微生物与能源的可持续开发

微生物技术在新能源开发领域中有广阔的应用潜力,对能源的可持续发展具有重要的理论和现实意义.简要叙述了生物柴油、燃料酒精、生物制沼气、生物制氢和微生物电池等新能源的原理、优缺点和开发现状,概述了微生物资源在能源领域的应用,指出发掘新的微生物资源或构建工程菌株、明确微生物作用机理、开发新工艺将会是今后研究的重点.     

微生物脂肪酶资源挖掘及其催化性能改良策略

脂肪酶催化在食品、医药、化工、能源等领域发挥重要作用.开发新型微生物脂肪酶资源,对脂肪酶进行修饰改良,是脂肪酶催化领域的重要研发内容.极端微生物和不可培养微生物脂肪酶的发掘是获取新型工业催化剂的热点;体外定向进化、杂合酶、表面展示等蛋白质工程等分子生物学技术手段为开发特定性质"新酶"提供了有力工具;生物印迹、pH记忆、定向固定化、交联酶晶体、脂质体包埋等高效物理化学修饰方法拓宽了脂肪酶原有的催化性质.微生物脂肪酶资源挖掘及其改良将推动脂肪酶的生物催化产业快速发展.     

工业生物技术：工业可持续发展最有希望的技术——欧阳平凯院士访谈

——请您简单介绍一下目前工业生物技术发展现状与发展趋势。欧阳院士：工业生物技术是指在工业规模生产过程中运用微生物或酶为催化剂进行物质加工制造的技术．广泛应用于化工、制药、食品、饲料、轻纺、矿产、材料和能源等工业领域。工业生物技术是生物技术发展史上继医药生物技术、农业生物技术之后的第三次浪潮．对于解决人类社会目前面临的资源、能源与环境等诸多重要问题具有重要意义。     

高耐性酱油酵母选育及其高密度发酵调控

高耐性酵母广泛应用于食品、酿造、饲料、生物能源等行业,酵母的耐受性对其生产和应用有着决定性影响。高耐性酵母菌种改良是酵母资源利用的关键步骤,高密度发酵是克服耐性酵母产业化的主要瓶颈技术。对传统酿造食品酱油生产中常用的耐高盐酵母菌株的选育、耐性机制及其高密度发酵技术研究进展进行了综述。     

推动食品生物技术及产业快速创新发展

<正>食品生物技术,是指生物技术在食品领域中的应用,包括利用传统生物技术进行食品发酵和酿造,以及利用现代生物技术,如基因工程、酶工程、细胞工程、现代发酵工程、组学技术等,进行食品及食品原料的生产、加工和改良。食品生物技术作为一项极富潜力和发展空间的高新技术,以生命科学为基础,以工程技术为手段,在食品工业的现代发展中发挥着重要的推动作用。食品生物技术是一门极具包容性和关联性的综合学科,包括分子生物学、细胞生物学、微生物学、免疫学、     

中国传统酿造食品微生物生态学及其研究策略

中国传统酿造食品的生产通常是在开放度高、周围环境条件粗放、微生物群落结构时空差异显著批次间变化规律类似的微生态环境中进行的.其过程具有生产原料成分多样、参与的微生物种类多、代谢反应复杂、工艺繁复以及产品组分复杂等特征,从而导致科学阐释其过程代谢机理存在着巨大的挑战.基因组学、转录组学等组学技术以及基于现代检测技术的代谢组学方法的发展和应用,为应用微生态学方法研究其过程的微生物群落结构与功能、群落内部以及与环境的交互作用规律提供了有力的支撑.本文结合本研究团队前期研究工作,综述了近年来传统酿造食品微生物生态学的研究进展,从系统解析酿造微生物群落结构与代谢功能入手,解析微生物群落及个体功能并实现理性调控的传统酿造微生物群落研究策略,包括把握微生物群落三个要素:结构、功能、调控;解析好两个互动:酿造群落内的交互作用,群落与外部环境的交互作用;抓住一个关键:群落中的关键核心功能微生物(群).在上述基础上努力实现传统食品酿造过程中的微生物功能可控、酿造过程可控和产品品质可控的三个目标.     

