海滨盐薄片菌——分离自海洋盐田的一个嗜盐古菌新种

【目的】研究分离自我国华南地区阳江盐田的一株嗜盐古菌菌株YJ-41^T,探究其分类学地位。【方法】运用多相分类学方法即通过表型和遗传型特征鉴定,研究菌株YJ-41^T 的分类学地位。【结果】菌株YJ-41^T 的细胞为杆状、革兰氏染色阴性、菌落呈红色。菌株YJ-41^T 的生长温度范围20–50 ℃ (最适为37 ℃)、NaCl 浓度范围2.1–4.8 mol/L (最适为3.1 mol/L)、MgCl₂浓度范围0–1.0 mol/L (最适为0.05 mol/L)、pH 范围5.0–9.0 (最适为pH 7.0)。细胞在蒸馏水中会裂解,维持细胞形态的最低NaCl 浓度为10% (质量体积比)。菌株YJ-41^T 的极性脂为磷脂酸(Phosphatidic acid,PA)、磷脂酰甘油(Phosphatidyl glycerol,PG)、磷脂酰甘油磷酸甲基酯(Phosphatidyl glycerol phosphate methyl ester,PGP-Me)、磷脂酰甘油硫酸酯(Phosphatidylglycerol sulphate,PGS)和8 种糖脂;其中3 种糖脂为硫酸甘露糖苷葡萄糖二醚(Sulfated mannosylglucosyl diether,S-DGD-1)、半乳糖苷甘露糖苷葡萄糖二醚(Galactosyl mannosy glucosyl diether,TGD-1)和甘露糖苷葡萄糖二醚(Mannosyl glucosyl diether,DGD-1),其余为未知糖脂。菌株YJ-41^T 的16S rRNA 基因和rpoB''基因与盐薄片菌属(Halolamina)的成员相关基因相似性分别为97.5%–98.4%和93.1%–94.4%。菌株YJ-41^T 的G+C mol%为61.4 mol%。【结论】表型、化学分类和系统发育的特性表明,菌株YJ-41^T (=CGMCC 1.12859^T=JCM 30237^T)代表Halolamina 属的一个新种,建议命名为海滨盐薄片菌(Halolamina litorea)。     

来源于中国南海的微生物新种乙醇速生杆菌(Celeribacter ethanolicus)多相分类研究

【目的】研究来源于南海海水的一株速生杆菌属菌株NH195^T 的多相分类。【方法】采用表型、基因型和化学分类方法,并综合系统发育关系结果,分析菌株NH195^T 的分类学地位。【结果】菌株NH195^T 是一株革兰氏阴性、好氧、杆状、无运动性细菌;能积累Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB);能在0.5%-10.0% (质量体积比) NaCl 浓度,pH 5.0-9.0 和20-40 ℃ 条件下生长,最适NaCl 生长浓度为1.0%-3.0%;氧化酶、触酶和脲酶反应结果阳性。菌株NH195^T 主要呼吸醌为Q-10,主要脂肪酸为C_18:1ω7c、C_18:1ω6c 和11 methyl C_18:1ω7c,主要极性脂为磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰甘油、双磷脂酰甘油、一个未知的氨基脂和两个未知脂。基因组G+C 含量为61.3 mol%。基于16S rRNA 基因的系统发育结果显示,菌株NH195^T 隶属于速生杆菌属;其与速生杆菌属标准菌株的16S rRNA 基因相似性范围为94.4%-97.7%。菌株NH195^T 与速生杆菌属标准菌株C. halophilus ZXM137^T 和C. indicus P73^T 的平均核苷酸一致性(ANI)分别为78.6%和78.0%;基于基因组数据计算所得的DNA 杂交同源率分别为26.1%和23.0%。【结论】基于表型和基因型结果,菌株NH195^T 代表了速生杆菌属一个新物种,命名为Celeribacter ethanolicus,标准菌株为NH195^T (CGMCC 1.15406^T=JCM 31095^T)。     

西藏扎布耶盐碱湖细菌的多样性与分离菌株的生长特性

【背景】扎布耶湖位于青藏高原地区,是以水体中富含高浓度CO₃²⁻、HCO₃⁻和Na⁺为显著特性的盐碱湖,因其地理位置高寒、高海拔,人迹罕至,涉及该盐湖微生物的研究相对较少。【目的】系统探究湖水中细菌多样性和菌种资源等,发掘可利用的潜在菌种。【方法】采用Illumina测序16S rRNA基因V3−V4区分析扎布耶湖细菌的群落结构组成、物种多样性特征;采用纯培养筛选分离可培养细菌,明确分离菌株分类学地位、生长特性及产酸能力,同时测定分离菌株四氢嘧啶(ectoine)、吲哚乙酸(3-indoleacetic acid, IAA)和胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances, EPS)的积聚量。【结果】Illumina测序明确分类地位的细菌有21门44纲86目583属,其中优势门类群是变形菌门(Proteobacteria, 25.11%−67.60%)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes, 4.84%−35.02%)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes, 1.24%−11.01%),优势属类群是克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella, 0.01%−9.53%)、盐单胞菌属(Halomonas, 0.54%−8.75%)、芽单胞菌属(Gemmatimonas, 2.39%−6.00%)和腈基降解菌属(Nitriliruptor, 1.27%−6.26%)。纯培养法筛选获得嗜盐碱菌38株,其中芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus) 23株(60.53%)和盐单胞菌属(Halomonas) 10株(26.32%),菌株均具有耐盐碱和产酸能力(19.80%−29.68%)。大多数菌株能积聚四氢嘧啶、IAA和EPS,产量范围分别为1.36−175.59、0.27−8.69和0.02−0.22 g/g。【结论】扎布耶湖细菌群落结构与其他地区盐碱湖相似,但存在大量未明确分类学地位的细菌,分离菌株多具有耐盐碱及产酸特性。此外,还发现4株高效生产四氢嘧啶、3株生产吲哚乙酸和3株生产胞外聚合物的潜力菌株,为扎布耶盐湖微生物资源的开发利用奠定了基础。     

H4K5去乙酰化对镍胁迫下酿酒酵母细胞壁完整性途径的调控作用

【目的】金属镍(nickel, Ni)是人类广泛接触的重金属污染物之一,镍暴露会激活细胞内的细胞壁完整性(cell wall integrity, CWI)信号通路,也会导致细胞内组蛋白乙酰化水平降低,但CWI途径在镍胁迫时是否受组蛋白乙酰化调控尚不完全清楚。【方法】利用组蛋白定点突变型菌株H4K5R (模拟去乙酰化状态),分析镍胁迫下H4K5去乙酰化对酿酒酵母CWI途径的调控作用【结果】与野生型菌株相比,定点突变型菌株H4K5R具有较强的镍抗性:在5.0 mmol/L NiCl₂胁迫下,定点突变型菌株仍能生长良好;Western blotting与qRT-PCR结果表明,野生型菌株BY4741在5.0 mmol/L NiCl₂胁迫下细胞壁完整性途径被激活,甘露聚糖与葡聚糖调控基因Mnn9表达量显著上调3.13倍、Fks1表达量显著上调1.49倍,甘露聚糖、β-葡聚糖的含量也增加,说明此时野生型菌株激活了CWI途径,细胞壁成分含量增加;定点突变型菌株H4K5R在5.0 mmol/L NiCl₂胁迫下CWI途径激活程度较轻,虽然Mnn9、Fks1表达量上调,但甘露聚糖含量变化并不显著,而相较于野生型菌株β-葡聚糖含量增加幅度较小。【结论】在5.0 mmol/L NiCl₂胁迫下,定点突变型菌株H4K5位点的去乙酰化调控CWI途径,进而影响细胞壁组分的变化。     

一株耐碱变形假单胞菌ZY-3的鉴定及其脱氮特性

【背景】目前缺少具有高效脱氮能力、较高生物安全性、能处理高碱含氮污水的好氧反硝化菌株,难以使用生物方法处理高碱性的工业、养殖废水。【目的】对前期于佛山市一水产养殖池塘底泥中分离得到的耐碱高效好氧反硝化细菌ZY-3进行研究,期望获得一株能用于不同酸碱环境脱氮的高效、安全的好氧反硝化细菌。【方法】通过形态学、生理生化试验及16S rRNA基因序列分析方法对菌株种属进行鉴定,采用抗生素试验及斑马鱼攻毒试验进行菌株的环境生物安全性评估,利用3种含不同氮素的含氮模拟废水进行脱氮能力的测定。【结果】确定ZY-3为假单胞菌属变形假单胞菌（Pseudomonas plecoglossicida）,其对多种临床常用抗生素敏感,对水生生物的毒性低,该菌株在高浓度含氮模拟废水中以28℃、180 r/min振荡培养时,其对数期出现在4—12 h,在12 h时NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N和NO₂^--N的去除率分别达到94.87%、81.44%和98.02%,其pH耐受范围为6.0—10.0。【结论】得到一株安全、高效、具有广泛pH适应范围的耐碱好氧反硝化细菌P. plecoglossicida ZY-3,其在有氧条件下对3种氮素（NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^–-N、NO₂^–-N）具有快速去除能力。     

