BRCA1蛋白的序列及空间结构的分析

查询人的BRCA1蛋白的氨基酸序列,利用生物信息学的方法进行相似性搜索,获得一系列BRCA1蛋白的氨基酸序列。选择了其中的11条序列,对BRCA1蛋白进行了多重序列分析和进化分析,对BRCA1蛋白的BRCT结构域进行三维同源模型的构建与比较分析。分析结果表明:BRCA1中某些特定部位的氨基酸序列高度保守;确定氨基酸的保守位点并联合进化分析可对基因错义突变的致病性做初步地猜测;相近物种来源的BRCA1具有较近的亲缘关系,而且具有极其相似的三维空间结构。这些为研究BRCA1蛋白的结构与功能关系提供指导意义。     

棕色棉F3'H-羟化酶基因的克隆与生物信息学分析

根据葡萄的类黄酮3′-羟化酶(F3'H)基因全长cDNA序列Blast所得棉花的EST序列设计引物,以开花后16 d(DPA16)的新彩棉5号(xC-5)纤维为材料,利用RACE和RT-PCR技术分离得到了2个类黄酮3′-羟化酶基因cDNA序列,此2个序列编码区完全相同,仅在3'UTR区存在片段长短的差异,推测可能是基因转录后加工方式不同所造成.克隆所获得的棉花F3'H基因编码区全长1 533 bp,编码510个氨基酸,氨基酸序列分析预测表明,该基因所编码蛋白含有一个跨膜结构域,是一种分泌蛋白,定位于内质网上,并含有一段与细胞色素P450功能区相匹配的保守功能域;序列比对结果表明,棉花F3'H基因与其他多个物种的F3'H基因在氨基酸序列上有较高的同源性;聚类分析结果表明,棉花F3'H蛋白与双子叶植物大豆的F3'H亲缘关系较为接近,而与单子叶植物高梁等作物则较远.     

多刺蚁属细胞色素C氧化酶亚基Ⅱ序列变异及其进化关系

从Gen Bank下载多刺蚁属26个不同种的细胞色素C氧化酶亚基Ⅱ(COXⅡ)蛋白部分氨基酸序列进行分析,研究多刺蚁细胞色素C氧化酶亚基Ⅱ的氨基酸序列变异和系统进化关系。多刺蚁属种间存在氨基酸变异位点84个,占总氨基酸数目的 36%,而N端跨膜螺旋区氨基酸保守性最高。采用MEGA 4.0构建的邻接法(NJ)系统发育树表明:佛瑞尔刺蚁(Polyrhachis foreli)和甲胄刺蚁(Polyrhachis andromache)聚为一枝,双钩刺蚁(Polyrhachis bihamata)和叉形刺蚁(Polyrhachis ypsilon)聚为一枝,麦凯刺蚁(Polyrhachis mackayi)、澳洲刺蚁(Polyrhachis australis)和软毛刺蚁(Polyrhachis pilosa)三个种聚为一枝,这些种间亲缘关系较近;基于COXⅡ蛋白序列的系统发育关系分析与基于细胞色素b蛋白的系统发育关系既存在一致性,也存在一定的差异。多刺蚁属中序列变异度最大的4个种的COXⅡ对应的3D结构在螺旋和折叠排列方式上完全相同,表明多刺蚁属内COXⅡ序列变异并不影响其结构的形成。     

版纳微型猪近交系CATSPER3基因克隆、序列及发育进化分析

获得版纳微型猪近交系(BMI)CATSPER3基因部分编码区序列,通过生物信息学分析其氨基酸序列和进行不同物种间的同源性比较。以版纳微型猪近交系的公猪睾丸为材料提取RNA,RT-PCR方法扩增CATSPER3基因部分编码区序列,利用在线分析软件进行生物信息学分析。结果显示,扩增出CATSPER3基因部分编码区序列。生物信息学分析表明,推导氨基酸序列,编码蛋白分子量为19.397 3 k D,理论等电点为5.05;在氨基酸组成上,酸性氨基酸(Asp+Glu)有24个、碱性氨基酸(Lys+Arg)有16个,其中以亮氨酸(Leu)占13.3%、缬氨酸(Val)占9.6%、苏氨酸(Thr)占9.0%、苯丙氨酸(Phe)占8.4%、谷氨酸(Glu)占7.2%,天冬氨酸(Asp)占7.2%等含量较高。在核苷酸相似度上与普通猪相似度最高,与山羊核苷酸的相似度较低;分子系统进化树表明与非近交系猪同处于一个分支中,亲缘关系较近,与山羊和绵羊亲缘关系较远。     

