温度对安婀珍蝶取食量的影响

安婀珍蝶Actinote anteas(Doubleday&Hewitson)作为控制害草薇甘菊Mikania micrantha的生物防治因子,在14～26℃范围内,在相同温度不同龄期的取食量变化规律相同.1～4龄幼虫之间,幼虫的取食量变化不大,但在4龄以后,幼虫的取食量成倍增长.不同温度下安婀珍蝶幼虫各龄期取食量随温度的升高而增大;1、3、5、6龄幼虫的取食量在23℃时达最高,在26℃时有所回落;幼虫期的总取食量在14～26℃范围内,取食量随温度的升高而增大;14～17℃之间,取食量增加较快,在17℃以后,取食量增加缓慢.通过分析建立安婀珍蝶幼虫日平均取食量与温度间的回归模型:Y=-60.054+8.788X-0.402X2+0.006X3,P＜0.05,R2=0.9989,对模型进行计算得出安婀珍蝶取食量最适温度为25.58℃.     

温度对安婀珍蝶生长发育的影响

在10,14,17,20,23,26,29,32和35℃恒温下,安婀珍蝶Actinote anteas(Doubleday&Hewitson)的发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,发育速率随温度的升高而加快,而幼虫的龄期数则随温度升高而增多。试验结果表明,14~26℃为该虫生长发育的适温区。用Logistic模型安婀珍蝶各虫态发育速率与温度的关系进行了模拟,结果较好,判定系数R2在0.8604~0.9972。     

四种植物提取物对艳婀珍蝶四龄幼虫取食选择的影响

用索氏抽提的方法,对薇甘菊(MikaniamicranthaH.B.K)、飞机草(Chromolaenaodorata(L.))、港种矮脚奶白菜(BrassicachinensisL.)和南丰45天油青菜心(BrassicaparachinensisBailey)分别用甲醇、丙酮和正己烷进行提取,提取物对艳婀珍蝶4龄幼虫进行取食选择测定。试验结果表明,薇甘菊的不同溶剂提取物对艳婀珍蝶4龄幼虫的诱食率较高,其中对甲醇提取物的选择性最强,24h和48h诱食率分别为93.65%和96.64%。4种植物中以丙酮提取物含有较多吸引艳婀珍蝶幼虫的共同物质。白菜和菜心的正己烷提取物对艳婀珍蝶4龄幼虫有拒食作用。     

取食不同食料植物对安婀珍蝶的营养利用及中肠四种酶活力的影响

分别用薇甘菊Mikania micrantha HBK、飞机草Chromolaena odorata L.、革命菜Gynura crepidioides Benth、菜心Brassica parachinensis Bailey和白菜Brassica chinensis L.饲养安婀珍蝶Actinote anteas,计算各龄期试虫的存活率;测定不同食料植物对安婀珍蝶4龄幼虫的营养利用以及中肠中淀粉酶、海藻糖酶、蔗糖酶和羧酸酯酶活性的影响。结果表明：薇甘菊饲养的试虫,其4、5、6龄的存活率高于其他供试食料植物上的试虫;取食薇甘菊的安婀珍蝶4龄幼虫相对生长率和食物利用率明显高于取食其他3种食料植物的试虫,但其相对取食量明显较低;取食薇甘菊的安婀珍蝶4龄试虫羧酸酯酶比活力明显高于以其他3种植物为食的试虫;取食白菜的4龄试虫,其蔗糖酶、海藻糖酶和淀粉酶比活力较低。这些研究结果表明安婀珍蝶对革命菜、菜心和白菜存在不同程度的取食利用障碍,由此判定他们不会成为安婀珍蝶的寄主植物。     

利用盆栽薇甘菊繁殖婀珍蝶的方法

介绍实验室内用盆栽薇甘菊大量繁殖婀珍蝶的方法。野外割取薇甘菊,截取茎切段扦插,盆栽,用于饲养婀珍蝶。实验室条件下控制温度、湿度、光周期,婀珍蝶完成生活史。结果表明,此方法可用于大量繁殖婀珍蝶以供试验和应用。     

薇甘菊的天敌-安婀珍蝶

印度尼西亚为防治飞机草和薇甘菊的为害曾经进行过多次天敌引进,进行生物防治.其中有婀珍蝶属两种:安婀珍蝶Actinote anteas和艳婀珍蝶Actinote thalia pyrha..对安婀珍蝶进行了58种取食植物测试,证明安婀珍蝶只取食飞机草和薇甘菊.不仅在室内饲养成功,积累了一套饲养方法,而且在田间进行了多次散放.初步结果表明,可以防治飞机草和薇甘菊,并可在野外存活产卵.     

薇甘菊天敌安婀珍蝶生物学特性的研究

安婀珍蝶Actinote anteas(Doubleday ＆ Hewitson)是薇甘菊的天敌,取食薇甘菊Mikania micrantha Kunth.的叶片,能有效的控制薇甘菊的蔓延和生长.在广州市和深圳龙岗进行的观察表明,在实验室条件下,安婀珍蝶一年生长3代～4代.世代平均历期为112.44±1.18天;卵期平均为11.44±1.18天;幼虫期平均为82.54±4.05天;蛹期平均为12.98±1.31天;成虫期平均为7.33±0.80天.本文还记述了该蝶各虫态的形态特征、生活习性及其天敌等.     

艳婀珍蝶取食对薇甘菊叶片生理指标的影响

艳婀珍蝶取食后,对薇甘菊叶片的超氧物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性,总酚含量,有机自由基(DPPH·)清除能力进行分析。结果表明,取食后3h内所测各量即发生变化,但与对照差异不显著。取食4d中,叶片的SOD、POD活性总体上分别高于对照,CAT活性总体上低于对照,说明在艳婀珍蝶胁迫过程中,SOD和POD所起的作用比CAT大。取食叶SOD、POD活性均在48h时达到最大值,之后下降;CAT活性在24h时达到最大值,之后也迅速下降。取食叶PPO活性动态变化程度较大,表现出3个峰值,分别为对照的1·83,1·92倍和2·17倍;总酚含量表现为先上升后下降的趋势;对DPPH·的清除力一直显著性甚至极显著性低于对照。取食叶的SOD与CAT和POD均呈正相关性,且相关性大于对照;PPO与总酚含量在取食叶与对照中也均呈弱正相关性。实验结果表明,薇甘菊的保护酶对艳婀珍蝶胁迫的应激效应是短暂而有限的,艳婀珍蝶的取食破坏了薇甘菊叶片功能,较大程度的干扰了薇甘菊保护酶系统的防御代谢,薇甘菊的总抗氧化能力降低。薇甘菊也不能通过改变酚类物质含量来抵御艳婀珍蝶的取食,艳婀珍蝶取食对薇甘菊有较明显的控制作用。     

薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)天敌——安婀珍蝶(Actinote anteas （Doubleday & Hewitson）)实验种群生命表

为了研究安婀珍蝶（Actinote anteas（Doubleday ＆ Hewitson））能否在广东省室温下顺利繁殖以及探讨其繁殖的最适温度,研究通过观察建立了室温和恒温下的实验种群生命表.在温度18～35 ℃之间,相对湿度85%左右时,安婀珍蝶从第1代到第4代的种群趋势指数分别为22.78、34.28、12.53、19.47;其内禀增长率rm分别为0.0287、0.0308、0.0250、0.0282,表明在室温下安婀珍蝶实验种群的世代繁殖力较高.在14～26 ℃下的实验种群生命表中,安婀珍蝶23 ℃时,内禀增长率rm为0.0401,最高,说明23 ℃是安婀珍蝶的繁殖最适温度.这些都为安婀珍蝶能否在广东地区顺利建立稳定的种群提供了理论的依据.     

海南紫斑环蝶形态特征及生物学特性观察

【目的】明确海南紫斑环蝶Thaumantis hainana各龄期的形态特征和生物学特性以及寄主植物。【方法】野外采集海南紫斑环蝶雌成虫,通过三角袋内套卵的方式获得受精卵。采用恒温饲养箱,在26℃、相对湿度40%、光周期16L∶8D下利用获得的卵供以美丽针葵Phoenix loureirii,饲养幼虫,并进行形态特征的观察,记录其各龄幼虫的体长与头壳宽,以及其他各龄期的部分形态学数据。【结果】海南紫斑环蝶共经历卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫4个龄期。卵圆球状,光滑,直径2.5~2.8 mm;幼虫5龄, 随着幼虫龄期的增长,体长与头壳宽度逐渐增加;悬蛹;成虫雌雄同型。【结论】本研究基本明确了海南紫斑环蝶各龄期的形态特征,并观察了部分生物学特性,确定了海南紫斑环蝶的一种寄主植物为美丽针葵,完善了该物种的基本资料。     

