花后土壤水分状况对小麦籽粒淀粉和蛋白质积累关键调控酶活性的影响

在温室盆栽条件下,以2个不同蛋白质含量的冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L．)品种皖麦38和扬麦9为材料,研究了花后第4天开始的土壤干旱(SRWC=45％～50％)和渍水对籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积累关键调控酶活性的影响。小麦叶片和籽粒的测定结果均表明,小麦源库器官中籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积累的关键调控酶活性变化趋势在2个品种间基本一致。与对照(SRWC=75％～80％)相比,干旱和渍水均明显降低了花后旗叶中蔗糖含量和磷酸蔗糖合成酶(SPS)活性,而氨基酸含量和谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性略有下降。干旱和渍水均降低了籽粒库蔗糖合成酶(SS)和结合态淀粉合成酶(GBSS)活性,可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)活性降低尤甚。其中干旱处理下SS的下降比渍水更为明显。与对照相比,渍水明显降低了籽粒谷丙转氨酶(GPT)和GS活性,而干旱的影响较小。相关性分析结果表明籽粒淀粉产量和含量与SPS,SSS和GBSS活性的关系比与SS活性的关系更为密切,籽粒蛋白质产量和含量与叶中GS和籽粒中GPT活性的关系比与籽粒中GS关系活性更为密切。这些结果表明小麦源库器官中调控籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积累的关键酶活性变化是花后不同水分状况影响籽粒淀粉和蛋白质特性的重要因素。     

高温对早籼稻花后剑叶氮代谢关键酶活性及籽粒蛋白质含量的影响

为探讨高温对不同类型早籼稻开花后剑叶中氮代谢关键酶活性及籽粒蛋白质含量的影响,利用人工气候室在籽粒灌浆成熟期进行高温(日均温31.5 ℃)和适温(日均温23.5 ℃)处理,对2个早籼稻品种(湘早籼24和株两优611)灌浆成熟期籽粒中蛋白质含量及剑叶中GS和GOGAT活性的动态变化进行了分析.结果表明:供试2个品种在高温...     

饵料蛋白质水平对德国小蠊营养效应及氮代谢的影响

【目的】本研究旨在探究饵料蛋白质水平对德国小蠊Blattella germanica营养利用及氮代谢的影响,为蟑螂毒饵的研发提供新思路。【方法】采用标准重量分析法评估了取食4种不同蛋白质水平(5%, 25%, 45%和65%)饵料的德国小蠊雄成虫营养效率指数和氮利用率;利用分光光度法测定了取食不同蛋白水平饵料的德国小蠊雄成虫体内黄嘌呤氧化酶(xanthine oxidase, XOD)、谷草转氨酶(glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, GOT)、谷丙转氨酶(glutamic pyruvic transaminase, GPT)活性及尿酸含量。【结果】取食65%蛋白质饵料组的德国小蠊雄成虫的相对取食量最高,而取食45%蛋白质饵料组的雄成虫食物利用率、食物转化率及相对生长率均显著高于取食5%和65%蛋白质饵料组的雄成虫。且德国小蠊雄成虫体内氮、粪便氮、氮消耗速率、氮排泄率、氮生成率、氮同化效率、黄嘌呤氧化酶活性和尿酸含量均随饵料蛋白质水平的提高而提高,但65%蛋白质饵料组氮利用率最低,45%蛋白质饵料组谷草转氨酶活性最高,25%和45%蛋白质饵料组谷丙转氨酶活性显著高于5%和65%蛋白质饵料组。【结论】适量蛋白质饵料有利于德国小蠊对食物及氮的利用,而高蛋白质含量条件下德国小蠊谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活性下降,说明高蛋白不利于德国小蠊利用食物,且增加其代谢负担。     

