皮质酮对大鼠延髓头端腹外侧区神经元活动的影响

实验用多管微电极细胞外记录氨基甲酸乙酯麻醉的SD大鼠延髓头端腹外侧区（RVLM）神经元的活动,用电刺激主动脉神经和静脉注射苯肾上腺素激活压力感受器反射等方法鉴定心血管神经元,在RVLM内共记录到145个自发放电的神经元,其中33个为心血管神经元,31个为伤害调制性神经元,81个为未知功能神经元。33个心血管神经元微电泳硫酸皮质酮（CORT）后,25个（76%）神经元放电迅速加快,8个（24%）自发放电没有变化。伤害刺激引起兴奋的31个伤害调制性神经元,微电泳CORT后19个（64%）神经元放电抑制,而2个（6%）兴奋,其余10个（30%）没有反应,功能不明的81个神经元在微电泳CORT后,32个（40%0兴奋,5个（6%）抑制,44个（54%）没有反应,以上结果证明CORT可能通过非基因组机制快速影响RVLM神经元的活动,提示在应激等情况下CORT的快速作用机制可能在心血管和抗伤害等活动整合中具有一定意义。     

低频电刺激大鼠脚桥核对丘脑腹外侧核神经元自发放电的影响及其机制

本文旨在观察低频电刺激脚桥核(pedunculopontine nucleus,PPN)对帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)模型大鼠丘脑腹外侧核(ventrolateral thalamic nucleus,VL)神经元自发放电活动的影响,以探讨低频电刺激PPN改善PD症状的作用机制。通过纹状体内注射6-羟多巴胺制备PD大鼠模型。采用在体细胞外记录、电刺激及微电泳方法,观察低频电刺激PPN、微电泳乙酰胆碱(acetylcholine,ACh)及其M型受体阻断剂阿托品(atropine,ATR)、γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)及其A型受体阻断剂荷包牡丹碱(bicuculline,BIC)对大鼠VL神经元放电频率的影响。结果显示,低频电刺激PPN可使正常大鼠和PD大鼠VL神经元自发放电频率增加。微电泳ACh对VL神经元具有兴奋和抑制两种作用,而微电泳ATR则主要抑制VL神经元,即使对被ACh抑制的神经元也产生抑制作用。微电泳GABA抑制VL神经元,而微电泳BIC则兴奋VL神经元。另外,在微电泳ACh的过程中微电泳GABA,被ACh兴奋或抑制的VL神经元放电频...     

微电泳乙酰胆碱和阿托品对大鼠丘脑束旁核痛敏神经元电活动的影响

在30只大鼠上,用多管微电极细胞外记录和离子微电泳方法,观察了乙酰胆碱(ACh)和阿托品对丘脑束旁核(Pf)神经元电活动的影响。结果表明,微电泳ACh可加强痛敏神经元的电活动,并使部分自发放电神经元对伤害性刺激产生反应。阿托品可以阻断ACh的上述作用。微电泳阿托品能减少痛敏神经元的电活动。这些结果提示,在Pf神经元的活动中,ACh可以直接作用于M受体发挥其兴奋作用。     

乙酰胆碱对大鼠头端延髓腹外侧区前交感神经元放电的作用

实验采用细胞外记录和微电泳等电生理方法,研究乙酰胆碱（ＡＣｈ）对氨基甲酸乙酯麻醉的大鼠头端延髓腹外侧区（ＲＶＬＭ）前交感神经元放电频率的影响。在ＲＶＬＭ共记录到３５个前交感神经元,微电泳ＡＣｈ能增加其放电（Ｐ〈０．０５）,并且具有剂量依赖性。其中２２个神经元微电泳Ｍ型胆碱受体阻断剂阿托品（ＡＴＲ）后能明显降低前交感神经元的基础放电（Ｐ〈０．０５）和完全阻断ＡＣｈ引起的神经元兴奋作用;分别向其余７和     