环斑猛猎蝽对草地贪夜蛾低龄幼虫的捕食功能分析

为探究环斑猛猎蝽Sphedanolestes impressicollis Stal对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda Smith的捕食潜能,在室内条件下研究了环斑猛猎蝽4龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾1~3龄幼虫的捕食功能、搜寻效应以及环斑猛猎蝽自身密度对捕食草地贪夜蛾的干扰作用。结果表明：环斑猛猎蝽4龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾低龄幼虫的捕食功能反应符合Holling II模型。环斑猛猎蝽4龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾1龄、2龄、3龄幼虫的瞬时攻击率分别为0.900、1.229和1.259,处理时间分别为0.018 d、0.050 d和0.205 d,日最大捕食量分别为55.897头、19.853头和4.871头。环斑猛猎蝽4龄若虫的搜寻效应与草地贪夜蛾密度呈负相关。环斑猛猎蝽4龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾低龄幼虫的捕食作用率随自身密度的增加而降低。在捕食草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫时,环斑猛猎蝽4龄若虫自身密度对其捕食能力干扰最大。研究结果表明环斑猛猎蝽4龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾低龄幼虫有一定的捕食能力,为其田间应用释放技术提供了理论依据。     

Developmental changes in the response of larval Manduca sexta fat body glycogen phosphorylase to starvation, stress and octopamine

Fasting or starvation of 1(st)- and 2(nd)-day fifth instar Manduca sexta larvae leads to rapid activation of fat body glycogen phosphorylase. Under feeding conditions, 21-29% of the phosphorylase was found in the active form. However, after only one hour of starvation, the active form increased to 55-65%. In larvae on the 3(rd)-day there was a slower increase in the activation, requiring three hours of starvation to reach a maximum of 60-65%. No activation was observed in 4(th)-day larvae after three hours of starvation. When 1(st)- or 2(nd)-day larvae were decapitated, the time-course of activation of glycogen phosphorylase was very similar to that observed in intact insects. However, activation of glycogen phosphorylase following decapitation was only observed in 1(st)- and 2(nd)-day larvae. In 2(nd)-day larvae, octopamine promoted activation of glycogen phosphorylase and 100-pmol of octopamine promoted maximum activation. Higher amounts of injected octopamine caused a decrease in activation. The injection of 100 pmol of octopamine caused a 50-55% activation of phosphorylase within 30 minutes. The simultaneous injection of the alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist phentolamine with octopamine blocked the octopamine effect in 1(st)- and 2(nd)-day feeding larvae. However, the activation of glycogen phosphorylase observed in ligated/decapitated larvae on the 1(st)- and 2(nd)-day was not abolished by injection of phentolamine. All of these data suggest that factors other than adipokinetic hormone and octopamine may be involved in the activation of glycogen phosphorylase during fasting or starvation in the early part of the fifth larval stage of M. sexta.     

蓝蝽对马铃薯甲虫低龄幼虫的捕食潜能初探

室内研究了蓝蝽Zicrona caerula(Linnaeus)对马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata(Say)低龄幼虫的捕食功能反应和选择效应。HollingII型圆盘方程和HollingⅢ型新模型拟合结果共同显示,蓝蝽若虫对马铃薯甲虫1龄幼虫的捕食量随着龄期的增加而增大;4、5龄若虫及成虫的捕食量均在17头以上。由HollingII模型获得蓝蝽对马铃薯甲虫1龄幼虫的控制能力为2龄<3龄<4龄<5龄<成虫;随着食物密度的增加,蓝蝽各虫态的寻找效应逐渐下降。田间防治马铃薯甲虫1龄幼虫时,2～5龄蓝蝽若虫及成虫的最佳益害比应该分别为1∶2、1∶4、1∶13、1∶14、1∶13,然而,食物选择效应显示蓝蝽原生境中猎物-兰叶甲可能会对防治产生影响。     