花后干旱和渍水对不同品质类型小麦籽粒品质形成的影响

 防雨池栽条件下研究了花后干旱和渍水胁迫对两个不同品质类型小麦（Triticum aestivum）品种籽粒产量和品质形成的影响。结果表明,花后渍水和干旱处理明显降低了小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质产量。在整个灌浆期内干旱处理明显提高了籽粒蛋白质和醇溶蛋白含量,而渍水处理降低了籽粒蛋白质及其组分的积累量。籽粒总淀粉和直链淀粉含量以渍水处理最高,而支链淀粉以对照最高。干旱处理提高了籽粒干、湿面筋含量、沉降值和降落值,而渍水处理降低了上述品质指标。试验表明干旱和渍水胁迫对小麦籽粒蛋白质与淀粉的含量和组分及面粉品质等均有不同程度的影响,从而改变了不同品质类型小麦的籽粒品质。     

高温下干旱和渍水对冬小麦花后旗叶光合特性和物质转运的影响

以蛋白质含量不同的两个冬小麦品种扬麦9号和豫麦34为材料,研究了不同温度和水分条件下小麦花后旗叶光合特性的变化、营养器官花前贮藏干物质和氮素转运特征及其与籽粒产量和品质形成的关系.结果表明,高温及干旱和渍水均明显降低了旗叶光合速率和叶绿素含量（SPAD值）,但高温下干旱和渍水对光合作用的影响加重.小麦营养器官花前贮藏干物质、氮素转运量和转运率在适温下表现为干旱>对照>渍水,高温下则表现为对照>干旱>渍水.适温下花后同化物积累量表现为对照>渍水>干旱,高温下则表现为对照>干旱>渍水.花后氮素积累量在适温和高温下均表现为对照>渍水>干旱.籽粒淀粉含量以适温适宜水分处理最高,高温渍水下最低;蛋白质含量以高温干旱下最高,适温渍水下最低.温度和水分逆境下小麦粒质量和淀粉含量的降低与花后较低的光合能力及干物质积累有关,而蛋白质含量则与花前贮藏氮素的转运量和转运率有关.     

糯性和非糯性小麦灌浆期胚乳直/支链淀粉积累及其相关酶活性研究

选用3份糯性和2份非糯性小麦材料,通过田间试验在灌浆过程中分别检测了各材料的籽粒直链和支链淀粉积累量、淀粉积累速率及淀粉合成关键酶活性的动态变化过程,探讨籽粒淀粉累积与相关酶活性的关系.结果表明:(1)非糯小麦在花后7 d前均未检测到直链淀粉存在,而此时已经检测到支链淀粉含量,并且糯小麦仅含有支链淀粉,支链淀粉早于直链淀粉合成.(2)糯性和非糯性小麦灌浆期籽粒的直、支链淀粉积累速率均呈先增加后降低的趋势,且直、支链淀粉最终积累量取决于最大积累速率和平均积累速率的大小,而积累活跃期的调节作用较小;糯性和非糯性小麦在淀粉合成过程中的腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPP)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)、颗粒结合型淀粉合成酶(GBSS)和淀粉分支酶(SEB)活性均呈单峰曲线变化,活性峰值基本上都出现在花后20～25 d左右.(3)直链淀粉积累速率与AGPP、SSS、GBSS和SBE活性变化显著或极显著正相关,而支链淀粉积累速率仅与SSS活性变化极显著正相关,总淀粉积累速率与AGPP和SSS活性变化显著或极显著正相关.     