电刺激大鼠束旁核对底丘脑核和丘脑腹内侧核神经元的影响

本工作旨在探讨电刺激束旁核（parafascicular nucleus,PF）对帕金森病模型（Parkinson’s disease,PD）大鼠神经行为的改善作用及其机制。成年雄性Sprague—Dawley大鼠黑质致密部注射6一羟基多巴胺建立PD大鼠模型。采用行为学方法观察电刺激PF对阿朴吗啡诱发的大鼠旋转行为的作用,并应用在体细胞外记录法观察电刺激PF对大鼠底丘脑核（subthalamic nucleus,STN）及丘脑腹内侧核（ventromedial nucleus,VM）神经元放电的影响。结果发现,高频电刺激（130Hz,0．4mA,5s）PF一周,明显改善PD大鼠旋转行为。细胞外放电记录显示,高频电刺激PF使PD大鼠STN神经元自发放电减少,且该作用具有频率依赖性。另外,高频电刺激PF可使VM神经元兴奋,该作用也是频率依赖性的。我们在实验中同时观察到微电泳谷氨酸（glutamicacid,Glu）受体拮抗剂MK-801使STN神经元放电频率减少或完全抑制,微电泳t氨基丁酸（T-amino butyricacid,GABA）受体拮抗剂印防己毒素（picrotoxin,Pic）则使神经元放电频率增加。以上结果表明,GABA能和GIu能传入纤维可会聚于同-STN神经元,并对后者有紧张性作用。高频刺激PF,使该核团到STN神经元的Glu能兴奋性输出减少,导致STN的失活。这一作用通过基底神经节的间接通路,最终释放了丘脑运动核团VM的活性。高频刺激PF经PF,STN和VM的神经通路而改善PD大鼠神经行为。     

左旋千金藤啶碱D_1激动-D_2 阻滞作用引起伏核双相放电活动的电生理研究(英文)

为确定左旋千金藤啶碱 (SPD)对中脑边缘DA神经系统的作用特性 ,本研究采用细胞外记录的电生理学方法 ,观察微电泳和尾静脉给药对 6 OHDA损毁及未损毁大鼠的伏核 (NAc)单位放电的影响。结果显示 :SPD累积给药 ( 0 0 2～ 2mg/kg,iv)可诱发NAc神经元双相放电特征 ,即小剂量抑制、大剂量兴奋。预先给予D2 受体拮抗剂spiperone ,SPD则仅产生兴奋效应 ,并被D1拮抗剂SCH 2 3390所翻转或阻断 ,提示SPD对NAc神经元放电有D1激动特性。另一方面 ,大剂量SPD完全翻转D2 激动剂LY 1715 5 5和D1/D2 混合型激动剂阿朴吗啡对NAc神经元的抑制作用 ,表明SPD还具有D2 受体的阻滞特性。与静脉给药不同 ,NAc内微电泳SPD ( 30mmol/L ,2 0～ 80nA)很难诱发该神经核的兴奋或抑制性放电 ,而微电泳D1激动剂SKF 38393能产生明显的放电抑制效应。然而 ,在 6 OHDA损毁大鼠 ,微电泳SPD可使绝大多数NAc神经元 ( 91% )放电抑制 ,并为D1阻滞剂SCH 2 3390所完全拮抗 ,而不受D2 阻滞剂spiperone的影响。以上结果表明 ,SPD对NAc神经元活动具有‘D2 阻滞 D1激动’的双重药理作用特性 ,后者与SPD作用于mPFC的D1受体有密切关系 ,这有利于治疗精神分裂症     

神经生长因子分化后的PC12 细胞对乙酰胆碱的敏感性及其特性

目的和方法：采用全细胞膜片钳技术观察神经生长因子（NGF）分化后的PC12细胞对乙酰胆碱（ACh)的敏感性,并对ACh诱发电流（IACh)的特性进行分析。结果：NGF处理后的PC12乐仅形态上向交感神经元分化,而且具有电学兴奋性,它对ACh敏感性比未分化前显著提高。药理学鉴定表明PC12上的IACh是由烟碱受体（nAChR)引起的,具有明显的失敏特性。宏观IACh呈内向整流和浓度依赖性。结论：PC12细胞培养方便,同源性好,加入NGF后向交感神经元分化,且其具有神经元烟碱受体,可以作为交感神经元烟碱受体研究的很好的模型系统。     

Bicuculline对小鼠中脑下丘听神经元

采用微电泳技术考察了GABAA受体拮抗剂荷包牡丹碱（bicuculline）,对小鼠中脑下丘听神经元强度-放电率曲线、频率调谐曲线和听空间反应域的影响。结果表明,微电泳bicuculline使听神经元的放电率显著提高,多数神经元的强度-放电率曲线变为单调型;听神经元频率调谐曲线加宽,并且对曲线上部的作用更加明显;听神经元的听空间反应域增大,方向敏感性降低。实验结果提示了GABA能抑制在下丘听信息处理中的重要作用。     

