芽孢杆菌ZJM-P5与磷肥互作对红小豆根系及产量的影响

为明确芽孢杆菌ZJM-P5与磷肥互作对红小豆根系发育和产量的影响,于2016和2017年以‘晋红5号’红小豆为材料,设置磷肥施用量[50(P_1)、100(P_2)、200(P_3)mg·kg~(-1)]和菌液浓度[10~6(A_1)、10~7(A_2)、10~8(A_3)、10~9(A_4)cfu·mL~(-1)]两因素复合处理,以菌磷皆不施为对照(CK),采用盆栽试验分析芽孢杆菌ZJM-P5与磷互作下红小豆幼苗根系形态、生理特性及产量的变化。结果表明:(1)各芽孢杆菌ZJM-P5与磷肥复合处理(磷菌互作)均显著提高了红小豆幼苗主根长、根面积、根体积(P0.05),幼苗主根长和根冠比均在P_1A_3处理下最高,分别比CK显著提高83.1%和50.9%,根面积和根体积均在P_2A_2处理下最高,分别比CK显著提高69.7%和54.2%。(2)各磷菌互作处理均显著提高了红小豆幼苗根系SOD活性、POD活性、根系活力和可溶性蛋白含量,且均在P_2A_2处理时达到峰值,并显著降低红小豆幼苗根系MDA和可溶性糖含量,且均在P_2A_2处理下达到最低值。(3)各磷菌互作处理均显著提高了红小豆幼苗植株P含量,并显著降低了根系酸性磷酸酶活性;随着施磷量增加,植株P含量逐渐增加,根系酸性磷酸酶活性逐渐降低;随着菌液浓度的增加,植株P含量和根系酸性磷酸酶活性均先升后降且均在A_2浓度下最高。(4)随着施磷水平或者菌液浓度的增加,红小豆百粒重和籽粒产量均呈先增大后减小的趋势;各磷菌互作处理均显著提高了红小豆百粒重和籽粒产量,且均在P_2A_2处理组合下增产效果最佳,比对照分别显著增长了141.60%和210.40%。研究发现,芽孢杆菌ZJM-P5与磷肥互作处理可通过改变红小豆幼苗根系构型、提高根系活力、改善根系生理机能来提高红小豆的籽粒产量,且在100 mg·kg~(-1)施磷量、10~7cfu·mL~(-1)菌液浓度互作下可达到最佳促生增产效果。     

光照强度和氮水平对白三叶幼苗生长与光合生理特性的影响

采用植物生长箱溶液培养方式,对白三叶幼苗进行了不同光强(2个水平)和氮浓度(5个水平)处理,探讨其生长、生物量和光合生理特征对生境变化的响应.结果表明:两种光强下白三叶幼苗茎和叶生物量随氮素浓度呈先升高后降低,而根系生物量和根冠比则随氮素浓度增高而降低.光照强度降低使白三叶幼苗根、茎、叶和整株生物量分别降低67.8%、29.9%、42.5%和45.2%;低光处理使幼苗的根冠比显著下降,而比叶面积(SLA)明显提高.幼苗根系体积随氮素浓度增高而降低,高生长光强根系体积显著高于低生长光强下的白三叶.幼苗根系表面积、根系长度和根系直径随氮素浓度增加呈先增加后降低趋势,两种不同生长光强下幼苗根系长度和根系直径差异显著,而根系表面积差异不明显.白三叶叶片光合速率(Pn)随氮素浓度增加呈先增加后降低趋势,高生长光强白三叶Pn显著高于低生长光强下的白三叶.两种生长光强间叶片气孔导度(Gs),胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)无显著差异,但氮素浓度对叶片Gs、Ci和Tr均有显著影响.光、氮及其交互作用对白三叶幼苗生长发育产生了显著影响,光照不足和氮缺乏都将导致白三叶幼苗生长减弱,但幼苗对这些不利环境具有较强的调节和适应能力.     