孟氏隐唇瓢虫细胞色素P450基因的克隆与序列分析

采用同源克隆和RACE技术,从孟氏隐唇瓢虫Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant中克隆到细胞色素P450CYP9Z401基因的c DNA全序列(Gen Bank number:KP164813)。c DNA全长1722 bp,包含3'非编码区域(UTR)为86 bp和5'UTR为49 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)长1587 bp,编码528个氨基酸。预测的分子量为61.27 k D,理论等电点为6.58,无信号肽结构,在2-20氨基酸处存在跨膜螺旋。该基因拥有细胞色素P450特征序列螺旋C、螺旋K和Meander区域,另外还有血红素结合区(1个氨基酸差异)和螺旋I区(2个氨基酸差异)。与其他昆虫的CYP9家族基因比较,与赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum同源性最高,为47%,系统发育分析也表明两者的亲缘关系最近。CYP9Z401基因的克隆和比较分析为进一步深入研究孟氏隐唇瓢虫的细胞色素P450基因功能及其进化具有重要意义。     

竹子木质素合成酶基因克隆与分析

苯丙氨酸解氨酶(Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase,PAL;EC 4.3.1.5)是木质素生物合成过程的关键酶和限速酶,竹材中的木质素含量的降低有利于提高竹浆的品质.采用RACE技术分别从黄古竹(Phyllostachys angusta)等4种竹子中克隆了PAL基因的全长序列,并进行了生物信息学分析.结果显示,PAL基因的开放读码框长度为2 136 bp,共编码712个氨基酸,具有2个外显子和1个内含子;对PAL蛋白单体的三维结构分析显示,PAL蛋白均含有大量的α螺旋和β折叠结构;基于邻接法的进化树对31种植物的PAL基因的氨基酸序列分析表明,竹类植物PAL的氨基酸序列之间同源性较高,与单子叶植物禾本科(除竹亚科植物外)的玉米和甘蔗等的亲缘关系较近,而与双子叶植物的辣椒、烟草、红参、莴笋等亲缘关系较远.     

多刺蚁属线粒体细胞色素b序列变异及系统发育关系分析

多刺蚁属18种昆虫线粒体细胞色素b基因都显示出高A+T含量,达到65.11%~73.66%,表现出很强的A/T碱基偏好性。针对748 bp的基因核苷酸多序列比对显示细胞色素b基因之间同源性高,碱基之间无插入或缺失突变,序列变异形式主要表现为替换。对细胞色素b蛋白的部分序列(133~143个氨基酸)进行比对,结果显示完全无变异的氨基酸有34个,占总氨基酸数目的 23.78%~25.56%,同时也鉴定出至少6个保守的功能结构域。基于细胞色素b蛋白部分序列采用邻接法构建了多刺蚁属分子系统树,其中4对蚁种亲缘关系较近,有3个蚁种在进化树中各自形成一个独立的分支,显示出不同的进化起源。     

氨基酸残基可及性与蛋白质家族成员结构的保守性

本文在细胞色素ｃ族蛋白和免疫球蛋白家族中一些蛋白质片段的序列比较和分析的基础上,通过计算其氨基酸残基的可及性,对残基可及性与蛋白质序列及其三维结构的保守性之间的关系进行了分析和探讨。结果表明,序列中凡是保守的残基,其可及性都较低,而且这些低可及性的保守性残基与维持蛋白质特有的三维结构相关。作者认为,同一家族的蛋白质中,在进化上相距较远的各成员之间,结构的保守性主要是体现在其三维结构上;序列中的保守     

从12S rRNA和Cyt b基因部分序列研究13种猫科动物的分子系统关系

为探讨中国猫科动物(Felidae)的系统发生关系,本文对中国产13种猫科动物的12SrRNA基因(约371bp)和细胞色素b基因(Cytb)部分序列(约355bp)进行了分析,并采用“最大简约法”和“最大似然法”构建了分子系统树。结果表明:在Cytb基因序列中,有113个位点存在变异(约为总位点数的31.8%),高于12SrRNA基因序列的44个变异位点(约为总位点数的11.9%);构建的分子系统树显示,猞猁(Lynxlynx)可能是中国最早起源的猫科动物,与其它猫科动物之间的亲缘关系较远,支持将其立为猞猁属(Lynx)的观点;草原斑猫(Felislibyca)、丛林猫(Felischaus)、兔狲(Otocolobusmanul)和荒漠猫(Felisbieti)具有较近的亲缘关系,支持将兔狲划归于猫属(Felis)的观点;金猫(Caopumatemminckii)、云猫(Pardofelismarmorata)具有较近的亲缘关系,但它们与猫属物种之间的亲缘关系可能较远,不支持将它们划归于猫属;豹猫(Ponailurusribengalensis)、渔猫(Prionailurusviverrinus)具有较近的亲缘关系,支持将它们同归于豹猫属(Ponailurus);云豹(Neofelisnebulosa)、豹(Pantherapardus)、雪豹(Unciauncia)、虎(Pantheratigris)具有较近的亲缘关系,支持将它们同归于豹属(Panthera)的观点     

棕色棉DFR基因的克隆与生物信息学分析

花色素苷是影响花色的主要色素,二氢黄酮醇4-还原酶(DFR)基因是花色素苷生物合成途径的关键酶基因。通过同源克隆策略,以新彩棉6号(XC-6)纤维的RNA以及DNA为模板克隆得到GhDFR基因的CDS全长编码序列及带有内含子的基因组序列,并进行了生物信息学分析。序列分析结果显示,该基因含有6个外显子,5个内含子结构,其cDNA包含一个1 020 bp的开放阅读框,编码355个氨基酸,其氨基酸序列包含具有高度保守性的NADP(H)的结合位点以及底物特异性结合位点。推定的GhDFR蛋白质分子量为39.65 kD,等电点为5.67。该蛋白氨基酸序列同毛果杨、葡萄、天竺葵等物种DFR蛋白显示出较高同源性,而系统进化分析结果表明其与天竺葵、芍药DFR亲缘关系较近。氨基酸序列分析预测表明,GhDFR基因所编码的蛋白不具备信号肽区段,无明显跨膜区域,不属于分泌蛋白,可能为亲水性蛋白,定位于细胞质的可能性最高,其主要二级结构元件为α-螺旋和无规则卷曲。GhDFR属于NADB-Rossmann superfamily。     

Localization of an ascorbate-reducible cytochrome b561 in the plant tonoplast

As a free radical scavenger, and cofactor, ascorbate (ASC) is a key player in the regulation of cellular redox processes. It is involved in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses and in the control of enzyme activities and metabolic reactions. Cytochromes (Cyts) b561 catalyze ASC-driven trans-membrane electron transport and contribute to ASC-mediated redox reactions in subcellular compartments. Putative Cyts b561 have been identified in Arabidopsis (ecotype Columbia) on the basis of sequence similarity to their mammalian counterparts. However, little is known about the function or subcellular localization of this unique class of membrane proteins. We have expressed one of the putative Arabidopsis Cyt b561 genes (CYBASC1) in yeast and we demonstrate that this protein encodes an ASC-reducible b-type Cyt with absorbance characteristics similar to that of other members of this family. Several lines of independent evidence demonstrate that CYBASC1 is localized at the plant tonoplast (TO). Isoform-specific antibodies against CYBASC1 indicate that this protein cosediments with the TO marker on sucrose gradients. Moreover, CYBASC1 is strongly enriched in TO-enriched membrane fractions, and TO fractions contain an ASC-reducible b-type Cyt with alpha-band absorbance maximum near 561 nm. The TO ASC-reducible Cyt has a high specific activity, suggesting that it is a major constituent of this membrane. These results provide evidence for the presence of trans-membrane redox components in this membrane type, and they suggest the coupling of cytoplasmic and vacuolar metabolic reactions through ASC-mediated redox activity.     

Overproduction of CcmG and CcmFH(Rc) fully suppresses the c-type cytochrome biogenesis defect of Rhodobacter capsulatus CcmI-null mutants

Gram-negative bacteria like Rhodobacter capsulatus use intertwined pathways to carry out the posttranslational maturation of c-type cytochromes (Cyts). This periplasmic process requires at least 10 essential components for apo-Cyt c chaperoning, thio-oxidoreduction, and the delivery of heme and its covalent ligation. One of these components, CcmI (also called CycH), is thought to act as an apo-Cyt c chaperone. In R. capsulatus, CcmI-null mutants are unable to produce c-type Cyts and thus sustain photosynthetic (Ps) growth. Previously, we have shown that overproduction of the putative heme ligation components CcmF and CcmH(Rc) (also called Ccl1 and Ccl2) can partially bypass the function of CcmI on minimal, but not on enriched, media. Here, we demonstrate that either additional overproduction of CcmG (also called HelX) or hyperproduction of CcmF-CcmH(Rc) is needed to completely overcome the role of CcmI during the biogenesis of c-type Cyts on both minimal and enriched media. These findings indicate that, in the absence of CcmI, interactions between the heme ligation and thioreduction pathways become restricted for sufficient Cyt c production. We therefore suggest that CcmI, along with its apo-Cyt chaperoning function, is also critical for the efficacy of holo-Cyt c formation, possibly via its close interactions with other components performing the final heme ligation steps during Cyt c biogenesis.     

石蒜Mg^2＋转运体基因LrMGT的克隆与分析

从石蒜〔Lycoris radiata（L’Hér.）Herb.〕叶片全长cDNA文库中克隆获得Mg^2＋转运体（MGT）基因LrMGT。序列分析结果显示：LrMGT基因的cDNA序列全长1 726 bp,其中开放阅读框（ORF）长度921 bp,编码306个氨基酸。石蒜LrMGT基因编码的氨基酸序列的理论相对分子质量为33 635,理论等电点为pI 5.14,为疏水性膜蛋白,不具有信号肽。序列比对结果表明：石蒜LrMGT基因编码的氨基酸序列与小米〔Setaria italica（Linn.）Beauv.〕、水稻（Oryza sativa Linn.）和拟南芥〔Arabidopsis thaliana（Linn.）Heynh.〕等植物的MGT基因编码的氨基酸序列的相似性较高,相似度达到72%~76%;石蒜LrMGT基因与其他植物MGT基因编码的氨基酸序列的保守区域较大,均具有较高的保守性。在NJ系统树上石蒜LrMGT基因编码的氨基酸序列与禾本科（Gramineae）植物二穗短柄草〔Brachypodium distachyum（Linn.）Beauv.〕、水稻、高粱〔Sorghum bicolor（Linn.）Moench〕和小米MGT基因编码的氨基酸序列聚为同一个分支,表明它们可能具有较近的进化关系。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明：石蒜LrMGT基因在根和鳞茎中的相对表达量较高,在叶片和花中的相对表达量较低,具有明显的组织特异性。     

Monomorphism of human cytochrome c

Cytochrome c (Cyt c) has key roles in both mitochondrial electron transfer and apoptosis onset and is therefore likely undergoing a strong selective pressure against amino acid variation. Nevertheless, a phylogenetically fast amino acid replacement rate in the Cyt c of species of the anthropoid primate lineage was recently reported. We therefore looked for the presence of nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) in the human Cyt c (HGNC approved gene symbol: CYCS), which, given its cellular constraints, could have important functional consequences, and found a large number of putative nsSNPs reported in the dbSNP database. We then subjected these putative SNPs to experimental validation by sequencing the Cyt c gene in a panel of 95 individuals assumed as a standard reference of the human population diversity. Surprisingly, none of the putative SNPs survived experimental validation. We conclude that non-rare allelic variants of the Cyt c protein are absent in the human populations analyzed in this study.     

An ascorbate-reducible cytochrome b561 is localized in macrophage lysosomes

Cytochromes b561 (Cyts b561) are a family of intrinsic membrane proteins involved in ascorbate-mediated transmembrane electron transport. The chromaffin granule Cyt b561 (CGCytb) is believed to transport electrons donated by extravesicular ascorbate (ASC) across the membrane to intravesicular monodehydroascorbate (MDA) supporting catecholamine synthesis in neuroendocrine tissues. Another isoform, the duodenal Cyt b561 (Dcytb), was reported to have ferric reductase activity, possibly facilitating intestinal iron uptake. Herein, a new Cyt b561 homologue, LCytb (for lysosomal Cytb561) was found expressed in the late endosomal-lysosomal membrane. LCytb shared high sequence similarity with CGCytb (45% identity) and Dcytb (42% identity). Moreover, four heme-coordinating His residues, and putative ASC and MDA binding sites were highly conserved. Recombinant LCytb exhibited an ASC-reducible b-type Cyt absorbance spectrum with alpha-band maximum at 561 nm in the spectrum of the reduced protein. Northern blots and Western blots revealed that LCytb was predominantly expressed in lung, spleen, thymus, testis and placenta. In situ hybridization and immunofluorescence studies further demonstrated that the protein was expressed in the alveolar macrophages of the lung, in the white pulp of the spleen, widespread in the thymus, and in the Sertoli cells of the testis. Sequence analysis indicated the presence of a (DE)XXXL(LI)-type signal in the C-terminal of the protein, predicting a late endosomal-lysosomal subcellular localization. This localization was confirmed by double labeling experiments in RAW264.7 and 293 cells, stably transfected with LCytb.     

木质素合成酶C3H基因的生物信息学分析

应用生物信息学的方法对GenBank中拟南芥、火炬松、胡麻、紫花罗兰等植物香豆酸-3-羟基化酶（c3h）基因以及本实验室克隆的欧美杨107的c3h基因（AM920690）核苷酸序列以及翻译的氨基酸序列的组成成分、导肽、跨膜结构域、疏水性／亲水性、蛋白质二级结构及功能域等进行了初步分析预测。分析表明欧美杨107的C3H氨基酸序列不存在导肽,无跨膜结构域,肽链表现为亲水性;二级结构域与P450高度匹配,其高级结构中含有由含铁血红素和半胱氨酸组成的活性中心,并构建了c3h进化树,对其分子进化进行了探讨。     

Photosynthetic oxygen evolution is stabilized by cytochrome c550 against heat inactivation in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002.

We investigated the factors responsible for the heat stability of photosynthetic oxygen evolution by examining thylakoid membranes from the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. We found that treatment of the thylakoid membranes with 0.1% Triton X-100 resulted in a remarkable decrease in the heat stability of oxygen evolution, and that the heat stability could be restored by reconstituting the membranes with the components that had been extracted by Triton X-100. The protein responsible for the restoration of heat stability was purified from the Triton X-100 extract by two successive steps of chromatography. The purified protein had a molecular mass of 16 kD and exhibited the spectrophotometric properties of a c-type Cyt with a low redox potential. The dithionite-minus-ascorbate difference spectrum revealed an alpha band maximum at 551 nm. We were able to clone and sequence the gene encoding this Cyt from Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002, based on the partial amino-terminal amino acid sequence. The deduced amino acid sequence revealed a gene product consisting of a 34-residue transit peptide and a mature protein of 136 residues. The mature protein is homologous to Cyt c550, a Cyt with a low redox potential. Thus, our results indicate that Cyt c550 greatly affects the heat stability of oxygen evolution.     

蛇苔细胞色素C（Cyt C）的序列分析及功能预测

通过核酸序列比对,在蛇苔cDNA文库中获得细胞色素C（Cyt C）基因序列,并对其编码的蛋白质产物从同源性、氨基酸组成、理化性质、亚细胞位点、结构和功能等进行生物信息学分析和预测。结果表明,该cDNA序列具有完整的开放阅读框（ORF,104—442bp）,推测编码蛋白为112个氨基酸,与向日葵、荞麦、玉米等Cyt C存在着较高的保守性（相似性分别为84％、85％和84％）,同属于细胞色素C超家族;蛇苔CytC蛋白的分子量为11998．7Da,不含信号肽,成熟的CytC起始于Ala2,其活性位点为Cys23、Cys26、His27和Met89;对蛋白质的翻译后修饰预测表明Ala2存在乙酰化修饰,Lys81和Lys95分别进行三甲基赖氨酸修饰。这些特点与其他植物CytC保持一致,表明该基因为蛇苔cyt c基因,在进化上相对保守。     

Structure analysis and characterization of the cytochrome c-554 from thermophilic green sulfur photosynthetic bacterium Chlorobaculum tepidum

The cytochrome (Cyt) c-554 in thermophilic green photosynthetic bacterium Chlorobaculum tepidum serves as an intermediate electron carrier, transferring electrons to the membrane-bound Cyt c _z from various enzymes involved in the oxidations of sulfide, thiosulfate, and sulfite compounds. Spectroscopically, this protein exhibits an asymmetric α-absorption band for the reduced form and particularly large paramagnetic ¹H NMR shifts for the heme methyl groups with an unusual shift pattern in the oxidized form. The crystal structure of the Cyt c-554 has been determined at high resolution. The overall fold consists of four α-helices and is characterized by a remarkably long and flexible loop between the α3 and α4 helices. The axial ligand methionine has S-chirality at the sulfur atom with its C^εH₃ group pointing toward the heme pyrrole ring I. This configuration corresponds to an orientation of the lone-pair orbital of the sulfur atom directed at the pyrrole ring II and explains the lowest-field ¹H NMR shift arising from the 18¹ heme methyl protons. Differing from most other class I Cyts c, no hydrogen bond was formed between the methionine sulfur atom and polypeptide chain. Lack of this hydrogen bond may account for the observed large paramagnetic ¹H NMR shifts of the heme methyl protons. The surface-exposed heme pyrrole ring II edge is in a relatively hydrophobic environment surrounded by several electronically neutral residues. This portion is considered as an electron transfer gateway. The structure of the Cyt c-554 is compared with those of other Cyts c, and possible interactions of this protein with its electron transport partners are discussed.