Synthesis of the same two proteins prior to larval diapause and pupation in the spruce budworm,Choristoneura fumiferana

Spruce budworm larvae produce large quantities of two proteins (Choristoneura fumiferana diapause associated proteins 1 and 2, CfDAP1 and CfDAP2) that are diapause related. These proteins appeared soon after hatching and increased in abundance, reaching maximum levels by four days into the 1st instar, and they remained at high levels until three days after the termination of diapause. These two proteins were purified to homogeneity and their NH2-terminal sequences were obtained. Oligonucleotide primers designed on the basis of these NH2-terminal sequences were used in RT-PCR to isolate the cDNA fragments coding for these proteins. These PCR fragments were then used as probes to isolate the cDNAs that contained the complete coding region. The 2.5kb mRNAs coding for these proteins started to appear 24hr after hatching and large quantities of these mRNAs were detected in 1st instar and 2nd instar larvae until the 2nd instar larvae entered diapause. Low levels of these mRNAs were detected in the 2nd instar larvae that were preparing to enter diapause, in those that were in diapause as well as in those that terminated diapause. Low levels of CfDAP1 mRNA were also detected on days 1 and 2 after ecdysis to the 3rd instar. However, no CfDAP1 and CfDAP2 mRNAs could be detected during the 4th and 5th instar larval stages. The mRNAs reappeared 24hr after the 5th instar larvae molted into the 6th instar and increased to reach maximum levels by 60hr after ecdysis. The mRNA levels remained high until 156hr after ecdysis into the 6th instar (36-48hr before pupal ecdysis), after which they disappeared once again. Immunocytochemical analyses showed that CfDAP1 protein was present in 2nd and 6th instar larval fat body but not in 5th instar larval fat body. Thus, the same two genes were expressed for the first time before C. fumiferana larvae entered diapause and for a 2nd time before pupation.     

饥饿程度对美国白蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响

不同龄期幼虫饥饿对美国白蛾Hyphantria cunea(Drury)生长发育和繁殖影响的研究结果表明:美国白蛾低龄(2龄)幼虫短时间的饥饿对其生长发育和繁殖的影响不明显;美国白蛾中龄(4龄)幼虫饥饿2,4,6d使美国白蛾的历期相应增长,存活率、化蛹率、羽化率、产卵量都相应降低,交配率与对照之间没有差异;老熟(6龄)幼虫短时间饥饿(4d)的存活率、羽化率、交配率、产卵量都稍有下降;长时间饥饿(12d)的老熟幼虫有70%左右因饥饿而提前化蛹,提前化蛹的蛹体外没有薄茧的包裹。提前化蛹的美国白蛾的羽化率、交配率均非常低,产卵量很少。     

一株玫烟色虫草对草地贪夜蛾的致病性研究

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E Smith)是我国新发现的一种重要外来入侵害虫。为了寻找对草地贪夜蛾有致病性的昆虫病原真菌,本实验采用浸虫法研究了玫烟色虫草Cordyceps(=Isaria)fumosorosea SCAU-IFCF01对草地贪夜蛾1~6龄幼虫的致病力,通过体视镜观察了幼虫感菌后侵染症状和体表病变过程。结果表明:菌株IFCF01可侵染草地贪夜蛾6个龄期的幼虫。4龄幼虫接种后48 h,虫体出现缩短、强直等形态变化;接种后72 h,幼虫死亡且体外形成菌丝层;接种后120 h,虫体被浅玫烟色的分生孢子覆盖。随孢子浓度的升高,幼虫的感病死亡率增加,当浓度达到1×109孢子/mL时,1~3龄幼虫的累计死亡率均为100%,4龄幼虫和5龄幼虫也达到了98.9%和50%,6龄幼虫仅21.1%。5 d后1~5龄幼虫的LC 50值分别为3.74×104、1.17×105、1.86×105、8.09×105和3.03×108孢子/mL。幼虫LT 50值随孢子浓度增加而递减,在浓度为1.0×105~1.0×109孢子/mL的范围内,1龄幼虫和2龄幼虫的LT 50值分别为3.62~1.37 d和4.51~1.65 d;在1.0×106~1.0×109孢子/mL时,对3龄幼虫的LT 50为4.03~1.82 d;浓度为1.0×107~1.0×109孢子/mL时,对4龄幼虫的LT 50为3.47~2.52 d。浓度为1.0×109孢子/mL时,5龄幼虫的LT 50为4.74 d。本研究结果表明,玫烟色虫草菌株IFCF01对草地贪夜蛾幼虫具有较强的致病力,为今后草地贪夜蛾微生物防治提供重要的有效真菌。     