工业生物技术在资源与能源领域应用成果交流及发展研讨会

工业生物技术是以微生物或酶为催化剂进行物质转化,大规模生产人类所需的化学品、医药、能源、材料等,是解决人类目前面临的资源、能源危机的有效手段。工业生物技术是工业可持续发展最有希望的技术,已纳入发达国家的重要科技和产业发展战略。为了交流成果,研讨发展方向,为国家制定科技发展规划提供依据,中国化工学会生物化工专业委员会与福建师范大学微生物研究所将于2005年10月27~30日在福建省武夷山联合召开“工业生物技术在资源与能源领域应用成果交流及发展研讨会”,共同探讨新世纪相关领域现状及发展方向等问题。会议内容包括:1、以可…     

推进国家微生物资源平台建设,支撑微生物学科发展——“第七届全国微生物资源学术暨国际微生物系统与分类学研讨会”专刊序言

微生物资源是国家战略性生物资源之一,是支撑微生物学科发展与技术创新的重要基础。中国作为微生物资源的大国,近年来,通过"国家微生物资源平台"项目的建设,在微生物资源的分离、收集、保藏与共享等方面都取得了较大的发展。在我国微生物资源科技工作者的共同努力下,微生物新种的分离与发表也跃居世界首位。《微生物学通报》组织了本期"微生物资源"主题刊,旨在展示微生物资源学领域的最新进展,加强微生物资源学领域学术交流,提升我国微生物资源分类和系统学研究水平,促进微生物资源学科发展,推进国家微生物资源平台建设。     

中国微生物学会微生物资源专业委员会发展历程北大核心

中国微生物学会微生物资源专业委员会成立于2009年,致力于推动微生物资源科研工作的开展,为微生物资源的保护与可持续利用提供技术支撑和战略指导。积极开展各种形式的学术交流、人才培养和国际合作,促进微生物资源领域的创新与发展,推动我国微生物学科的不断进步。随着科技的不断进步和经济的快速发展,微生物资源的研究和利用已成为国际科技领域的重要热点之一。因此,微生物资源专业委员会的建设与发展具有重要意义,将进一步推动我国微生物学科的发展,提高我国在该领域的学术地位和国际竞争力。     

刊首语

<正>生物制造是通过微生物细胞工厂或酶催化,利用可再生生物质资源生产大宗化学品和能源化学品等重要工业品的过程,是解决资源、能源和环境等问题的重要途径,已被各国列为战略发展产业。其中,微生物细胞工厂构建是微生物制造过程的核心。而代谢工程是构建细胞工厂的主要手段,其通过代谢路径设计     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Crystal structure, detonation performance, and thermal stability of a new polynitro cage compound: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptacyclo [5.5.1.13, 11. 15, 9] pentadecane

A new polynitro cage compound 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptcyclo [5.5.1.1(3,11).1(5,9)] pentadecane (NNNAHP) was designed in the present work. Its molecular structure was optimized at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p) level of density functional theory (DFT) and crystal structure was predicted using the Compass and Dreiding force fields and refined by DFT GGA-RPBE method. The obtained crystal structure of NNNAHP belongs to the P-1 space group and the lattice parameters are a = 9.99 ?, b = 10.78 ?, c = 9.99 ?, α = 90.01°, β = 120.01°, γ = 90.00°, and Z = 2, respectively. Based on the optimized crystal structure, the band gap, density of state, thermodynamic properties, infrared spectrum, strain energy, detonation characteristics, and thermal stability were predicted. Calculation results show that NNNAHP has detonation properties close to those of CL-20 and is a high energy density compound with moderate stability.     

Reference values for the concentrations of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Fe, I,Hg, Mn,Mo, Ni,Pb, Se,and Zn in selected human tissues and body fluids

This report attempts to formulate reference ranges of elemental concentrations for 15 trace elements in selected human tissues and body fluids. A set of samples consisting of whole blood, blood serum, urine, milk, liver, and hair were chosen and considered for 15 elements of biological significance: As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, I, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. The results represent wholly or partially data received from 40 countries of the global regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North, South, and Central America, Australia, and New Zealand. This survey, even if qualitative, has been useful in demonstrating certain trends of trace-element scenarios around the world. It is of course recognized that both diet and environment exert a strong influence on the distribution pattern of several elements, such as As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn. A limited comparison of the available information on soil status of different countries reflected some interesting associations for elements, such as Mn and Zn. Importantly, this study revealed that only a few countries were in a position to identify a reasonable amount of data on samples requested for this project. Regretably, for a number of countries, any dependable data for even such essential elements as Cu, Fe, and Zn were not available. In view of the nutritional importance of many elements, the time is ripe for concerted efforts by intergovernmental agencies to initiate investigations or commission task forces/projects to generate reliable reference data for selected global regions, which sadly lack data of any kind at present.     

