云南绿汁鱼类的形态特征及其适应性意义

绿汁江的鱼类大致可分为侧扁型、圆筒型和平扁型三种类型。在各种类型中，鱼体上又有不同的形态结构产生。以形态－功能－适应三位一体分析法为指导原则，探讨和阐述了鱼类的形态结构与栖息环境的相互关系。     

鮈亚科鱼类下咽骨和下咽齿的形态差异及其功能适应

采用双筒解剖镜观察和手工绘图的方法,研究鮈亚科鱼类39个代表种下咽骨和下咽齿的形态特征,分析鮈亚科鱼类下咽骨和下咽齿的形态差异及其功能适应。结果显示,鮈亚科鱼类的下咽骨可以分为粗壮型、中间型和狭长型3种形态类型;下咽齿可以分为圆锥型、臼齿型、粗壮侧扁型、侧扁型和极侧扁型5种形态类型。鮈亚科鱼类下咽骨和下咽齿间呈现出多种形态组合,并相互配合共同处理不同类型的食物。下咽骨和下咽齿的形态差异为鮈亚科鱼类摄食不同类型的食物、充分利用不同的生境资源在摄食器官多样性方面提供了保证。     

三倍体草鱼染色体限制性内切酶带分析

本文报道运用Ｇｉｅｍｓａ染色、Ｃ－带显带、ＮＯＲ－显带和多种限制性内切酶消化对草鱼三倍体的染色体进行分析。其中,内切酶ＨａｅⅢ和ＨｉｎｄⅢ等使染色体产生Ｇ－带,其余内切酶产生与常规Ｃ－带不同的分化,即所谓修饰Ｃ－带。实验结果表明,限制性内切酶可使鱼类染色体产生多种带型,各种显带技术的结合使用,可探讨鱼类染色体及染色质结构与进化。     

鸟类盲肠的类型及结构

鸟类的盲肠依据其形态结构可分为小肠型、腺体型、淋巴型、退化型和缺乏型。不同食性的鸟类其盲肠变异程度大;草食性和杂食性的鸟类具有较发达的盲肠,肉食性和以昆虫为食的鸟类盲肠变化较大,食鱼类和食谷类的鸟类盲肠较小。     

杞麓湖鲤属鱼类分化在鳃耙超微结构上的表达

本工作以杞麓湖的鲤属鱼类为研究对象,应用扫描电镜技术研究各物种鳃耙形态结构的分化,探讨同域型物种分化在鳃耙超微结构上的表达形式。鳃耙的形态分化是多层次的,且不同物种鳃耙的分化可在各层次独立进行,也可在层次之间出现交叉,从而使分化形式丰富多彩。杞麓湖鲤属鱼类鳃耙分化模式对研究云南高原湖泊其它类群的物种分化具有一定参考意义。     

拟腹吸鳅属鱼类颏吸附器的扫描电观察及其亚属划分

扫描电镜下,构成拟腹吸鳅鱼类颏吸附器的若干条皮脊均由许多分别根植子单个上皮细胞表面的爪形突组成。爪形突高１５－２０μｍ横截面常呈椭圆形,长短轴约４－５μｍ,易脱落, 增生。它们可能具有吸附基质表面、保护周围味蕾等功能,由于爪形突分布部位的不同和所组成皮脊的形态差异,可明显地分为叠波 品字型两类。这两类吸附器的种类间同时在味蕾分布、口角须结构和背鳍条及腹鳍条数目等方面也存在相应的差异,代表了两个独立     

湘鄂与闽粤猕猴颅骨的多变量分析

本文是中国猕猴湖南－湖北和广东－福建种群颅骨的多变量分析,结果表明,二者的面宽和颅肌的形态结构除有明显的性二型外,还存在较大的差异。湖南－湖北种群的颅骨结构相对大于福建广东种群。它们与云南南部和海南岛猕猴颅骨的判别分别结果表明,由于地理和生态隔离,四者雌雄两性颅骨的形态结构均有较大的差异,达到种群间的显著差异水平,分别应属不同的亚种。     

新型人类疱疹病毒研究进展

人类疱疹病毒－６型（ＨＨＶ－６）和７型（ＨＨＶ－７）是近年来新分离到的对Ｔ淋巴细胞具有高亲嗜性的ＤＮＡ病毒。研究表明,临床上ＨＨＶ－６与多种疾病有关,因而颇受重视。本文对其形态结构及生长特性,血清流行病学,分子生物学,与一些疾病的关系等作简要综述,并略述了ＨＨＶ－７的研究进展。     

鱼类嗅觉器官的形态与生理研究进展

对鱼类嗅觉器官的发生、宏观和微观形态结构、嗅觉生理等方面的研究进行了综述;并指出,依据鱼类嗅觉器官开展系统进化方面的研究,以及基于嗅觉分子生理机制而开展的有关行为学方面的研究,可能是未来鱼类嗅觉器官的重要研究方向。     

胭脂鱼鳞片表面结构的扫描电镜观察

鳞片的数目和形态特征常作为鱼类分类的特征之一,也是年龄鉴定和生长状态分析的重要材料。对鱼类鳞片形态特征的研究早就受到广泛注意并在继续深入进行。自七十年代将扫描电镜技术应用于观察鳞片表面结构特征以来,已对近三十种鱼类的鳞片进行了扫描电镜观察研究,其中包括我国的淡水鱼类鲤亚科的几个种。上述研究结果显示出鳞片表面结构的亚显微特征在探讨鱼类系统发育和区别疑难种类上具有一定意义。为丰富我国鱼类鳞片表面亚显微结构资料和满足教学需要,我们对长江中的胭脂鱼Myxocyprinus asiaticus Bleeker 鳞片进行了扫描电镜观察。     

Role of the body in primary signal processing by the electroreceptor system of the skate

Using a mathematical modeling technique, possible spatial mechanisms of processing information by the ampullae of Lorenzini were investigated in the skate during detection of the dipole electric field corresponding in the first approximation to the bioelectric fields of marine vertebrates and invertebrates. Stationary voltage distribution in the inhomogeneous environment was calculated numerically. An unlimited volume of seawater was used as the environment into which a slim disk was placed simulating the body of the fish, which served to create inhomogeneity. When the dipole axis was on the same plane as the disk, distortion in the voltage distribution was negligible. On occasions when the dipole was perpendicular to the plane of the disk, the electrical field energy absorbed by ampullary groups decreased significantly. Calculations suggested that by reorienting its body the fish is able to phase out signals coming from dipoles with their axes on different planes from that of the skate's body.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 660–665, September–October, 1985.     

Predation-mediated coexistence of large- and small-bodied Daphnia at different food levels

Using an individual-based age-structured population model (a combination of O'Brien's apparent-prey-size approach, Eggers's reactive-field-volume model, and Holling's disk equation), we could predict that (1) a Daphnia population could be kept at low density by fish predation irrespective of food level, with greater recruitment at higher food being instantly compensated for by raised mortality reflecting increased predation, and (2) Daphnia density levels are species specific and inversely related to both body size at first reproduction and the reaction distance at which a foraging fish sees its Daphnia prey. These two hypotheses were experimentally tested in outdoor mesocosms with two Daphnia species of different body sizes grown in the absence or presence of fish that were allowed to feed for 2-3 h each evening. While each Daphnia quickly reached high density with reproduction halted by food limitation in the absence of fish, the populations stayed at much lower species-specific density levels, similar in low and high food concentrations, in the presence of fish. This suggests that our model offers a reasonable mechanistic explanation for the coexistence of large- and small-bodied zooplankton in proportions reflecting their body sizes throughout habitats comprising a wide productivity spectrum, with each species at a density level at which it becomes included in a predator's diet.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Careproctus surugaensis</Emphasis> sp. nov. (Liparidae), a new snailfish from Suruga Trough,Japan

A new species of liparid fish Careproctus surugaensis is described from a single specimen collected between 1,450 and 1,570 m depth on the northern part of Suruga Trough, Suruga Bay, Japan. It can be distinguished from all currently recognized congeners by the following combination of characters: 50 total vertebrae, 47 dorsal-fin rays, 39 anal-fin rays, 32 pectoral-fin rays, 10 principal caudal-fin rays, pectoral proximal radials 4 (first to third with notches); trilobate teeth on both jaws, gill slit 7.1 % SL, extending in front of 7th pectoral fin ray base; maximum body depth 19.1 % SL, disk length 7.9 % SL, anus midway between posterior margin of pelvic disk and anal-fin origin; body and fins light orange except blackish peritoneum.     

丁香油在鳊模拟保活运输中的效果

文章研究了丁香油对鳊(Parabramis pekinensis)保活运输的影响。在单因素试验的基础上通过正交试验确定了最佳保活运输条件。并检测和分析了在模拟运输试验中水质指标和鱼体生化指标的影响。结果显示, 最佳保活运输条件为麻醉液浓度15 mg/L、水温9℃和鱼水质量比1﹕3时, 保活时间最长达50h, 且鱼体成活率为100%。在水体指标中, pH和溶氧量无显著变化, 麻醉组氨氮在48h内由0.049增加至4.034 mg/L, 水中微生物在24h内显著增加, 氨氮的增加和微生物的生长会影响鱼体的保活。在鱼体生化指标中, 麻醉组肌肉中糖元含量24h内显著下降, 乳酸含量先升后降, pH先降再升, 说明在保活运输中糖元消耗产生乳酸; 在鱼体血液指标中, 麻醉组谷草转氨酶(AST)活性, 乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性, 尿素和肌酐(CREA)在12h后有所上升, 血糖(GLU)在36h内显著增加(P<0.05), 然后降低; 说明随着保活时间的延长鱼体肝脏和肾脏组织代谢水平受到一定的影响。研究表明, 在鳊麻醉保活过程中, 适当使用丁香油麻醉剂, 有助于延长其保活时间和提高存活率。     

EVOLUTION OF GIGANTISM IN NINE‐SPINED STICKLEBACKS

The relaxation of predation and interspecific competition are hypothesized to allow evolution toward “optimal” body size in island environments, resulting in the gigantism of small organisms. We tested this hypothesis by studying a small teleost (nine‐spined stickleback, Pungitius pungitius) from four marine and five lake (diverse fish community) and nine pond (impoverished fish community) populations. In line with theory, pond fish tended to be larger than their marine or lake conspecifics, sometimes reaching giant sizes. In two geographically independent cases when predatory fish had been introduced into ponds, fish were smaller than those in nearby ponds lacking predators. Pond fish were also smaller when found in sympatry with three‐spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) than those in ponds lacking competitors. Size‐at‐age analyses demonstrated that larger size in ponds was achieved by both increased growth rates and extended longevity of pond fish. Results from a common garden experiment indicate that the growth differences had a genetic basis: pond fish developed two to three times higher body mass than marine fish during 36 weeks of growth under similar conditions. Hence, reduced risk of predation and interspecific competition appear to be chief forces driving insular body size evolution toward gigantism.     

两种油脂水平下DHA强化对饥饿鲤体重及脂代谢的影响

饥饿是鱼类无法有效获取食物从而使机体呈现能量匮乏的特殊时期, DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid)作为大多数鱼饥饿后得以特别保留的高不饱和脂肪酸, 它对饥饿鱼体可能具有特殊的能量调控作用。为进一步探讨这一问题, 研究设计了以下饲养试验: 先在6%与12%两个油脂水平下分别添加3%DHA制品, 形成基础组、基础-DHA组、高脂组和高脂-DHA组共4组试验饲料。将尾均重为(14.81±0.13) g的鲤360尾随机分为4组, 每组3个重复, 每个重复30尾鱼, 分别用以上4组饲料对进行饲喂, 饲养74d后, 每个养殖缸随机余留6尾鲤(Cyprinus carpio L.)进行饥饿, 36d后检测饥饿鲤体重、生物学性状、体成分、血清生化指标等。结果显示: ①在同一脂肪水平下, DHA添加组饥饿鲤体重减重率均分别显著高于无DHA组(P<0.05); ②在2个油脂水平下DHA添加组饥饿鲤肝细胞直径均分别显著低于无DHA组(P<0.05); 鱼体肥满度、空壳比率等生物学性状在各组饥饿鲤间均无显著差异(P>0.05); ③在2个油脂水平下, DHA添加组饥饿鲤肌肉及肠脂肪含量均分别显著低于无DHA组(P<0.05), 而饥饿鲤肝胰脏脂肪含量在各组间均无显著差异(P>0.05); ④饥饿鲤血清生化指标在各组间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。结果表明, DHA添加组饥饿鲤体重、肝细胞直径以及肌肉及肠脂肪含量均呈显著下降趋势, 显示出DHA的添加未能协助鲤有效抵御饥饿等不良环境的胁迫。     

在低蛋白质饲料中补充必需氨基酸对大口黑鲈生长、体组成和免疫指标的影响

为了研究在低蛋白质饲料中补充晶体必需氨基酸对大口黑鲈生长、体组成和免疫指标的影响,根据鱼体的必需氨基酸组成模式设计了7种等能的试验饲料。其中4种饲料（45CP、40CP、35CP和30CP）的粗蛋白质水平分别为45%、40%、35%和30%,另3种饲料（40AA、35AA和30AA）是在低蛋白质饲料（40CP、35CP和30CP）的基础上添加必需氨基酸,使它们的必需氨基酸含量与45CP（对照组）相一致。用上述饲料对初始体重为（10.13 0.01） g的大口黑鲈进行了89d的饲养试验。饲养试验在室内循环水养殖系统中进行,每种饲料设3个重复,每重复放养30尾鱼。方差分析显示:试验鱼的生长性能、饲料效率、全鱼和肌肉的粗蛋白质含量、成活率以及免疫指标均随着饲料蛋白质含量的降低而显著降低（P0.05）。添加必需氨基酸的35AA和30AA的饲料效率和蛋白质保留率分别显著高于对应的未添加必需氨基酸的35CP和30CP组（P0.05）,但仍显著低于45CP组（P0.05）。40AA的试验鱼血清溶菌酶活性和血清补体活性与45CP组差异不显著（P0.05）。35AA和30AA组的头肾白细胞呼吸爆发活性显著高于35CP和30CP组（P0.05）。30AA组的全鱼粗蛋白质含量以及肥满度显著高于30CP（P0.05）。各组试验鱼的水分和灰分均无显著差异（P0.05）。回归分析显示:在低蛋白质饲料中补充晶体必需氨基酸对大口黑鲈幼鱼的生长、饲料效率和蛋白质保留率所产生的影响与其引起增加了的饲料蛋白质水平而不是饲料的必需氨基酸水平正相关。研究表明,在低蛋白质饲料中补充的晶体必需氨基酸对大口黑鲈的生长、体组成和免疫指标产生的有益作用不及等量的以蛋白质为来源的必需氨基酸。       

湘华鲮的生物学研究

湘华鲮是湖南沅江中上游的一种主要经济鱼类。主要以硅藻为食。1+龄鱼的平均体长为22厘米,平均体重为273.7克;2+龄鱼的平均体长31.3厘米,平均体重704克;3+龄鱼的平均体长为39.2厘米,平均体重1479克。渔获物中的年龄组成,以2+、3+、4+龄为主,渔获物中最大年龄和最大体重为6+龄、3400克。江河生长的湘华鲮,雌性性成熟年龄多为3年,雄性提早成熟一年;达性成熟年龄的雌性以Ⅳ期卵巢越冬;达性成熟年龄的雄性精巢,在冬季发育至Ⅴ期;它的生殖季节为4月底至5月下旬。在江河中有自然产卵场;4—5龄的雌性湘华鲮,成熟卵巢系数为8—17.6%,卵径约2.0—2.2毫米,每克卵粒数为293—321。       

饲料中不同蛋白、脂肪水平对春鲤生长、饲料利用和体成分的影响

研究旨在探讨洱海土著鱼类春鲤(Cyprinus longipectoralis)(初始体重0.55 g)对蛋白质和脂肪的需求量。实验采用3×3双因子设计,蛋白水平为33%、39%和45%,脂肪水平为5%、8%和11%,共9组等能饲料。实验在水温为(28±2)℃的室内微流水系统中进行,为期56d。实验结果表明:随着蛋白水平的提高,摄食率显著降低(P<0.05),饲料效率、能量沉积率、鱼体水分和脂肪含量显著升高(P<0.05),但特定生长率、蛋白质效率、蛋白沉积率、鱼体灰分含量和能值均无显著变化(P>0.05)。随着脂肪水平的提高,特定生长率、蛋白沉积率和鱼体蛋白含量显著下降,鱼体脂肪含量显著上升(P<0.05),而摄食率、饲料效率、能量沉积率、鱼体水分和灰分含量以及能值则无明显变化(P>0.05)。通过折线回归分析得出,当饲料中蛋脂比为7.30时,春鲤有最大的特定生长率。研究结果表明,春鲤饲料中适宜的蛋白和脂肪水平分别为33%—34%和4%—5%。