花生根际微生物的分离及高效功能菌株筛选

【背景】花生根际分布着丰富的微生物类群，分离筛选多种功能的高效微生物是研发高效复合菌肥的基础。【目的】从花生根际土壤及根表分离微生物，分析可培养微生物的多样性，筛选高效解有机磷和无机磷、产吲哚乙酸(indole-3-acetic acid, IAA)和铁载体功能的菌株，为研发花生微生物菌肥打下基础。【方法】利用稀释涂布法，从采自山东省栖霞市、平度市、烟台市莱山区 3个样点的花生根际土、根表样品中分离微生物，基于16S rRNA基因序列对其进行系统发育分析，并通过初筛和复筛筛选高效解磷、产IAA和铁载体的菌株。【结果】共分离、纯化、保藏147株菌，其中75株分离自根际土壤，72株分离自根表样品。系统发育分析表明所有的菌分布于放线菌门(Actinomycetota)、芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)和假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)这4个门的40个属，优势属为链霉菌属(Streptomyces, 21.77%)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus, 16.33%)；根表样品微生物的多样性高于根际样品；共筛选到解有机磷菌株62株，短波单胞菌(Brevundimonas) YTU21021解有机磷能力最强为1.12 mg/L；解无机磷菌株31株，不动杆菌(Acinetobacter) YTU21009解无机磷能力最强为7.04 mg/L；产IAA的菌株63株，肠杆菌(Enterobacter) YTU21054产IAA量最高，达184.19 mg/L；产铁载体细菌7株，伯克氏菌(Burkholderia) YTU21051产铁载体能力最强，A_s/A_r为0.90。【结论】花生根际和根表样品中可培养微生物多样性较为丰富，本研究筛选到的高效功能菌丰富了花生根际功能微生物资源，为后续与高效根瘤菌联合研发花生复合微生物菌肥奠定了基础。     

青海一株蚕豆根瘤菌的鉴定及抗旱性评价

【目的】研究青海干旱地区蚕豆根瘤菌的遗传多样性,获得与蚕豆品种共生匹配且具有耐旱性的根瘤菌株,促进蚕豆耐旱根瘤菌在青海干旱地区生产中的应用。【方法】以分离自青海干旱地区一株菌株QHCD22为材料,利用细菌形态学、生理生化指标鉴定、Biolog细菌鉴定系统、16S rRNA基因序列分析、全基因组分析等进行菌种鉴定和系统发育分析,进一步通过PEG6000模拟干旱胁迫、盆栽回接干旱胁迫处理及旱作田间接种验证试验对该菌株的耐旱性进行综合评价。【结果】QHCD22菌株属快生型根瘤菌属(Rhizobium),Rhizobium indicum种。随着PEG6000模拟干旱胁迫程度的加剧,在−0.6 mPa这一更低渗透势时菌株存活数量增高,浊度由61.48%上升到69.42%,表现出较强的耐旱性。盆栽试验表明,接种根瘤菌处理(NA)的株高、植株鲜干比、根瘤数、根瘤鲜重、叶绿素含量(SPAD)、叶片相对含水量(RWC)、脯氨酸含量(PRO)、超氧化物歧化酶活性(SOD)、根系活力(TCC)均高于不接种根瘤菌处理(NN),并且在正常供水条件下,NA处理的各指标也均高于NN处理。旱作田间验证试验表明接种该菌株显著提高固氮酶活性,青海13号蚕豆根瘤固氮酶活性由不接种的42.07 C₂H₄ nmol/(g·h)显著增加到221.78 C₂H₄ nmol/(g·h),青蚕14号蚕豆由40.60 C₂H₄ nmol/(g·h)显著增加到109.78 C₂H₄ nmol/(g·h),马牙蚕豆由33.41 C₂H₄ nmol/(g·h)显著增加到643.15 C₂H₄ nmol/(g·h)。接种根瘤菌对于增加产量具有促进作用,其中青蚕14号的增产效果显著,增产幅度达32.3%。【结论】QHCD22菌株可能为快生型根瘤菌属的一个种Rhizobium indicum,具有一定的耐旱性,研究表明接种根瘤菌可以提高蚕豆的耐旱性,尤其对干旱敏感型蚕豆品种增产效果显著,具有潜在的应用前景。     