灌浆期高温和水分逆境对冬小麦籽粒蛋白质和淀粉含量的影响

灌浆期高温和水分逆境是影响小麦籽粒产量和品质的关键气候因子。以扬麦9号、徐州26和豫麦34三个小麦品种为材料,利用人工气候室模拟灌浆期高温和水分胁迫环境,研究了花后高温及温度和水分互作对小麦籽粒蛋白质和淀粉形成的影响。结果表明,高温显著提高了小麦籽粒蛋白质含量及清蛋白、球蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量,但降低了谷蛋白含量,导致麦谷蛋白／醇溶蛋白比值降低。高温显著降低了籽粒总淀粉和支链淀粉含量及支／直比。籽粒蛋白质和淀粉及其组分形成所需的适宜昼夜温差随小麦品质类型而异,但温度水平对籽粒蛋白质和淀粉的影响较温差大。在高温和水分逆境下,温度对籽粒蛋白质和淀粉含量的影响较水分逆境大,且存在显著的互作效应。小麦籽粒蛋白质含量均表现为干旱〉对照〉渍水,以高温干旱最高,适温渍水最低;淀粉含量为对照〉干旱〉渍水,以适温对照最高,而高温渍水最低。高温和水分逆境显著提高了籽粒醇溶蛋白含量而降低了谷蛋白含量及支链淀粉含量,使蛋白质谷／醇比和淀粉支／直比降低,以高温渍水对籽粒蛋白质和淀粉组分的影响最为显著。不同品种之间,高蛋白小麦籽粒蛋白质和组分的形成受高温和水分逆境的影响更大,而低蛋白品种籽粒淀粉形成显著受温度和水分逆境的调节。分析表明,在高温和水分逆境下籽粒蛋白质含量与清蛋白和醇溶蛋白显著正相关,籽粒淀粉含量与谷蛋白、支链淀粉含量及支／直比显著正相关。     

灌浆前期高温和干旱胁迫对小麦籽粒蛋白质含量和氮代谢关键酶活性的影响

为探讨花后逆境胁迫影响小麦籽粒氮代谢及蛋白质合成的生理机制,采用盆栽和人工气候室模拟花后高温的方式,研究了灌浆前期短暂高温和干旱胁迫对两个不同品质类型小麦品种籽粒蛋白质含量、组分及谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性的影响。结果表明,灌浆前期高温、干旱及其复合胁迫均显著提高两品种籽粒蛋白质及组分含量,但降低谷/醇比。逆境胁迫使蛋白质积累量和粒重显著下降,其中高温处理使两品种蛋白质产量分别下降20.7%和12.4%,粒重下降23.2%和24.0%;干旱胁迫使两品种蛋白质产量分别下降16.2%和11.9%,粒重下降18.0%和16.0%;复合胁迫使两品种蛋白质产量分别下降26.1%和15.8%,粒重下降29.9%和28.9%。高温、干旱及其复合胁迫下两品种籽粒氮代谢关键酶活性升高。花后8,17,23,29 d的GS活性和花后11,17 d的GPT活性与蛋白质含量呈显著或极显著正相关,花后23,35 d的GS和花后8,17,23 d的GPT活性与蛋白质产量呈显著或极显著负相关,花后8,17,23,29,35 d的GS和花后8,11,17,23 d的GPT活性与籽粒产量呈显著或极显著负相关。试验条件下,高温处理对籽粒蛋白质合成的影响大于干旱胁迫,二者具有叠加效应,强筋小麦品种郑麦366受逆境胁迫的影响较大。     

施氮量和花后土壤含水量对强筋小麦籽粒淀粉合成及品质的影响

以强筋小麦品种'济麦20'为材料,在防雨池栽培条件下研究了施氮量和花后土壤含水量对强筋小麦籽粒淀粉合成及其品质的影响,以明确强筋小麦获得高产优质的花后适宜土壤含水量及施氮量.结果表明:在同一施氮量下,适宜的花后土壤含水量(60%～70%)籽粒游离态淀粉合成酶(SSS)和束缚态淀粉合成酶(GBSS)活性在籽粒发育过程中一直最高,有利于直链淀粉、支链淀粉的积累和支链淀粉/直链淀粉比的提高,提高峰值粘度、低谷粘度、最终粘度和衰减值;花后土壤含水量过高(80%～90%)或过低(40%～50%)均导致籽粒SSS和GBSS活性降低,从而使直链淀粉、支链淀粉的积累量降低,减小支链淀粉/直链淀粉比,使峰值粘度、低谷粘度、最终粘度降低.(2)在同一土壤含水量下,增施氮肥不利于灌浆前期SSS和GBSS活性和直链淀粉、支链淀粉积累量的提高,并且随着土壤含水量增加增施氮肥该趋势加重;适量增施氮肥能提高支链淀粉/直链淀粉比和峰值粘度、低谷粘度、最终粘度,过多或过少施氮则降低支/直比和峰值粘度、低谷粘度、最终粘度.研究认为,在本试验条件下,适量增施氮肥(纯氮225 kg/hm2)或适宜的花后土壤含水量(60%～70%)可促进强筋小麦籽粒淀粉的合成,有效改善其淀粉品质.     

