分为对照组与观察组,每组各29例。对照组给予抗生素及对症治疗,观察组则在此基础上辅以布拉氏酵母菌口服。观察两组患儿的腹泻发生率、腹泻发生的次数以及腹泻持续时间。结果观察组患儿的腹泻发生率(27.59%)显著低于对照组(51.72%)(P0.05);观察组患儿的腹泻次数与腹泻持续时间[(3.1±0.9)d]均显著优于对照组[(5.2±1.7)d](P0.05)。结论布拉氏酵母菌不仅能够有效降低婴幼儿抗生素相关性腹泻的发生率,同时通过早期预防性使用,能够有效减少腹泻次数与缩短腹泻持续时间,值得临床应用推广。     

微生态制剂治疗小儿肺炎继发腹泻疗效观察及护理体会

目的观察和评价微生态制剂对小儿肺炎继发腹泻的临床疗效及护理体会。方法选取2012年8月至2013年8月来丽水市中心医院治疗的小儿肺炎继发腹泻患儿88例,将其随机分为微生态治疗组及对照组各44例,对照组给予抗菌治疗及对症支持治疗,微生态治疗组在抗菌治疗及对症支持治疗基础上加用微生态制剂培菲康,对两组患者的治疗有效率、腹泻持续时间进行比较分析,并总结护理措施。结果微生态治疗组治疗有效率明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);微生态治疗组的腹泻持续时间也明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论采用微生态制剂培菲康治疗小儿肺炎继发腹泻疗效确切,并能显著缩短腹泻持续时间。同时,合理有效的护理有助于保证治疗顺利及改善患者预后。     

左氧氟沙星联合阿米卡星治疗78例 急性重症细菌感染性腹泻患者的临床效果研究

目的探讨左氧氟沙星联合阿米卡星治疗急性重症细菌感染性腹泻患者的临床疗效。方法本文选择我院2016年1月-2016年11月收治的78例患者,随机分为观察组(n=39)和对照组(n=39)。对照组给予左氧氟沙星治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上联合阿米卡星治疗。比较两组临床疗效,血常规、大便常规及临床症状改善时间。结果观察组有效率为94.87%,明显高于对照组76.92%(P=0.014)。观察组血常规白细胞增多1例(2.56%),明显低于对照组的8例(20.51%)(P=0.029)。大便常规白细胞、脓细胞及红细胞转阴率分别为97.44%、94.87%、97.44%,显著高于对照组的76.92%、79.49%、79.49%(P=0.007;P=0.042;P=0.029)。腹泻[(13.41±4.78)h vs(28.74±5.69)h]、腹痛[(10.25±3.56)h vs(19.88±4.82)h]、发热[(6.03±1.13)h vs(9.34±1.97)h]及呕吐[(5.48±1.37)h vs(10.70±2.79)h]等临床症状改善时间均短于对照组(P0.001;P0.001;P0.001;P0.001)。结论左氧氟沙星联合阿米卡星治疗急性重症细菌感染性腹泻临床疗效显著,可有效改善患者临床症状。     

酪酸梭菌活菌散防治小儿肺炎继发性腹泻的效果及卫生经济学评价

目的评价酪酸梭菌活菌散防治小儿肺炎继发性腹泻的临床疗效,进一步从卫生经济学角度探讨其成本-效果比及经济学价值。方法选择深圳市儿童医院收治的571例小儿肺炎患者,随机分为预防组与对照组,预防组286例,对照组285例,两组患儿均给予抗生素及对症治疗,预防组在治疗同时加服酪酸梭菌活菌散,出现腹泻后继续服用:对照组待出现腹泻后服用酪酸梭菌活菌散,至腹泻痊愈为止。观察两组患儿腹泻的发生率、严重程度、腹泻持续时间、住院时间,并比较分析治疗期间直接费用、间接费用、成本-效果比。结果预防组患儿腹泻发生率、严重程度、腹泻持续时间及住院时间均明显低于对照组,且差异有统计学意义(P0.05):预防组的直接费用、间接费用和成本效果比均明显低于对照组,预防性应用微生态制剂酪酸梭菌活菌散可减少次均住院总费用283.68元。结论酪酸梭菌活菌散防治小儿肺炎继发性腹泻有很好的成本效果,值得临床推广使用。     