禾谷镰刀菌拮抗菌21-6的鉴定及其抑菌活性测定

【背景】禾谷镰刀菌（Fusarium graminearum）是一种危害小麦生产的重要病原真菌。【目的】筛选对禾谷镰刀菌具有拮抗活性的链霉菌菌株,为该病原的生物防治提供理论基础。【方法】采用稀释涂布法分离链霉菌,利用平板对峙法筛选高活性拮抗菌株;通过形态学、生理生化特征和16S rRNA基因序列分析确定其分类地位;采用生长速率法分析其发酵条件及无菌发酵液的稳定性;并测定该菌株的防病效果和抑菌谱。【结果】筛选到一株对禾谷镰刀菌具有较强抑制作用的链霉菌菌株21-6,抑菌率为75.2%±2.1%。根据形态学、生理生化特征及16S rRNA基因序列分析,将其鉴定为Streptomyces stelliscabiei。菌株21-6在pH为中性条件下的PDB培养基中培养5 d能够产生更好的抑菌效果。无菌发酵液能够抑制禾谷镰刀菌的菌丝生长和孢子萌发过程。无菌发酵液不受高温、胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶及蛋白酶K的影响,耐酸但对碱性条件敏感。发酵液对禾谷镰刀菌侵染小麦胚芽鞘具有抑制效果。菌株21-6具有聚酮合酶pks-Ⅰ和pks-Ⅱ基因。此外,该菌株对5种植物病原真菌均具有抑制效果。【结论】链霉菌菌株21-6对禾谷镰刀菌具有较好的生防潜力。     

一株高效甘蔗内生固氮细菌GXS16的鉴定及其对甘蔗的促生长作用

[背景] 我国甘蔗生产中氮肥过量施用严重,导致生产成本居高不下,充分发挥甘蔗与内生固氮菌的联合固氮作用,减少氮肥施用量,对促进我国甘蔗产业可持续发展具有重要意义。[目的] 筛选优势甘蔗内生固氮菌,对其基本特性、联合固氮效率及促生长功能进行评价。[方法] 从甘蔗根系分离到一株内生固氮菌GXS16,利用乙炔还原法测定固氮酶活性,通过PCR扩增nifH基因确定菌株为固氮菌;通过形态观察、Biolog检测和16S rRNA基因序列分析等对菌株进行分类;通过接种盆栽甘蔗检测菌株的促生长作用,采用¹⁵N同位素稀释法检测菌株相对固氮效率。[结果] 菌株GXS16固氮酶活性为2.42μmol-C₂H₄/（h·mL）,根据菌株培养性状和菌体形态观察、Biolog检测、16S rRNA、nifH、acdS基因序列分析结果,菌株GXS16属于伯克氏菌属（Burkholderia）;菌株GXS16还具有1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸脱氨酶（1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Deaminase,ACC）活性及合成生长素吲哚乙酸（Indoleacetic Acid,IAA）、降解无机磷的功能;接种GXS16处理甘蔗植株的株高比对照增长15%以上,干重增长20%以上,¹⁵N同位素测定显示甘蔗根、茎、叶从空气中获得氮的百分比分别为7.69%、15.64%和8.72%,效率显著优于模式菌株G.diazotrophicus PAL5。[结论] Burkholderia sp.GXS16是一株高效甘蔗内生固氮菌,具有良好应用前景。     

一株产蛋白酶嗜碱菌株的分离、鉴定及酶学特性

【目的】筛选产蛋白酶嗜碱菌并对其进行鉴定和特性分析。【方法】利用碱性脱脂牛奶培养基分离纯化产蛋白酶嗜碱菌,通过形态特征、生理生化、16S rRNA基因序列分析以及DNA-DNA杂交实验确定菌株的分类地位,利用酪蛋白水解法分析所产蛋白酶的pH和温度作用范围、稳定性和耐氧化剂能力。【结果】从我国西藏盐碱湖样品中分离到一株产碱性蛋白酶的菌株ZL223,该菌株为革兰氏阳性菌,最适生长温度为37℃,最适生长pH9.0,16S rRNA基因序列分析显示,菌株ZL223与假强芽孢杆菌Bacillus pseudo firmus OF4亲缘关系最近,16S rRNA基因序列相似性为98.6%,DNA-DNA杂交结果显示与B.pseudofirmus OF4同源性为86%。菌株ZL223产生的蛋白酶作用的最适pH为12.0,最适温度为40℃。【结论】结合生理生化指标测定的结果,鉴定菌株为假强芽孢杆菌ZL223(B.pseudofirmus ZL223)。该菌株产生的碱性蛋白酶具有较高的pH适应性,值得进一步研究。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