花后高温对不同耐热性小麦品种籽粒淀粉形成的影响

以耐热性不同的2个小麦品种济麦20和鲁麦21为材料,分别于花后5～9d（T1）和15～19d（T2）进行高温处理,研究了小麦花后不同阶段高温对籽粒淀粉积累、淀粉粒分布及相关酶活性的影响。结果表明,花后高温显著降低籽粒淀粉积累量;显著降低籽粒淀粉及支链淀粉含量,但提高直链淀粉含量、直／支链淀粉比例。处理间比较,他处理对籽粒淀粉积累的影响程度较T1处理大。品种间比较,高温对济麦20的影响程度较鲁麦21大。高温使A型淀粉粒的体积、数量和表面积比例显著增加,B型淀粉粒的体积、数量和表面积比例显著降低。T1处理后,两品种籽粒蔗糖含量、蔗糖合酶（SS）和腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（AGPP）、可溶性淀粉合酶（SSS）、束缚态淀粉合酶（GBSS）和淀粉分支酶（SBE）活性均略高于对照;但济麦20、鲁麦21上述指标分别于花后15、20d开始低于对照。他处理后,两品种籽粒蔗糖含量、SS、AGPP、SSS、GBSS和SBE活性显著低于对照,济麦20上述指标的降幅较鲁麦21大。与其它淀粉合成相关酶相比,高温对籽粒GBSS活性的影响程度较小。两品种处理间籽粒蔗糖含量、SS、AGPP、SSS、GBSS及SBE活性的变化趋势,与淀粉积累量的变化趋势基本一致。说明灌浆期高温使籽粒淀粉积累量降低,一方面是由于籽粒蔗糖供应较低引起糖源不足;另一方面则是由于灌浆中后期淀粉合成相关酶活性下降使淀粉合成受抑所致。     

A comparative study of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) levels in the saliva of diabetic and normal patients

Diabetes has been reported to affect salivary glands adversely in humans and experimental models. Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) are salivary enzymes that also are widely distributed in animal tissues. We determined GOT and GPT levels in saliva samples of 100 type 1 and 30 type 2 diabetic patients using reflectance spectrophotometry and compared them to 30 age and sex matched healthy controls. Statistically significant differences were observed in the mean values of GOT and GPT in type 1 diabetics compared to type 2 and control groups. Significantly higher GOT levels were found in the 1–20 year age group of type 1 diabetics. Our findings suggest that salivary gland damage is due to the same immunological attack that affects pancreatic β cells and results in type 1 diabetes.     

Effect of altered hormonal states on transaminase enzymes in the genital ograns of immature female rhesus monkeys

The effect of ovariectomy and hormone replacement therapy on the activity of glutamate oxalacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) in the oviduct, uterus, cervix and vagina of immature female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta ) was studied. In intact animals, GOT activity was high in the oviduct, whereas GPT was high in the vagina. Ovariectomy suppressed the activity of both the enzymes in varying degrees. Estradiol dipropionate stimulated GOT in the oviduct and uterus, whereas progesterone increased this enzyme in the uterus. Sequential treatment of two hormones inhibited the enzymes in all the tissues; GPT was, however, stimulated in the fundus region of the uterus. The study demonstrated the presence of transaminase enzymes in the genital tissues of rhesus monkey and their differential response to sex steroids.     

Cardioprotective effect of coconut kernel protein in isoproterenol administered rats

Male albino rats were given subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol (10 mg/100 g body wt) twice at an interval of 24 hr to induce myocardial infarction. The rats showed massive myocardial necrosis and increased activities of creatinine phosphokinase (CPK), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), in serum, while a decrease in nitric oxide synthase activity and lower levels of palmitate oxidation into CO2 and ATP were observed in the heart. Rats pre-treated with coconut protein or L-arginine showed significantly decreased CPK, GOT and GPT activities in the serum. There was significantly higher nitric oxide synthase activity and higher rate of palmitate oxidation into CO2 and increased levels of ATP in the heart in these groups. These observations indicate the cardioprotective effect of coconut protein, which may be attributed to the high content of L-arginine present in it.     

Enzymes of glutamine metabolism in testa-pericarp and endosperm of developing wheat grain

Glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase, glutamate puruvate transaminase and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase have been assayed in developing testa-pericarp and endosperm of two wheat varieties, namely Shera (11.6% protein) and C-306 (9.8% protein). On per organ basis, activities of all the enzymes studied, except glutamine synthetase, increased during development. Glutamine synthetase activity decreased during development in the testa-pericarp, whereas, no glutamine synthetase activity could be detected in endosperm of either variety at any stage of development. Compared to testa-pericarp, endosperm had higher activities of glutamate synthase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase. On the whole, enzyme activities in Shera were higher, as compared to C-306. Developmental patterns and relative levels of enzyme activities in the two varieties were more or less the same, when expressed on dry weight basis or as specific activities. The results suggest that ammonia assimilation in developing wheat grain takes place by the glutamate dehydrogenase pathway in the endosperm; and both by the glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase—glutamate synthase pathways in the testa-pericarp.     

Effects of High Temperature and Strong Light Combine Stress on Yield and Quality of Early <i>Indica</i> Rice with Different Amylose Content during Grout Filling

High temperature (HT) accompanied with strong light (SL) often occurs in early indica rice production during grout filling stage in southern China, which accelerates grain ripening. Two indica rice cultivars with different amylose content (Zhongjiazao17, ZJZ17, high amylose content; Xiangzaoxian45, XZX45, low amylose content) were grown under control (CK), HT, and HT+SL conditions during grout filling to determine the effects on grain yield and quality of rice. The results showed that compared with CK, HT and HT+SL significantly reduced the 1000-grain weight and filled grain rate whether in high or low amylose content early indica rice cultivars during grout filling, resulting in a significantly lower grain yield. Meanwhile, HT and HT+SL significantly decreased the milled rice rate, brown rice rate and head rice rate, whereas significantly increased chalky rate and chalky degree; and breakdown decreased and setback, pasting temperature increased in the cultivars, leading to the poor processing, appearance and cooking and eating quality of early indica rice cultivars. Compared with HT, the yield of ZJZ17 was significantly decreased under HT+SL, due to the lower 1000-grain weight. However, the effect of HT+SL on rice quality varied in the cultivars. In general, the yield and rice quality of ZJZ17 were relatively poor under HT+SL. Our results suggested that HT and HT+SL during grout filling had significant damage to the yield and quality of early indica rice cultivars, especially HT+SL, while the high amylose cultivar ZJZ17 showed a higher negative effect under HT+SL.     

Regulation of Starch and Protein Synthesis in Wheat Grains by Feeding Sucrose and Glutamine to Detached Ears Cultured in vitro

Three experiments of in vitro ear culture were conducted to evaluate how the substrates of C (carbon) and N (nitrogen) supply in liquid medium regulate the grain growth and synthesis of protein and starch in two winter wheat cultivars. Increasing glutamine supply with constant sucrose concentration increased the contents of total protein and protein components of albumin and globulin in grain, and the activity of glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) across most treatments, while markedly reducing the contents of total starch and components of amylose and amylopectin as well as the activities of soluble starch synthase (SSS) and granule bounded starch synthase (GBSS). The opposite patterns were observed in the experiment of increasing sucrose supply at constant glutamine concentration. When simultaneously increasing sucrose and glutamine supply at constant ratio, the contents of total protein, albumin and globulin in grain were slowly enhanced, whereas the contents of total starch, amylose and amylopectin and the activities of SSS, GBSS and GPT increased only to a certain extent and then decreased. Negative correlations were found between the contents of protein or protein components in grains and the relative ratio of sucrose to glutamine concentrations in the culture medium, while positive correlations were seen between the contents of total starch or starch components and the ratio of sucrose to glutamine. These results implied that the composition of protein and starch in wheat grain could be readily manipulated by varying the concentrations of sucrose and glutamine and their ratio in the culture medium.     