复配益生菌用于危重症抗生素相关性腹泻患者的营养治疗评价研究

目的探讨复配益生菌制剂治疗危重症患者抗生素相关性腹泻的临床效果。方法选取新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院重症监护室2015年12月至2016年12月住院并诊断为抗生素相关性腹泻的患者80例,随机分为观察组和对照组。两组患者均给予基础治疗加营养治疗。在营养治疗方面,对照组患者给予常规营养治疗,观察组患者在常规营养治疗的基础上加用复配益生菌制剂,30g/d,连用6d。观察两组患者在治疗前、治疗后第3天、第6天的肝功能,包括谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST),肾功能(血肌酐、尿素氮),营养状况(白蛋白、总蛋白),炎症指标(C反应蛋白、降钙素原)的变化,并进行临床疗效及安全性评定。结果治疗6d后,观察组患者肝功能、肾功能较对照组明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗6d后,观察组患者白蛋白水平明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),而两组患者总蛋白水平差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后第3天、第6天观察组患者炎症指标显著低于对照组,两组相比差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组患者临床总有效率为95.0%,明显高于对照组的72.5%,差异有统计学意义(Z=2.437,P0.05)。结论复配益生菌制剂调节机体肠道菌群,恢复体内微生态平衡,对治疗危重症患者抗生素相关性腹泻疗效显著,安全性好,能有效改善危重症患者营养状况、肝肾功能,提高机体免疫力,减少炎症反应,从而提高危重症患者的预后,值得广泛推广应用。     

酪酸梭菌二联活菌散防治婴幼儿肺炎继发腹泻116例疗效观察

目的 了解微生态制剂(酪酸梭菌二联活菌散)防治婴幼儿肺炎继发腹泻的疗效.方法 选取2008年1月至2010年12月收住清徐县第二人民医院呼吸科诊断为支气管肺炎继发腹泻的患儿共116例,随机分为2组,以住院期间抗生素治疗同时应用微生态制剂(酪酸梭菌二联活菌散)的患儿为治疗组60例,仅使用抗生素治疗的患儿为对照组56例,分别观察腹泻次数、大便性状、腹痛、止泻时间及大便镜检与大便培养正常时间及治疗有效率.结果 微生态制剂(酪酸梭菌二联活菌散剂)治疗组腹泻次数减少时间、大便性状变稠时间、腹泻停止时间明显短于对照组(P＜0.05),腹痛消失时间明显短于对照组(P＜0.01),治疗组临床症状消失时间明显比对照组短;治疗组大便镜检恢复正常时间明显短于对照组(P＜0.05),大便细菌培养恢复正常时间明显短于对照组(P＜0.01),2组患儿治疗效果比较,治疗组有效率为91.67％,对照组有效率为76.79％,经卡方检验x2=4.89,P＜0.05,差异有统计学意义,治疗组有效率明显高于对照组.结论 酪酸梭菌二联活菌散剂防治婴幼儿肺炎继发腹泻,能使腹泻时间缩短、疗效明显、方法简便,经济,易于患儿及父母接受.     

布地奈德和沙丁胺醇雾化吸入对小儿支气管肺炎的治疗效果

为了探讨布地奈德和沙丁胺醇雾化吸入对小儿支气管肺炎的治疗效果,本研究选取138例小儿支气管肺炎患儿随机分组,对照组患儿应用布地奈德治疗,试验组患儿给予布地奈德联合沙丁胺醇治疗,观察比较两组患儿TGF-β1、CRP水平、肺功能水平、临床症状消失时间差异。研究结果表明,治疗后试验组患儿TGF-β1 (1.50±0.46)μg/mL、CRP (12.01±0.97)μg/mL较对照组明显下降(p<0.05);治疗后试验组患儿FEV1(2.68±0.86) L、FEV1/FVC (85.67±8.65)%、PEF变异率(12.04±1.59)%较对照组比较明显改善(p<0.05);试验组患儿咳嗽持续时间(4.49±0.35) d、啰音持续时间(5.79±0.51) d、发热持续时间(2.18±0.24) d、肺部X线阴影持续时间(6.16±0.63) d同对照组比较明显缩短(p<0.05)。本研究初步表明,针对小儿支气管肺炎患儿应用布地奈德和沙丁胺醇雾化吸入治疗可有效改善临床症状和通气功能,改善临床指标,促进患儿康复,值得推广应用。     

微生态制剂防治婴幼儿肺炎继发腹泻的卫生经济学评价

目的 评价预防性应用微生态制剂(培菲康)防治婴幼儿肺炎继发腹泻的疗效及成本效益.方法 2008年1月到2010年9月住院治疗的婴幼儿肺炎966例为研究对象,对患儿的临床特征、微生态制剂(培菲康)预防性应用情况、是否出现继发腹泻及住院治疗费用的关系进行分析.结果 干预组594例,对照组372例,两组住院治疗期间继发腹泻的发病率分别为18.69％、39.78％,两组比较,x2 =51.889,P ＜0.01,RR=0.470;干预组99例发生继发腹泻后继续原有微生态制剂治疗,对照组134例因继发腹泻才开始应用同类微生态制剂治疗,两组腹泻治疗总有效率分别86.87％、74.63％,差异无统计学意义(x2=5.299,P=O.021).干预组、对照组每例(次)患儿住院总费用分别为(2775.0±1724.2)元和(3130.7±1899.8)元,预防性应用微生态制剂(培菲康)次均节省直接医疗费用支出355.6元,差异有统计学意义(t =2.998,P=0.003);预防性应用微生态制剂(培菲康)的效益成本比为13.02.结论 预防性应用微生态制剂(培菲康)不仅能降低肺炎继发腹泻的发病率,缩短住院病程,提高腹泻治疗总有效率,同时,明显降低患儿的次均医疗费用,效益成本比高.     