施氮量对小麦氮磷钾养分吸收利用和产量的影响

高产条件下研究了不同施氮量对小麦植株氮、磷、钾养分吸收利用及籽粒产量的影响.结果表明,适量施氮可促进小麦植株对氮素的吸收与积累,较高的施氮量不利于起身期之后的氮素积累,致使成熟期小麦氮素积累量未能显著提高;与不施氮肥相比,施氮显著提高植株磷素积累量;随施氮量增加,植株磷素积累量增加不显著;施氮量增加促进小麦生育前期对钾素的吸收积累,在生育后期降低植株钾素的流失.随施氮量增加,籽粒氮素含量呈先增后降的趋势,氮素向籽粒的分配比例趋于降低,植株氮素利用效率无显著变化,氮素收获指数下降;不同施氮处理之间籽粒磷素含量和钾素含量无显著差异,施氮量增加,营养器官钾素含量、钾素积累量和钾素向叶片的分配比例均呈增加趋势;同时,磷素和钾素利用效率降低;不同施氮处理间,植株磷素、钾素收获指数无显著差异.籽粒产量随施氮量增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,以施氮195 kg/hm2的处理籽粒产量最高.     

氮磷肥配施对苦荞根系生理生态及产量的影响

以苦荞品种‘迪庆’为材料,在盆栽试验条件下,研究了氮(纯氮用量分别为0g/kg、0.1g/kg、0.2g/kg)、磷(P2O5用量分别为0.1g/kg和0.2g/kg)配施对苦荞根系生长、生理指标及其产量的影响,旨在为黄土高原苦荞高产优质栽培提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)在相同施磷量条件下,苦荞幼苗的株高、茎粗、茎叶干重、主根长、根表面积、根系体积、根系直径、根系干重以及壮苗指数等均随施氮量的增加而呈先升后降的趋势,但根冠比随施氮量的增加而呈先降后升的趋势;叶片叶绿素含量以及根系活力、酸性磷酸酶(Apase)活性、可溶性蛋白含量和植株氮积累量随施氮量的增加呈抛物线变化趋势,根系硝酸还原酶(NR)活性和植株氮含量随施氮量的增加而增加;而根系可溶性糖含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和游离脯氨酸含量等指标均随施氮量的增加而呈先降后升的趋势,0.1g/kg施氮处理各指标均显著低于其他处理;成熟期单株粒重、百粒重随施氮量的增加呈先升后降的趋势,0.1g/kg施氮处理各指标均显著高于其他处理。(2)在相同施氮量条件下,随着施磷量的增加,苦荞根系酸性磷酸酶(Apase)活性、SOD活性、POD活性、MDA含量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白以及游离脯氨酸含量等指标均降低,其余各指标则呈增加趋势。(3)无论施磷量条件如何,0.1g/kg的施氮处理下苦荞产量最高,与其他施氮处理相比,在低磷和高磷处理下的增产幅度分别为7.04%~37.40%和14.73%~68.26%;在施氮量一定的情况下,高磷处理比低磷处理增产15.96%~42.00%。(4)在该试验条件下,适当的氮磷肥配施表现出了明显的正加和效应,但过量施肥也有可能导致增产幅度下降,中氮高磷(施纯N量0.1g/kg,施P2O5量0.2g/kg)配施效果最优。     

施氮对三个南方珍稀树种幼苗生长和生物量分配的影响

为了探讨珍稀树种对短期氮素添加的响应,该文研究了氮素添加(0、0.1、0.2、0.4和0.6g·kg~(-1)土)对观光木、棱角山矾和半枫荷幼苗生长和生物量分配的影响。结果表明:3个树种幼苗对外源氮素添加的反应不同,施氮显著促进观光木幼苗株高、基径、冠幅以及全株生物量和各部分生物量的增加,中低氮促进半枫荷幼苗的生长,但高氮抑制其生长;少量施氮对棱角山矾幼苗的形态和生物量参数没有产生显著影响,中量施氮抑制其生长。氮素营养的改变显著影响3种植物幼苗的生物量分配,观光木幼苗的根生物量比和根冠比均随施氮量的增加而显著降低;除高氮处理外,半枫荷幼苗的根生物量比和根冠比均随供氮量的增加而显著升高;棱角山矾的根生物量比和根冠比均随供氮量的增加而显著升高,可能与施氮抑制其茎叶的生长有关。总的来看,观光木幼苗更能耐受高氮条件,半枫荷幼苗次之,而棱角山矾幼苗不耐高氮;但到当年生长季末,各氮处理半枫荷幼苗的株高、基径和总相对生长速率均显著大于其它两种植物。     