乙酰胆碱对大鼠丘脑束旁核和中脑网状结构痛反应神经元电活动的影响

在54只大鼠上,用两支微电极同时记录神经元放电的方法,研究了脑室注射乙酰胆碱(ACh)对丘脑束旁核(Pf)和中脑网状结构(RF)痛反应神经元电活动的影响。结果表明,当脑内ACh含量增加时,Pf和RF中两个痛兴奋神经元(PEN)的电活动同时减弱,两个痛抑制神经元(PIN)的电活动同时加强,Pf中一个PEN电活动减弱的同时RF中一个PIN电活动加强,或者相反。阿托品可以阻断ACh的上述作用。这提示,ACh对不同中枢痛反应神经元的电活动的影响是通过M胆碱能受体而实现的。     

大鼠旁巨细胞外侧核呼吸神经元的型及其对某些递质类药物的反应

目的和方法：用细胞外记录法和多管微电极微电泳法在36只麻醉自主呼吸的SD大鼠,系统探查旁巨细胞外侧核尾兰侧（cPGCL）和呼吸神经元（RNs）的类型及该区的递质受体情况,结果：在14只大鼠系统探查,记录到39个RNs,包括吸气神经元24个、呼气神经元12个和跨时相神经元3个。在另22只大鼠,观察到微电泳谷氮酸钠（L－Glu)使12／14个RNs兴奋,γ－氨基丁酸（GABA）使全部受试RNs抑制(n=22);对NMDA受体拮抗剂DL－2－氨基－5－磷酸戊酸（AP5）、GABAA受体拮抗剂荷包牡丹碱（BIC）有兴奋、抑制和无作用三类效应;AP5部分阻断大部分受试神经元（6／9个）对L－Glu的兴奋反应,BIC部分或完全阻断大部分受试神经元（9／11个）,对GABA的抑制反应。结论：PGCL是呼吸调控的重要中枢部位之一,该区可能存在起神经递质作用的内源性L－Glu和GABA及兴雷性氨基酸（包括NMDA和非NMDA）受体和GABAA受体,它们可能介导PGCL对呼吸的调控。     

CCK-induced inhibition of presympathetic vasomotor neurons: dependence on subdiaphragmatic vagal afferents and central NMDA receptors in the rat

Systemic administration of cholecystokinin (CCK) inhibits a subpopulation of rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) presympathetic vasomotor neurons. This study was designed to determine whether this effect involved subdiaphragmatic vagal afferents and/or central N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors. Recordings were made from CCK-sensitive RVLM presympathetic vasomotor neurons in halothane-anesthetized, paralyzed male Sprague-Dawley rats. The responses of the neurons to CCK (2 and 4 microg/kg iv), phenylephrine (PE; 5 microg/kg iv), and phenylbiguanide (PBG; 5 microg/kg iv) were tested before and after application of the local anesthetic lidocaine (2% wt/vol gel; 1 ml) to the subdiaphragmatic vagi at the level of the esophagus. In seven separate experiments, lidocaine markedly reduced the inhibitory effects of CCK on RVLM presympathetic neuronal discharge rate. In other experiments, the effect of systemic administration of dizocilpine (1 mg/kg iv), a noncompetitive antagonist at NMDA receptor ion channels, on the RVLM presympathetic neuronal responses to CCK, PBG, and PE was tested. In all cases (n = 6 neurons in 6 individual rats), dizocilpine inhibited the effects of CCK, PBG, and PE on RVLM presympathetic neuronal discharge. These results suggest that the effects of systemic CCK on the discharge of RVLM presympathetic neurons is mediated via an action on receptors located on subdiaphragmatic vagal afferents. Furthermore, the data suggest that CCK activates a central pathway involving NMDA receptors to produce inhibition of RVLM presympathetic neuronal discharge.     

Contribution to sympathetic vasomotor tone of tonic glutamatergic inputs to neurons in the RVLM

The role of excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptors in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) in maintaining resting sympathetic vasomotor tone remains unclear. It has been proposed that EAA receptors in the RVLM mediate excitatory inputs both to presympathetic neurons and to interneurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM), which then provide a counterbalancing inhibition of RVLM presympathetic neurons. In this study, we tested this hypothesis by determining the effect of blockade of EAA receptors in the RVLM on mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), after inhibition of CVLM neurons. In anesthetized rats, bilateral injections of muscimol in the CVLM increased MAP, HR, and RSNA. Subsequent bilateral injections of kynurenic acid (Kyn, 2.7 nmol) in the RVLM caused a modest reduction of approximately 20 mmHg in the MAP but had no effect, when compared with the effect of vehicle injection alone, on HR or RSNA. By approximately 50 min after the injections of Kyn or vehicle in the RVLM, the MAP had stabilized at a level close to its original baseline level, but the HR and RSNA stabilized at levels above baseline. The results indicate that removal of tonic EAA drive to RVLM neurons has little effect on the tonic activity of RVLM presympathetic neurons, even when inputs from the CVLM are blocked. Thus the tonic activity of RVLM presympathetic neurons under these conditions is dependent on excitatory synaptic inputs mediated by non-EAA receptors and/or the autoactivity of these neurons.     

An enteric signal regulates putative gastrointestinal presympathetic vasomotor neurons in rats

Ingestion of a meal results in gastrointestinal (GI) hyperemia and is associated with systemic and paracrine release of a number of peptide hormones, including cholecystokinin (CCK) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Systemic administration of CCK octapeptide inhibits a subset of presympathetic neurons of the rostroventrolateral medulla (RVLM) that may be responsible for driving the sympathetic vasomotor tone to the GI viscera. The aim of this study was to determine whether endogenous release of CCK and/or 5-HT also inhibits CCK-sensitive RVLM neurons. The effects of intraduodenal administration of the secretagogues sodium oleate (SO) and soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) on circulating levels of CCK and 5-HT were examined. In separate experiments, the discharge rates of barosensitive, medullospinal, CCK-sensitive RVLM presympathetic vasomotor neurons were recorded after rapid intraduodenal infusion of SO-SBTI or water. Alternatively, animals were pretreated with the CCK1 receptor antagonists devazepide and lorglumide or the 5-HT3 antagonist MDL-72222 before SO-SBTI administration. Secretagogue infusion significantly increased the level of circulating CCK, but not 5-HT. SO-SBTI significantly decreased (58%) the neuronal firing rate of CCK-sensitive RVLM neurons compared with water (5%). CCK1 receptor antagonists did not reverse SO-SBTI-induced neuronal inhibition (58%), whereas the 5-HT3 antagonist significantly attenuated the effect (22%). This study demonstrates a functional relation between a subset of RVLM presympathetic vasomotor neurons and meal-related signals arising from the GI tract. It is likely that endogenously released 5-HT acts in a paracrine fashion on GI 5-HT3 receptors to initiate reflex inhibition of these neurons, resulting in GI vasodilatation by withdrawal of sympathetic tone.     

Cholecystokinin selectively affects presympathetic vasomotor neurons and sympathetic vasomotor outflow

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a potential mediator of gastrointestinal vasodilatation during digestion. To determine whether CCK influences sympathetic vasomotor function, we examined the effect of systemic CCK administration on mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), lumbar sympathetic nerve discharge (LSND), splanchnic sympathetic nerve discharge (SSND), and the discharge of presympathetic neurons of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) in alpha-chloralose-anesthetized rats. CCK (1-8 microg/kg iv) reduced MAP, HR, and SSND and transiently increased LSND. Vagotomy abolished the effects of CCK on MAP and SSND as did the CCK-A receptor antagonist devazepide (0.5 mg/kg iv). The bradycardic effect of CCK was unaltered by vagotomy but abolished by devazepide. CCK increased superior mesenteric arterial conductance but did not alter iliac conductance. CCK inhibited a subpopulation (approximately 49%) of RVLM presympathetic neurons whereas approximately 28% of neurons tested were activated by CCK. The effects of CCK on RVLM neuronal discharge were blocked by devazepide. RVLM neurons inhibited by exogenous CCK acting via CCK-A receptors on vagal afferents may control sympathetic vasomotor outflow to the gastrointestinal tract vasculature.     

Blockade of AT1 receptors in the rostral ventrolateral medulla increases sympathetic activity under hypoxic conditions

The role of ANG type 1 (AT1) receptors in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) in the maintenance of sympathetic vasomotor tone in normotensive animals is unclear. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that AT1 receptors make a significant contribution to the tonic activity of presympathetic neurons in the RVLM of normotensive rats under conditions where the excitatory input to these neurons is enhanced, such as during systemic hypoxia. In urethane-anesthetized rats, microinjections of the AT1 receptor antagonist candesartan in the RVLM during moderate hypoxia unexpectedly resulted in substantial increases in arterial pressure and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), whereas under normoxic conditions the same dose resulted in no significant change in arterial pressure and RSNA. Under hypoxic conditions, and after microinjection of the GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline in the RVLM, subsequent microinjection of candesartan in the RVLM resulted in a significant decrease in RSNA. In control experiments, bilateral microinjections in the RVLM of the compound [Sar1,Thr8]ANG II (sarthran), which decreases sympathetic vasomotor activity via a mechanism that is independent of AT1 receptors, significantly reduced arterial pressure and RSNA under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. The results indicate that, at least under some conditions, endogenous ANG II has a tonic sympathoinhibitory effect in the RVLM, which is dependent on GABA receptors. We suggest that the net effect of endogenous ANG II in this region depends on the balance of both tonic excitatory and inhibitory actions on presympathetic neurons and that this balance is altered in different physiological or pathophysiological conditions.     