Relations of the Al,B, Ba,Br, Ca,Cl, Cu,Fe, K,Li, Mg,Mn, Na,P, S,Si, Sr,and Zn mass fractions to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands

The variation with age of the 18 trace element mass fractions and some histological characteristics of intact prostate glands of 50 subjects aged 0–30 years was investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and a quantitative morphometric analysis. Mean values ± standard error of the mean (M ± SΕΜ) for the mass fractions (in milligrams per kilogram wet tissue) of these trace elements in pre-puberty were: Al 28.5 ± 9.0, B 0.40 ± 0.11, Ba 1.48 ± 0.44, Br 10.5 ± 1.5, Ca 241 ± 30, Cl 3,203 ± 278, Cu 3.51 ± 0.89, Fe 33.7 ± 4.1, K 2,364 ± 145, Li 0.020 ± 0.004, Mg 153 ± 23, Mn 0.46 ± 0.06, Na 2,286 ± 130, P 1,391 ± 100, S 1,698 ± 132, Si 62 ± 11, Sr 0.38 ± 0.08, and Zn 27.6 ± 2.3. During puberty and postpuberty, when there is a significant increase in circulating androgens, the mean values were: Al 7.2 ± 1.4, B 0.21 ± 0.05, Ba 0.25 ± 0.06, Br 5.8 ± 1.0, Ca 433 ± 81, Cl 2,314 ± 201, Cu 1.77 ± 0.13, Fe 20.9 ± 1.6, K 2,585 ± 118, Li 0.0088 ± 0.0014, Mg 232 ± 27, Mn 0.34 ± 0.04, Na 1,875 ± 107, P 1,403 ± 98, S 1,673 ± 73, Si 22.2 ± 3.1, Sr 0.22 ± 0.03, and Zn 93.3 ± 8.9. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) of percent volumes (%) of the stroma, epithelium and lumen in the prostate before puberty were 73.4 ± 2.6, 20.4 ± 1.7, and 4.45 ± 0.94, respectively, versus 46.5 ± 2.5, 38.5 ± 1.9, and 14.9 ± 1.2 during puberty and postpuberty. This work’s results confirm that the Zn mass fraction in prostate tissue is an androgen-dependent parameter. For the first time it has been demonstrated that the glandular lumen is a main pool of Ca, Mg, and Zn accumulation and that the stroma is a main pool of Al, B, Ba, Br, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, and Si accumulation in the normal human prostate, for the age range 0–30 years. It was concluded that the Ca, Mg, and Zn binds tightly within the prostatic fluid, because the volume of glandular lumen reflects the volume of prostatic fluid.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Monovalent Cation Permeation through the Connexin40 Gap Junction Channel : Cs,Rb, K,Na, Li,TEA, TMA,TBA, and Effects of Anions Br,Cl, F,Acetate, Aspartate,Glutamate, and NO3

The unitary conductances and permeability sequences of the rat connexin40 (rCx40) gap junction channels to seven monovalent cations and anions were studied in rCx40-transfected neuroblastoma 2A (N2A) cell pairs using the dual whole cell recording technique. Chloride salt cation substitutions (115 mM principal salt) resulted in the following junctional maximal single channel current-voltage relationship slope conductances (γ_j in pS): CsCl (153), RbCl (148), KCl (142), NaCl (115), LiCl (86), TMACl (71), TEACl (63). Reversible block of the rCx40 channel was observed with TBA. Potassium anion salt γ_j are: Kglutamate (160), Kacetate (160), Kaspartate (158), KNO₃ (157), KF (148), KCl (142), and KBr (132). Ion selectivity was verified by measuring reversal potentials for current in rCx40 gap junction channels with asymmetric salt solutions in the two electrodes and using the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation to calculate relative permeabilities. The permeabilities relative to Li⁺ are: Cs⁺ (1.38), Rb⁺ (1.32), K⁺ (1.31), Na⁺ (1.16), TMA⁺ (0.53), TEA⁺ (0.45), TBA⁺ (0.03), Cl⁻ (0.19), glutamate⁻ (0.04), and NO₃− (0.14), assuming that the monovalent anions permeate the channel by forming ion pairs with permeant monovalent cations within the pore thereby causing proportionate decreases in the channel conductance. This hypothesis can account for why the predicted increasing conductances with increasing ion mobilities in an essentially aqueous channel were not observed for anions in the rCx40 channel. The rCx40 effective channel radius is estimated to be 6.6 Å from a theoretical fit of the relationship of relative permeability and cation radius.     

Caprine blood groups. 2. The C,G, H,I, J,K, L,N, and Q systems

Nine blood group systems of goats were identified using 12 caprine reagents produced by absorption of alloimmune antisera. The caprine C blood group system, possibly homologous to the ovine C blood group system, was characterized by two reagents and shown to be controlled by three alleles,C ¹²,C ²⁵, andC ⁻. A more complex blood group system of goats, designated G, was identified using three reagents and shown to be controlled by six codominant alleles (G ^10.19.20,G ^10.19,G ^10.20,G ¹⁰,G ¹⁹,G ²⁰) and a recessive allele (G ⁻). A further seven one-factor two-allelic systems were identified by seven reagents. The nine genetic systems provided exclusion probabilities of 0.479, 0.492, 0.548, and 0.572 in Australian Angora, Dairy, Cashmere, and Texan Angora goat breeds, respectively. This work was supported by a grant from the Australian Stud Book, Alison Road, Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia.