酸菜中高产γ-氨基丁酸乳酸菌的筛选

从酸菜中筛选到2株相对高产γ-氨基丁酸的乳酸菌(GABA)菌株,酸菜1号和酸菜3号。酸菜1号初步鉴定为植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum);酸菜3号初步鉴定为乳酸链球菌(Streptococcus lactis)。实验还对酸菜1号菌株的培养基和培养条件进行了优化:用蔗糖为碳源、蛋白胨和牛肉膏作为复合氮源、培养基初始pH为6.0、培养温度为30~34℃时该菌株发酵产GABA的量最多,发酵过程中的振荡培养(100 r/min)和静置培养对GABA的产量无明显影响;在最佳培养基组合和发酵条件下,发酵液中GABA含量可达4 g/L以上,表明利用乳酸菌进行富含GABA食品的生产是可行的。     

根区亚低温胁迫下外源GABA对山定子根系抗氧化功能的影响

以当年生山定子实生苗为试材,采用温室盆栽土培试验,模拟根区亚低温(5℃)条件,设置亚低温(L)、亚低温+外源γ氨基丁酸(LG)和亚低温+氨己烯酸(LV)处理,分别于处理后0、12、24、48、96和144h后剪取白色幼嫩根系,测定山定子根系内源γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)含量、渗透调节物质含量、活性氧含量和抗氧化酶活性等指标,研究根区亚低温下GABA对山定子根系抗氧化系统的调节效应。结果显示:(1)根区亚低温下,山定子根系内源GABA含量略高于对照,渗透调节物质也不同程度积累,超氧阴离子(O_2~-·)含量、过氧化氢(H_2O_2)含量显著升高,膜脂过氧化程度加深。(2)外源施加GABA进一步促进了内源GABA的积累,明显增加根系中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸(Pro)等渗透调节物质含量,显著提高根系的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)等酶活性,最终使得山定子根系中H_2O_2等的含量降低,膜脂过氧化程度缓解。(3)GABA专一性抑制剂VGB处理后的效果与外源GABA处理结果相反。研究表明,GABA代谢对山定子根系抵御亚低温胁迫引发的氧化胁迫有积极作用,外源GABA具有通过诱导内源GABA代谢提高根系抗氧化能力的生理效应。     

西藏来源的植物内生酵母Wickerhamomyces rabaulensis生产γ-氨基丁酸北大核心

【目的】对西藏地区分离的一株植物内生维克汉姆酵母Wickerhamomyces rabaulensis JT229生产γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)的条件进行研究,并考察胁迫处理对生产的影响。【方法】利用26S rDNA序列进行菌株鉴定,考察葡萄糖和木糖对W.rabaulensis JT229生产GABA的影响,并利用添加乙酸、乙醇和高温等胁迫条件提升其发酵生产GABA的能力。【结果】W.rabaulensis JT229可以利用葡萄糖和木糖生产GABA,并且在适当的高温、乙酸和乙醇的胁迫诱导下胞外GABA浓度明显提升,产量分别为80.07、67.02、104.15 mg/L,分别是对照条件下的2.15、1.85和2.87倍,且胞内也检测到存在一定浓度的GABA。在添加5g/L乙酸和37℃高温胁迫的条件下,胞内ROS水平和细胞膜透性均有明显提高;添加3 g/L乙酸的条件与对照组相比,胞内ROS水平有所下降,但是细胞膜透性有明显提升;在37℃的胁迫条件下胞内GABA含量明显下降。胞外的GABA产量提升推测是由于胁迫导致胞内GABA外排增多导致的。【结论】本研究首次在国内外分离鉴定了内生酵母W.rabaulensis,并发现菌株W.rabaulensis JT229具有生产GABA的潜力,此外,利用胁迫处理促进了该菌株的GABA胞外生产,为进一步开发利用酵母资源生产GABA及富含GABA的产品提供了基础。     

GABA受体与药物依赖性的研究进展

药物成瘾是一种全球性的公共卫生问题,其发生机制十分复杂。γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)是中枢神经系统中主要的抑制性神经递质,其通过调节GABA受体(如:GABA_A,GABA_B)的活性参与多种药物成瘾和依赖性的发生与发展过程。吗啡、可卡因、甲基苯丙胺等药物引起的奖赏、戒断和复吸作用与GABA受体的激活或抑制密切相关。本文将对GABA受体在药物依赖中的作用及机制进行综述,从而为治疗药物成瘾提供新的策略。     

猕猴颈髓的GABA能神经元分布

应用免疫组织化学方法观察猕猴颈髓的γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）能神经元的分布,观察结果：除第X层外,在脊髓RexedⅠ-Ⅸ层可见GABA样免疫反应的胞体和纤维,标记的GABA胞体为卵圆形,三角形和多角形,可分为大、中、小型,在Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅶ、Ⅸ层GABA阳性胞体较多,GABA阳性纤维以后角处最多,白质内也有GABA免疫反应阳性的胶质细胞和神经纤维。结果提示GABA能神经元不仅调节感觉信息的传导而且也调节运动信息的传导。     

苍白球γ-氨基丁酸能神经传递及其与神经系统疾病的关系

苍白球是基底神经节间接环路的重要核团,在机体运动功能调节中发挥重要作用。近年来,苍白球在基底神经节正常及异常功能调节中的重要性已日渐受到重视。然而,目前对苍白球内各种神经递质系统的功能活动了解较少。GABA是苍白球主要的神经递质。采用电生理记录、免疫组织化学及行为测试等实验方法,人们对大鼠苍白球GABA能神经传递系统的受体分布及功能活动有了新的认识。形态学研究揭示,苍白球存在GABAA受体及其苯二氮卓结合位点和GABAB受体。在亚细胞水平,GABAA受体主要位于对称性突触(GABA能突触)的突触后膜,而GABAB受体则位于对称性突触和非对称性突触(兴奋性突触)的突触前膜及突触后膜。功能学研究进一步揭示,激活苍白球突触前膜GABAB自身和异源性受体可分别减少GABA和谷氨酸释放;激活突触后膜GABAB受体,可引起苍白球神经元超极化。除GABAB受体外,激活苍白球GABAA受体苯二氮卓结合位点及阻断GABA重摄取可延长GABA电流持续时间,从而改变苍白球神经元兴奋性。与离体实验结果相一致,激活苍向球GABAB受体和苯二氮卓结合位点及阻断GABA重摄取可引起整体动物旋转行为。苍白球GABA神经递质系统与帕金森病病因学及癫痫发病有关。已证实,苍白球神经元放电频率的降低及簇状放电的产生与帕金森病运动减少及静止性震颤等症状直接相关。此外,电牛理及行为学实验发现,新型抗癫痫药物替加平可调节苍白球神经元功能活动．这为进一步了解苍白球与癫痫发病的关系提供了新的理论及实验依据。     

成年哺乳动物神经发生的关键调控环节:GABA的作用由兴奋到抑制的转变

近年,调控成年哺乳动物神经干细胞增殖、迁移、分化和成熟的信号分子逐渐被揭示,其中γ-氨基丁酸(gamma-aminobutyric acid,GABA)由兴奋到抑制的转变是神经发生的一个关键环节.与传统的GABA抑制作用不同,在未成熟神经细胞中,GABA以一种自分泌或旁分泌的方式释放并作用于GABAa受体,表现出明显的兴奋作用,这种兴奋对成年动物神经发生起重要调节作用,随着神经元的成熟,GABA的兴奋作用逐渐被抑制作用取代,此后,GABA完成从调节神经发生到传递抑制性神经冲动的转变.GABA调节神经发生的确切机制尚有待进一步研究.     

γ-氨基丁酸与心血管活动的调节

γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)是脑内具有普遍抑制作用的一种神经介质,它涉及多种重要功能。近年来,不少报道说明GABA与心血管活动调节有密切关系。这方面的研究多采用药理学方法。由于所用药物和用药方法不同,常引致不同的实验结果。一、GABA的中枢作用GABA在中枢有降压作用,也有升压作用。从目前的资料看,GABA降压作用的报道较多。(一)GABA的降压作用1973年,Guertzenstein首先提出GABA作用于脑干,引起血压下降。其后,Antonaccio等报道,向猫脑室注射GABA受体激动剂异鹅羔胺(musci-mol),动物血压明显降低和心率减慢。脑室内注射GABA也得到类似结果。这些药物的     

膝状体间小叶调节睡眠-觉醒节律

膝状体间小叶(intergeniculate leaflet,IGL)是丘脑内的一条状狭窄核团,核团富含γ-氨基丁酸(gamma-aminobutyric acid,GABA)、神经肽Y(neuropeptide Y,NPY)及脑啡肽(enkephalin,ENK)等神经递质,主要参与哺乳动物的生物节律,光信号和非光信号在IGL的整合突出了其在生物节律的重要地位。以往诸多研究发现IGL与昼夜节律调节核团之间形成广泛的纤维投射,是外界授时因子调节哺乳动物生物节律的重要一环,同时该核团与睡眠觉醒和视觉运动系统相关核团也存在广泛的信号传导。本文结合IGL的相关国内外研究,分析IGL核团解剖特点,从睡眠-觉醒角度探讨昼夜节律核团IGL在睡眠生理活动中的调节作用。     