指数施肥对美国山核桃幼苗生物量及氮积累的影响

为探究施肥对美国山核桃(Carya illinoensis)幼苗生长和氮素积累的影响,以一年生美国山核桃实生苗为试验材料,共设置0(CK)、100、200、400、600和800 mg·株~(-1)6个供氮水平,运用指数施肥法研究了6个供氮水平处理下美国山核桃生物量和氮积累的变化。结果表明:美国山核桃幼苗茎生物量、叶生物量和总生物量均随施氮量的增加而呈现先增后减的趋势,均在600 mg·株~(-1)达到最大值,分别为2.30、4.39和9.33 g,是CK组的2.30、4.99和2.17倍,而根生物量随着施氮量的增加呈现递减的趋势;与CK组相比,各指数施肥处理的美国山核桃幼苗根、茎、叶氮质量分数分别提高了0.79~6.40、1.01~3.52和0.43~1.03倍,而根、茎、叶氮积累量分别提高了1.84~6.66、2.40~9.35和4.02~8.23倍;当施氮量为≤600 mg·株~(-1)时,美国山核桃幼苗的总生物量和总氮累积量均随施氮量的增加而增加,而当施氮量达到800 mg·株~(-1)时,其幼苗的总生物量和总氮累积量出现明显下降,总氮质量分数始终保持上升趋势。因此,施氮量600 mg·株~(-1)左右为美国山核桃幼苗温室培育的最适施氮量。     

施氮及不同根系分隔模式对尾叶桉和降香黄檀幼苗生长及叶片生理特性的影响

豆科与非豆科树种混交作为一种人工林培育可持续发展模式,在保证木材产量和维持氮素平衡中发挥了重要作用。该研究通过大棚盆栽试验,设计3个施氮水平(0、3、6g·株-1)及3种根系分隔方式(不隔、网隔、膜隔),分析了不同氮素水平及根系分隔模式对尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophylla)与降香黄檀(Dalbergia odorifera)植株幼苗生长、叶片生理特性、根系形态及生物量的影响。结果表明:(1)随施氮量的增加,尾叶桉与降香黄檀的苗高、地径均呈递增趋势;不同根系分隔模式下,尾叶桉苗高、地径均在不隔模式下生长最好,降香黄檀则在膜隔模式下生长最好。(2)与不施氮处理相比,施氮3、6g·株-1水平下尾叶桉与降香黄檀叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性及可溶性蛋白含量均显著升高,而丙二醛(MDA)含量则呈降低趋势。(3)尾叶桉与降香黄檀根系的总长度、总表面积、总体积、平均直径、根尖数和比根长均随氮素水平的增加而增加,且各氮素水平间的差异显著;同一氮素水平下,尾叶桉的根系生长总体表现为不隔网隔膜隔,而降香黄檀根系生长则表现为膜隔不隔网隔,且两树种不同分隔模式间差异显著。(4)尾叶桉与降香黄檀各器官生物量及总生物量均随施氮量的增加而增加,并在6g·株-1施氮水平下生物量最大;各器官生物量分配中,尾叶桉各器官生物量所占比例大小依次为:茎(40.59%)叶(32.37%)根(27.04%),降香黄檀各器官生物量所占比例大小依次为:根(47.67%)茎(40.08%)叶(12.25%)。研究表明,尾叶桉与降香黄檀混交一定程度上扩展了根系横向和纵向水平的养分生态位,扩大了根系吸收土壤养分的空间,同时根系互作提高了降香黄檀的固氮能力,对土壤有效氮的产生有较大影响。     