Cholinergic interneurons in the feeding system of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. II. N1 interneurons make cholinergic synapses with feeding motoneurons.

The N1 neurons are a population of interneurons active during the protraction phase of the feeding rhythm. All the N1 neurons are coupled by electrical synapses which persist in a high Mg/low Ca saline which blocks chemical synapses. Individual N1 spikes produce discrete electrotonic postsynaptic potentials (PSPS) in other N1 cells, but the coupling is not strong enough to ensure 1:1 firing. Bursts of N1 spikes generate compound PSPS in the feeding motoneurons. The sign (excitation or inhibition) of the N1 input corresponds with the synaptic barrage recorded during the protraction phase. Discrete PSPS are only resolved in a Hi-Di saline. Their variation in latency and number can be explained by variation in electrotonic propagation within the electrically coupled network of N1 cells. The excitatory postsynaptic potentials (ESPS) in the 1 cell are reduced by 0.5 mM antagonists hexamethonium (HMT), atropine (ATR), curare (d-TC) and by methylxylocholine (MeXCh), all of which block the excitatory cholinergic receptor (Elliott et al. (Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 336, 157-166 (Preceding paper.) (1992)). The 1 cell EPSPS were transiently blocked by phenyltrimethylammonium (PTMA), which is both an agonist and antagonist at the 1 cell excitatory acetylcholine (ACh) receptor (Elliott et al. 1992). The inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) in the 3 cell is blocked by bath applications of MeXCh and PTMA, which both abolish the response of the 3 cell to ACh (Elliott et. al. 1992). The effects of the cholinergic antagonists on the response of 4 cluster and 5 cells to N1 stimulation matches their response to ACh (Elliott et al. 1992). It is concluded that the population of N1 cells are multiaction, premotor cholinergic interneurons.     

Role of presympathetic C1 neurons in the sympatholytic and hypotensive effects of clonidine in rats

The rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) may play an important role in the sympatholytic and hypotensive effects of clonidine. The present study examined which type of presympathetic RVLM neuron is inhibited by clonidine, and whether the adrenergic presympathetic RVLM neurons are essential for clonidine-induced sympathoinhibition. In chloralose-anesthetized and ventilated rats, clonidine (10 microg/kg iv) decreased arterial pressure (116 +/- 6 to 84 +/- 2 mmHg) and splanchnic nerve activity (93 +/- 3% from baseline). Extracellular recording and juxtacellular labeling of barosensitive bulbospinal RVLM neurons revealed that most cells were inhibited by clonidine (26/28) regardless of phenotype [tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive cells: 48 +/- 7%; non-TH-immunoreactive cells: 42 +/- 5%], although the inhibition of most neurons was modest compared with the observed sympathoinhibition. Depletion of most bulbospinal catecholaminergic neurons, including 76 +/- 5% of the rostral C1 cells, by microinjection of saporin anti-dopamine beta-hydroxylase into the thoracic spinal cord (levels T2 and T4, 42 ng. 200 nl(-1). side(-1)) did not alter the sympatholytic or hypotensive effects of clonidine. These data show that although clonidine inhibits presympathetic C1 neurons, bulbospinal catecholaminergic neurons do not appear to be essential for the sympatholytic and hypotensive effects of systemically administered clonidine. Instead, the sympatholytic effect of clonidine is likely the result of a combination of effects on multiple cell types both within and outside the RVLM.     

内皮素通过最后区易化大鼠延髓腹外侧头端区神经元活动

在３５只切断双侧缓冲神经、用氨基甲酸乙酯－α氯醛糖混合麻醉的Ｓｐｒａｇｕｅ－Ｄａｗｌｅｙ大鼠,应用细胞外记录的电生理学方法,由ＲＭ－６０００型多道生理记录仪和ＷＳ－６８２Ｇ热阵记录器（频响范围０～２．８ｋＨｚ）同步记录血压、心率和单位神经元放电,观察颈动脉注射内皮素对８７个延髓腹是头端区（ＲＶＬＭ）自发放电神经元活动的影响,所得结果如下;（１）颈动脉注射ＥＴ－１（０．３ｎｍｏｌ／ｋｇ）时３６个单位