BDNF及其下游通路与GABA能神经元发育相关性的研究进展

脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF)是一种具有神经营养作用的蛋白质,广泛分布于中枢神经系统内。BDNF及其下游信号通路在γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA)能神经元存活、生长、分化、发育等方面均发挥重要的作用。GABA能神经元可以通过释放抑制性神经递质GABA调节神经元活性,进而维持神经环路的正常功能。多种疾病的发生发展都与GABA能神经元发育的异常密切相关。该文将就BDNF及其下游通路与GABA能神经元发育的相关性进行综述,希望为疾病的治疗提供新的方向。     

gamma-Aminobutyric acid in peripheral tissues

Significant amounts of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an endogenous amino acid, are present in mammalian peripheral tissues. This finding led to the suggestion that GABA may act as a neurotransmitter in the peripheral nervous system as it does in the central nervous system. This review deals with recent identification of GABA in the autonomic nervous system and the possible functional role of GABA in neuronal and non-neuronal tissues. The identification of GABA in the autonomic nervous system has paved the way for new approaches in pharmacological investigations.     

Development of functional agricultural products utilizing the new health claim labeling system in Japan

Abstract

In April 2015, Consumer Affairs Agency of Japan launched a new food labeling system known as “Foods with Function Claims (FFC).” Under this system, the food industry independently evaluates scientific evidence on foods and describes their functional properties. As of May 23, 2017, 1023 FFC containing 8 fresh foods have been launched. Meanwhile, to clarify the health-promoting effects of agricultural products, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) implemented the “Research Project on Development of Agricultural Products” and demonstrated the risk reduction of osteoporosis of β-cryptoxanthin rich Satsuma mandarins and the anti-allergic effect of the O-methylated catechin rich tea cultivar Benifuuki. These foods were subsequently released as FFC. Moreover, NARO elucidated the health-promoting effects of various functional agricultural products (β-glucan rich barley, β-conglycinin rich soybean, quercetin rich onion, etc.) and a healthy boxed lunch. This review focuses on new food labeling system or research examining functional aspects of agricultural products.     

4-Aminobutyraldehyde as a precursor convertible to gamma-aminobutyric acid in vivo

It was found that 4-aminobutyraldehyde (ABAL) is a precursor convertible to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in vivo. [2,3-3H]ABAL was synthesized from [2,3-3H]putrescine. After the subcutaneous administration of [3H]ABAL at the dose of 1 mumol/g body weight, [3H]GABA was produced in the mouse brain in an amount of about 350 nmol/g brain in 10 min. After oral administration of [3H]ABAL at the dose of 2 mumol/g body weight, [3H]GABA was also produced in the brain in an amount of about 530 nmol/g brain in 30 min. It seems that peripherally administered ABAL penetrates the blood-brain barrier into the central nervous system and is rapidly metabolized to GABA in the brain.     

Ethanol and GABA

A study of the literature showed that the GABA system is an important target of ethanol in the central nervous system, in part as a consequence of damage in membrane-bound enzymes and receptors. A single dose of ethanol initially activates the GABA system which is weakened after chronic administration because of overcompensation. Interest is focused on the GABA receptors because of the involvement of the minor tranquilizer drugs, benzodiazepines. The studies on the GABA system (metabolism, local concentrations, receptors) show great promise in the understanding and treatment of ethanol dependence and withdrawal.     

Localization of prostaglandin E2, γ-aminobutyric acid,and other potential immunomodulators in the plerocercoid Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Cestoda)

For the first time, the potential immunomodulators prostaglandin E₂ and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) have been revealed in the plerocercoid Diphyllobothrium dendriticum, which is a parasite in the tissues and abdominal cavity of the Baikal omul Coregonus migratorius. The localization of immunomodulators in parasite tissues was compared with the location of typical markers of the nervous system (serotonin (5-HT) and FMRF-amide) and a marker of microtubules (α-tubulin). Prostaglandin E₂ was revealed in the cells that are immunoreactive to α-tubulin and are situated in the cortical parenchyma outside the central nervous system (CNS). It is supposed that prostaglandin E₂ is produced by the frontal glands and is carried out onto the tegument surface through specialized ducts. Immunoreaction to GABA was revealed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. GABA-ergic neurosomes, the neurites of which form a net on the surface of muscle layers and in the subtegument, were revealed in the cerebral ganglion and main nerve cords. The morphological characteristics for the identification of serotoninergic neurons in the CNS were described.     

Evaluation of GABA Production and Probiotic Activities of Enterococcus faecium BS5

Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins - Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and is produced by irreversible decarboxylation of...     

GABA receptor binding and hemodynamic responses to ICV GABA in adult spontaneously hypertensive rats

Blood pressure and heart rate responses after central administration of GABA (100-1000 micrograms, ICV) and after ganglionic blockade with hexamethonium (25 mg/kg, i.a.) were compared in conscious 12 week-old spontaneously hypertensive (SH) and age-matched Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. Ganglionic blockade produced an equivalent change in mean arterial pressure between SH and WKY rats. Thus, the total functional sympathetic nervous system contribution to blood pressure is equivalent in these two strains. Intraventricularly-administered GABA produced a greater absolute decrease in mean arterial pressure in the SHR compared to the WKY. However, the percent changes in arterial pressure produced by GABA were not different between these strains. This greater absolute depressor effect of GABA does not appear to be due to differences in GABA receptor binding constants since GABA receptor affinity and number of binding sites were not significantly different in the forebrain, cerebellum or pons-medulla between SH and WKY rats.     

Therapeutically leveraging GABAA receptors in cancer

γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA is an amino acid that functionally acts as a neurotransmitter and is critical to neurotransmission. GABA is also a metabolite in the Krebs cycle. It is therefore unsurprising that GABA and its receptors are also present outside of the central nervous system, including in immune cells. This observation suggests that GABAergic signaling impacts events beyond brain function and possibly human health beyond neurological disorders. Indeed, GABA receptor subunits are expressed in pathological disease states, including in disparate cancers. The role that GABA and its receptors may play in cancer development and progression remains unclear. If, however, those cancers have functional GABA receptors that participate in GABAergic signaling, it raises an important question whether these signaling pathways might be targetable for therapeutic benefit. Herein we summarize the effects of modulating Type-A GABA receptor signaling in various cancers and highlight how Type-A GABA receptors could emerge as a novel therapeutic target in cancer.     

GABA and the behavioral effects of anxiolytic drugs

Much recent research has shown that benzodiazepine binding sites in the central nervous system are associated with GABA receptors. It is therefore possible that the pharmacological and therapeutic effects of benzodiazepines and drugs with similar profiles are mediated through GABAergic mechanisms. In this paper the evidence is considered for a possible involvement of GABA in the behavioral effects of anxiolytic drugs. There are a number of reports that the behavioral actions of anxiolytics can be antagonised by GABA antagonists such as bicuculline or picrotoxin but there are many contradictory findings and these drugs are difficult to use effectively in behavioral studies. In general, GABA agonists do not exert anxiolytic-like behavioral effects after systemic injection but intracerebral administration of muscimol has been shown to produce benzodiazepine-like actions. Although a number of questions remain unanswered, current evidence does not provide strong support for a role for GABA in the behavioral effects of anxiolytic drugs.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lactobacillus futsaii</Emphasis> CS3, a New GABA-Producing Strain Isolated from Thai Fermented Shrimp (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Kung</Emphasis>-<Emphasis Type="Italic">Som</Emphasis>)

Kung-Som is a popular traditional Thai fermented shrimp product. It is rich in glutamic acid, which is the major substrate for the biosynthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by lactic acid bacteria (LAB). In the present study, LAB from Kung-Som were isolated, screened for GABA formation, and the two isolates that transform glutamic acid most efficiently into GABA were identified. Based on the API-CHL50 fermentation profile and a phylogenetic tree of 16S rDNA sequences, strain CS3 and CS5 were identified as Lactobacillus futsaii, which was for the first time shown to be a promising GABA producer. L. futsaii CS3 was the most efficient microorganism for the conversion of 25 mg/mL monosodium glutamate (MSG) to GABA, with a maximum yield of more than 99% conversion rate within 72 h. The open reading frame (ORF) of the glutamate decarboxylase (gad) gene was identified by PCR. It consists of 1410 bp encoding a polypeptide of 469 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 53.64 kDa and an isoelectric point (pI) of 5.56. Moreover, a good quality of the constructed model of L. futsaii CS3 was also estimated. Our results indicate that L. futsaii CS3 could be of interest for the production of GABA-enriched foods by fermentation and for other value-added products.