不同甘氨酸浓度对无菌水培番茄幼苗生长和氮代谢的影响

植物不但能吸收矿质氮(NH+4-N、NO-3-N),而且也能直接吸收有机态氮,如氨基酸、小分子蛋白质等.为探讨有机态氮浓度对番茄幼苗生长和氮代谢的影响,无菌水培条件下采用2个番茄品种(申粉918、沪樱932)设置4种不同浓度(0、1.5、3.0、6 0mmol·L-1)的甘氨酸态氮(Gly-N),研究了番茄幼苗干物质重、吸氮量、氮代谢相关产物和氮代谢关键酶活性.结果表明,无菌水培条件下,随营养液中Gly浓度的增加,番茄植株干物质重、总氮量、地上部和根系游离氨基酸、可溶性蛋白、地上部可溶性糖含量增加.与无氮对照相比,各处理均显著降低了番茄地上部淀粉含量(P<0.05),而Gly浓度对根系淀粉含量无显著影响.随营养液中Gly浓度的增加,番茄地上部和根系的硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酸脱氢酶(NADH-GDH)、丙转氨酶(GPT)和谷草转氨酶(GOT)活性均提高.无氮对照的NR活性与1.5 mmol·L-1 Gly处理之间差异不显著,而与3.0 mmol·L-1和6.0 mmol·L-1 Gly两处理之间差异显著(P<0.05);1.5 mmol·L-1 Gly和3.0 mmol·L-1 Gly两个处理之间的地上部NADH-GDH、GPT和GOT活性差异不显著.Gly浓度与番茄植株干物质重、总氮量呈显著正相关(R2>0.905* *),这表明两个番茄品种均能直接吸收利用甘氨酸.沪樱932吸收Gly的能力显著大于申粉918(P<0.05).因此,Gly-N可以成为番茄生长的良好氮源,其生理效应受Gly浓度的影响;不同品种番茄对Gly的吸收利用能力不同.     

CO2倍增对不同氮水平下小麦幼苗根系及叶片NR活性的影响

以小麦品种'小偃22'幼苗为材料,采用开顶式气室和水培实验研究了不同供氮水平(2.5、5.0、10.0和 15.0 mmol·L-1)下小麦幼苗植株生长量、根系形态、有机碳分泌速率和硝酸还原酶(NR)活性对大气CO2浓度升高的响应.结果显示,大气CO2浓度倍增均增加了小麦幼苗各生长阶段根冠生物量以及根系长度、面积、有机碳分泌速率和叶片NR活性.随供氮水平的提高,各生长阶段幼苗根冠生物量、根长和面积以及叶片NR活性呈上升趋势,而有机碳分泌速率呈下降趋势;根冠比变化不同阶段表现不一致,一叶一心期呈下降趋势,二叶一心期和三叶一心期分别以15.0和10.0 mmol·L-1氮水平较高.研究表明,大气CO2浓度升高可促进小麦幼苗根系生长和有机碳分泌速率,提高其氮素同化能力;增加介质供氮有利于高CO2浓度条件下小麦幼苗根冠生长和氮素同化,提高根冠比,减少根系有机碳过度分泌引起的碳损耗.     

施氮和肥料添加剂对水稻产量、氮素吸收转运及利用的影响

在苏南太湖地区开展田间试验,研究了施氮和肥料添加剂对水稻产量、氮素吸收转运及利用的影响.结果表明:施氮对水稻产量、各生育时期植株累积吸氮量、阶段氮累积量和花后氮素转运量具有显著的促进作用(P＜0.01),当施氮量高于200 kg·hm-2时,增施氮肥的增产效应不显著(P＞0.05);花后氮素转运率和氮肥利用率均随施氮量的增加而降低.施用肥料添加剂可进一步提高水稻产量、累积吸氮量、花后氮素转运量和氮肥利用率,且该效应在高施氮量( ≥200 kg·hm-2)条件下表现更明显.本试验条件下不施用肥料添加剂时,施氮150kg·hm-2可同时获得较高的产量和氮肥利用率.     