New species and new combinations in Peruvian Orchidaceae

seventeen new species and combinations are proposed in the generaChondrorhyncha, Cischweinfia, Cochlioda, Eloyella, Encyclia, Kefersteinia, Koellensteinia, Macroclinium, Rodriguezia, Solenidiopsis, andStenia. All new species are illustrated. A key is provided for 2-flowered species ofMacroclinium, PeruvianSigmatostalix, and PeruvianStenia. Solenidium (Solenidiopsis) peruvianum Schltr. is lectotypified.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Phylogenetic investigations of Sordariaceae based on multiple gene sequences and morphology

The family Sordariaceae incorporates a number of fungi that are excellent model organisms for various biological, biochemical, ecological, genetic and evolutionary studies. To determine the evolutionary relationships within this group and their respective phylogenetic placements, multiple-gene sequences (partial nuclear 28S ribosomal DNA, nuclear ITS ribosomal DNA and partial nuclear β-tubulin) were analysed using maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses. Analyses of different gene datasets were performed individually and then combined to generate phylogenies. We report that Sordariaceae, with the exclusion Apodus and Diplogelasinospora, is a monophyletic group. Apodus and Diplogelasinospora are related to Lasiosphaeriaceae. Multiple gene analyses suggest that the spore sheath is not a phylogenetically significant character to segregate Asordaria from Sordaria. Smooth-spored Sordaria species (including so-called Asordaria species) constitute a natural group. Asordaria is therefore congeneric with Sordaria. Anixiella species nested among Gelasinospora species, providing further evidence that non-ostiolate ascomata have evolved from ostiolate ascomata on several independent occasions. This study agrees with previous studies that show heterothallic Neurospora species to be monophyletic, but that homothallic ones may have a multiple origins. Although Gelasinospora and Neurospora are closely related and not resolved as monophyletic groups, there is insufficient evidence to place currently accepted Gelasinospora and Neurospora species into the same genus.     

Changes of dung beetle communities from rainforests towards agroforestry systems and annual cultures in Sulawesi (Indonesia)

Little is known about how tropical land-use systems contribute to the conservation of functionally important insect groups, including dung beetles. In a study at the margin of Lore Lindu National Park (a biodiversity hotspot in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia) dung-beetle communities were sampled in natural forest, young secondary forest, agroforestry systems (cacao plantations with shade trees) and annual cultures (maize fields), each with four replicates (n = 16 sites). At each site we used 10 pitfall traps, baited with cattle dung, along a 100 m transect for six 3-day periods. The number of trapped specimens and species richness at the natural forest sites was higher than in all land-use systems, which did not significantly differ. Each land-use system contained, on average, 75% of the species richness of the natural forest, thereby indicating their importance for conservation. However, a two-dimensional scaling plot based on NESS indices (m = 6) indicated distinct dung beetle communities for both forest types, while agroforestry systems and annual cultures exhibited a pronounced overlap. Mean body size of dung beetles was not significantly influenced by land-use intensity. Five of the six most abundant dung beetle species were recorded in all habitats, whereas the abundance of five other species was significantly related to habitat type. Mean local abundance and number of occupied sites were closely correlated, further indicating little habitat specialisation. The low dung beetle diversity (total of 18 recorded species) may be due to the absence of larger mammals in Sulawesi during historical times, even though Sulawesi is the largest island of Wallacea. In conclusion, the dung beetle fauna of the lower montane forest zone in Central Sulawesi appears to be relatively robust to man-made habitat changes and the majority of species did not exhibit strong habitat preferences.     

安徽牯牛降的丝孢菌Ⅰ

本文报导作者采自安徽枯牛降自然保护区的18种丝孢菌,分属于5个属,其中有3个新种:牛皮冻生尾孢(Cercospora paederiicola),山鸡椒假尾饱(Pseudocercospora litseae-cubebae),鸡血藤生假尾孢(P. millettiicola)和2个中国新纪录。文中对新种进行了描述及绘图,新记录种作了简要说明。研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。