Bt玉米(MG95)对粘虫的抗性和拒食作用

在室内以我国自主培育的转Bt基因玉米 (简称 :Bt玉米 )为材料 ,测定了Bt玉米对不同龄期 ( 1～ 4龄 )粘虫PseudaletiaseparataWalker的影响。测定指标包括 :幼虫体重、幼虫发育历期、幼虫死亡率、化蛹率、蛹重、蛹历期、羽化率、产卵量、成虫历期、卵孵化率。结果显示 :用Bt玉米喂养的 1～ 4龄幼虫在处理 6d及 1～ 3龄幼虫在处理 9d时的体重与对照相比均差异显著 ;除 1龄幼虫外 ,2～ 4龄幼虫处理 6d及 2～ 3龄幼虫处理 9d后的死亡率差异不显著 ;用Bt玉米喂养的各龄幼虫发育历期延长 ,与对照相比差异显著 ;1、2龄幼虫的化蛹率与对照相比有显著差异 ,3、4龄则差异不显著 ;1～ 4龄幼虫的蛹重、蛹历期及羽化率均差异显著 ;成虫历期仅 1龄幼虫差异显著 ;与对照相比 ,各龄粘虫的产卵数、卵孵化率均无显著差异。结果表明 ,1龄幼虫对Bt玉米最为敏感。另外 ,拒食实验结果显示 ,在实验开始后的 8,1 6,2 4,3 2及 48h ,非选择性测定的拒食率为 63 2 0 ,64 60 ,48 99,2 3 3 5和 0 5 4% ,选择性测定的拒食率为98 3 3 ,82 43 ,71 5 4,40 1 6和 0 2 7% ,总体趋势是拒食率随时间延长而降低 ,48h后Bt玉米对粘虫幼虫无拒食活性。     

Effects of oxygen deficiency on survival and glycogen content of Chironomus anthracinus (Diptera,Chironomidae) under laboratory and field conditions

Growth and glycogen content of Chironomus anthracinus in Lake Esrom, Denmark was examined during summer stratification in 1992 and 1993. Simultaneously, effects of oxygen deficiency on glycogen utilization and survival were experimentally studied. The population consisted of almost fullgrown 4th instar larvae in 1992 and 2nd and 3rd instar larvae in 1993. Growth rate and glycogen content changed as hypolimnetic oxygen deficiency increased. During a 1st phase of stratification dry weight and glycogen content increased (2nd and 3rd instars) or was almost constant (4th instar) but decreased significantly during the following 2nd phase. This change from growth to degrowth and utilization of endogenous glycogen reserves correlated with a change in the thickness of the microxic layer (<0.2 mg O₂ 1^–1) above the sediment surface. The layer increased from 2–3 m in phase 1 to 4–5 m in phase 2, and we suggest that this deteriorated the oxygen conditions and resulted in a change in larval energy metabolism from fully aerobic during the 1st phase to partly anaerobic in the 2nd phase. During the 2nd phase larval metabolism was estimated at less than 20% of normoxic rate. Experimental exposure of the larvae to anoxia indicated highly different survival of young larvae (2nd and 3rd instars) and older larvae (large 4th instars). The morality of young larvae was 50% after three days in anoxia at 10 °C, whereas only 25% of the older larvae had died after 3–4 weeks under similar conditions. Extending the treatment, however, resulted in increased death rate of the 4th instar larvae with only 10% surviving after seven weeks. The anaerobic metabolism of 4th instar larvae as estimated from glycogen degradation at 10 °C was 5% of normoxia in the interval from 0–5 days but 1.5% in the interval from 20–25 days. It is concluded that survival of C. anthracinus in anoxia is very limited, but traces of oxygen in the environment allowing for faint aerobic metabolism prolong the survival time of the larvae from a few days (2nd and 3rd instars) or a few weeks (4th instar) to probably 3–4 months.