双歧杆菌三联活菌散治疗儿童抗生素相关性腹泻的疗效及安全性观察

目的探讨双歧杆菌三联活菌散治疗儿童抗生素相关性腹泻的疗效及安全性观察。方法选取抗生素相关性腹泻的患儿86例,采用随机数字表将纳入患者分为观察组（n=43例）和对照组（n=43例）。两组患儿均予以调整饮食、口服或静脉补液及口服蒙脱石散等常规治疗。观察组患儿加用双歧杆菌三联活菌散1.0 g/次,3次/d,溶解于温水中口服。对照组患儿除不使用双歧杆菌三联活菌散外余治疗同观察组。观察并记录两组患儿治疗后大便次数恢复时间和性状改变时间,并比较其临床疗效及不良反应。结果观察组患儿大便次数恢复时间和性状改变时间明显短于对照组（P〈0.05）;治疗72 h后,观察组患儿的临床总有效率为明显优于对照组（95.35%vs.81.40%）（χ^2=4.07,P〈0.05）,两组患儿治疗中均未出现明显的不良反应。结论双歧杆菌三联活菌散治疗抗生素相关性腹泻具有较好效果及安全性,能明显减少患儿腹泻次数及程度,改善患儿大便性状,较快缓解患儿的病情。     

Antibiotics in the treatment of wounds in the victims of the earthquake in the Armenian SSR

Purulent wounds in 88 victims of the Armenian earthquake with the syndrome of long-term squeezing were examined microbiologically and the experience with using antimicrobial drugs for their treatment was analyzed. In all the cases microbial associations were detected, coliform and nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli, enterococci, anaerobes and yeast-like fungi being isolated from 80, 20, 15 and 25 per cent of the patients respectively. 130 bacterial strains were studied in detail. 80 to 100 per cent of the bacterial isolates were resistant to the antibiotics routinely used in surgical practice, i.e. benzylpenicillin, tetracycline, levomycetin, kanamycin, cephalothin and cefazolin and highly sensitive to new antimicrobial drugs belonging to ureidopenicillins (mezlocillin), quinolones (ciprofloxacin) and cephalosporins of the 3rd generation (cefoperazone and ceftazidime). Retrospective estimation of the antibiotic therapy revealed its inadequacy in 55.7 per cent of the patients for the most part because of the isolates resistance. The 19 variants of the antibiotic use prescribed by the physicians mainly included penicillins, aminoglycosides and their combinations (in 67.2 per cent of the cases). The use of the highly efficient drugs of the groups of ureidopenicillins and quinolones was extremely rare which was likely due to lacking of information on the drugs.     

Histogenesis of the taste buds of the vallate papilla in the in the rat in the postnatal stages of development

The developing taste buds of vallate papillae were studied with electron microscope in rats during the first 7 days after birth. Two types of cells--light and dark--are identified in the taste buds of a one day old animal. The apical parts of dark cells are characterized by numerous dark granules. A distinguishing feature of light cells is the presence of synaptic contacts with afferent intragemmal nerves. On the 4th day of development on the top of the apical parts of the cell, a microvillar apparatus is seen to form, which does not yet communicate with the oral cavity. On the 7th day, basal cells appear in the taste buds. Some of these cells are seen mitotically dividing. The differentiated microvillar apparatus now communicates with oral cavity. The structure of the taste buds is getting similar to that in the adults. The structural and functional peculiarities of the developing taste buds are discussed in association with the period of ontogenesis under consideration.     

Changes in the size of the nucleoli of the Purkinje cells in the canine cerebellum in the postresuscitation period

The changes in the size of Purkinje cell (PC) nucleolus in the lateral and medial cerebellum zones were studied in dogs with different degree of neurologic status recovery after clinical death of various etiology and duration. PC always possess one nucleolus in the control and experimental groups. In the case of complete neurologic status recovery of animals the area of PC nucleolus increases in both zones studied, irrespective of the cause of clinical death. In the case of neurologic disorders the increase in PC nucleolus area is clearly expressed only in the medial zone of the cerebellum, being insignificant in the lateral zone. It is suggested that adaptive characteristics of PC are distinct in the two compared zones, which leads to greater PC vulnerability in the lateral zone during deep hypoxia.     