饲料中添加磷虾水解物对大菱鲆幼鱼生长性能、体组成及相关酶活性的影响

选取初始体重为(9.46±0.01) g的大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus L.)为研究对象, 以30%鱼粉组为对照, 分别添加5%磷虾水解物(LKH)和10%磷虾水解物(HKH)以替代鱼粉蛋白, 配制3组等氮等脂的饲料, 在室内流水养殖系统进行为期10周的养殖实验, 旨在探究饲料中添加磷虾水解物对大菱鲆幼鱼生长性能、体组成及相关酶活性的影响。结果显示, HKH组大菱鲆幼鱼的特定生长率(SGR)、饲料效率(FE)、蛋白质效率比(PER)、蛋白质沉积率(PPV)均显著高于对照组(P<0.05), 但摄食率(FI)显著低于对照组(P<0.05); LKH、HKH组大菱鲆幼鱼肌肉总氨基酸含量和必需氨基酸含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05); LKH、HKH组肝脏谷草转氨酶(GOT)活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05), 而血清GOT活性与对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05); HKH组肝脏谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性显著高于对照组和LKH组(P<0.05), 但血清GPT活性显著低于LKH组和对照组(P<0.05); HKH组肠道淀粉酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05), 同时随着磷虾水解物添加量的升高, 肠道及幽门盲囊胰蛋白酶活性先降低后升高, 且在HKH组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。综上结果表明, 在饲料中添加10%磷虾水解物能够提高大菱鲆幼鱼的生长性能, 促进其氨基酸代谢和消化吸收。     

Biochemical aspects of the developing and ripening banana

The peel and pulp of the banana fruit and the pseudostem were examined for glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and aldolase activities and protein, phenolics, chlorophyll and starch. The peel-pulp ratio at various stages of fruit development on the plant and in detached fruits showing incipient ripening were used as an index of the physiological age of the fruit. The enzymes exhibited maximum activity at a stage corresponding to the initiation of the climacteric. GPT level at this stage was higher than that of GOT. An initial increase in the protein content was followed by a decline in both peel and pulp, the level reaching a minimum in climacteric fruits. Astringency, measured in terms of total phenolics, decreased with development; in mature fruits, peel contained 4–5 × as much phenolics as pulp. Chlorophyll in mature fruits was 10 × higher than in young fruits and decreased in ripe fruits. The onset of ripening was attended with a pronounced decrease in the starch. The various analyses were carried out also on the pseudostem removed from the plant soon after flower formation.     

Changes in nitrogen metabolism enzyme activities ofVicia faba in response to aluminum and cadmium

Nodules of faba bean (Vicia faba L. cv. Giza 3) plants grown in pots containing clay-loam soil for 90 d have an active nitrate reductase (NR), while the leaves did not show detectable activity. Spraying the plant with increasing concentrations of Al³⁺ or Cd²⁺ (0–1000 μM) significantly inhibited the nodules NR activity, the decline being more pronounced in Cd²⁺ treatment. The specific activity of glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) were more prominent in the 60- than in 90-d-old plants; GOT was always higher than GPT. Furthermore, GOT was more sensitive to Al³⁺ and Cd²⁺ treatments and its activity was significantly decreased when the metal concentration increased. Also, Cd²⁺ proved to be more effective than Al³⁺ in suppressing the GOT activity in the nodules, with less significant effect observed in the leaves. In contrast, GPT was hardly affected by the various metal treatments, particulary in the leaves.