Psychological Attributes of the Culture of the Ukrainians in the Modern Stage of the Development of Society and Trends in Changes in These Attributes in the Post-Soviet Period

The authors of the article focus on the transition of the former Soviet state of Ukraine to a market economy. One aspect of the analysis is the cultural values and attitudes of the citizens in a new situation. Market economy and entrepreneurship demand new types of motivation and individual values from people. A challenge for social psychology in the country is the further elaboration of methodological basis of research.     

Frequency of the stages in the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium in the rat

This study determined the optimum number of tubules to be counted per testis cross section, and the number of animals per treatment group, when changes in stage frequencies in the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium are criteria for assessing effects of treatment on spermatogenesis. A data base of 9,672 observed and staged tubules was collected from testicular cross sections of 15 Sprague-Dawley rats. A significant variation between animals was found for the frequencies of Stages I, II, IV, VI, VIII, and XIII. Computer simulation was used to randomly select different combinations of animal and tubule numbers from the observed data. Stage frequency means from each simulation experiment were compared statistically to observed mean frequencies. A model that used data from all 14 stages was analyzed. The following conclusions were made: a) a minimum of 200 tubule cross sections/testis is recommended for estimating stage frequencies; b) for a fixed number of tubules scored, the number of animals sampled is more important than the number of tubules per animal in reducing variance; c) to detect a difference of 2 standard deviations from the mean with a 2% error rate and examining 200 tubules/testis, at least 12 animals must be used per group when assessing all 14 stages; d) when individual stages are examined using 10 animals per group, only Stage VII has 80% or greater power of test (alpha = 0.05) to detect a frequency difference; e) pooling stages into 3-4 groups is recommended to improve the power of detecting a treatment difference.     

Self-organization in the determination of the size of the axial structures in the embryogenesis of the clawed toad

Experiments were performed using X. laevis embryos during gastrulation and neurulation (stages 10, 11 1/2, 12 1/2, 13 1/2, 15 and 18). Part of presumptive epidermis and lateral plate mesoderm was removed, and embryos raised until stage 25. The size of axial structures (notochord, somite mesoderm, central nervous system) was determined using serial histological sections and compared with that of control embryos. In experimental embryos, the size of axial structures was decreased. Until a specific stage of development, close correlation was found between the volume of embryonic compartment corresponding to a particular, structure and the volume of presumptive epidermis and lateral plate mesoderm. This stage is individual for each axial organ: middle gastrula (stage 11 1/2) for notochord, late gastrula (stage 12 1/2) for somite mesoderm, and late neurula (stage 18) for central nervous system. This data suggest that differentiation pattern of ecto-mesodermal rudiment is subject to regulation during gastrulation-neurulation, and subdivision of ectoderm and mesoderm into axial and non-axial tissues is a self-organizing process.     

Immunohistochemistry of the cytoskeleton in the excurrent ducts of the testis in birds of the Galloanserae monophyly

The presence, location and degree of immunoexpression of various microfilament (MF) and intermediate filament (IF) systems (actin, cytokeratins, desmin, vimentin) were studied in the excurrent ducts of the testis in sexually mature and active galliform (Japanese quail, domestic fowl, turkey) and anseriform (duck) birds. These proteins were variably expressed between the epithelia and periductal tissue (periductal smooth muscle cell layer and interductal connective tissue) types and between species. Variable heterogeneous co-expression of filament systems was also found in the various duct epithelia and periductal tissue types: co-expression of filament systems was the rule rather than the exception. In the duck, neither vimentin nor cytokeratin was present in any of the tissues, whereas actin and desmin (absent in the rete testis) were co-expressed in the efferent ducts and epididymal duct unit (comprising the ductus conjugens, ductus epididymidis and ductus deferens). Actin, desmin and vimentin were generally co-expressed in the rete testis, efferent ducts and epididymal duct unit of the quail, domestic fowl and turkey, with vimentin being more strongly immunoreactive than actin and desmin in the epididymal duct unit, but more weakly immunoexpressed in the efferent ducts. Cytokeratin was present and co-expressed with actin, desmin and vimentin in the rete testis, efferent ducts and epididymal duct unit of the domestic fowl and turkey, but not in the quail and duck. The periductal smooth muscle cell layer and interductal tissue co-expressed actin, desmin and vimentin variably in all birds. Luminal spermatozoa of both the turkey and duck were immunonegative for all protein systems, whereas those of the quail and domestic fowl co-expressed actin, desmin and vimentin moderately or strongly. The tissues of the reproductive tract of male birds thus contain cytoskeletal protein systems that are variably but mostly co-expressed and whose contractile ability appears necessary and sufficient for transportation through the various excurrent ducts of the voluminous testicular fluid and its high sperm content, characteristic features of male avian reproduction.