施氮时期对酿酒葡萄叶片氮代谢酶及相关基因表达的影响

以10年生‘蛇龙珠’葡萄为材料,在萌芽期(S1)、新梢旺长期(S2)、开花期(S3)、果实第一次膨大期(S4)、副梢生长旺期(S5)和果实第二次膨大期(S6)分别一次性施入尿素300kg·hm-2,以不施氮肥为对照(CK),分析了花前5d(DBF5)、花后25d(DAF25)、花后55d(DAF55)和花后85d(DAF85)叶片的各项指标,以明确氮素施用时期对葡萄叶片氮代谢的调控与影响。结果表明:(1)S1和S2处理葡萄叶片中总氮及可溶性蛋白含量在DAF25时显著增加。(2)S3和S4处理的NR及GS活性在DAF85时显著高于其他处理;在DAF25时,S1和S2处理的GOGAT活性,以及S3和S4处理的GDH活性均显著高于同期对照和其他施肥处理。(3)各施肥处理叶片VvNR表达水平在不同时期均高于同期对照,S3处理VvNR表达水平在DAF25和DAF85时分别为对照的3.4倍和2.7倍;S3和S4处理的VvGS表达水平分别在DAF55和DAF85时达到最高值,S3处理的VvGOGAT和S4处理的VvGDH表达水平在DAF55和DAF85均显著高于其他处理,S3处理的VvGDH表达水平在DAF55和DAF85仅次于S4处理。研究表明,氮素通过诱导叶片氮素代谢基因的响应,从而调控叶片中氮素代谢酶活性增加,促进了氮素的积累,S3和S4处理在不同时期氮代谢酶活性和对应的基因表达水平均较高,更有利于叶片中氮素的转化和代谢。     

Nitrogen uptake in relation to water availability in wheat

Nitrogen uptake and distribution in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are dependent on environmental conditions and in particular on the water regime. Under Mediterranean conditions, where high water stress at the end of the crop cycle is frequent, nitrogen uptake can be reduced, affecting yield and quality of the grain. To disclose these relations a field experiment was carried out in Central Portugal. Wheat was grown on a clay soil (Vertisol) at three water treatments: rainfed (WO), with 80 mm of irrigation (W1) and with 50 mm and 70 mm irrigations (W2). All treatments received 50 kg ha^–1 of N prior to sowing and were top-dressed with 140 kg ha^–1 of N, splitted in two applications, Kjeldahl N was determined in green leaves (GL), yellow leaves (YL), stems (ST), chaff (CH) and grain (GR). N uptake after anthesis was 40% of the total in W2, but was not noticeable in the other two treatments. N concentrations in the total above-ground plant dry matter, and in both YL and ST were not very different according to treatment, but water availability increased grain-N concentration. It seems, therefore, that grain protein concentration and N uptake can be substantially increased by late irrigations.     

Foliar Nitrogen Dynamics and Nitrogen Resorption of a Sandy Shrub Salix gordejevii in Northern China

Resorption of nitrogen (N) from senescing leaves is an important conservation mechanism that allows plants to use the same N repeatedly. Seasonal variations in leaf nitrogen of mature green and senescing leaves and N resorption in Salix gordejevii Chang, a sandy shrub in northern China, were studied. Our objective was to compare N resorption of this Salix species that successfully occupy different habitats (shifting sandland, fixed sandland and lowland) with differences in soil N availability and moisture. Nitrogen concentrations in green and senescing leaves were higher in June and July. N resorption efficiency (percentage reduction of N between green and senescing leaves) was highest at shifting sandland, intermediate at fixed sandland, and lowest at lowland. There was a clear seasonal variation in N-resorption efficiency, with a lower value at the early growing season and a higher value during summer. N resorption efficiency was lower at the sites with higher soil N availability, suggesting that the efficiency of the resorption process is determined by the availability of the nutrient in the soil. Resorption from senescing leaves may play an important role in the nitrogen dynamics of sandy plants and reduce the nitrogen requirements for plant growth. We conclude that N resorption from senescing leaves in S. gordejevii was correlated to soil characteristics and higher N resorption on poor soils is a phenotypic adjustment by this species to maximize N-use at low availability.     

Nitrogen regulation of amino acid catabolism in Neurospora crassa

Neurospora crassa can utilize numerous compounds including certain amino acids as a sole nitrogen source. Mutants of the nit-2 locus, a regulatory gene which is postulated to mediate nitrogen catabolite repression, are deficient in the ability to utilize several amino acids as well as other nitrogen sources used by wild type. Various enzymes involved in amino acid catabolism were found to be regulated in distinct ways. Arginase, ornithine transaminase, and pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase are all inducible enzymes but are not subject to nitrogen catabolite repression. By contrast, proline oxidase and the amino acid transport system(s) are controlled by nitrogen repression and their synthesis is increased markedly when nitrogen source is limiting. Unlike wild type, the nit-2 mutant cannot derepress amino acid transport, although proline oxidase is regulated in a normal fashion.This work was supported by Grant R01 GM-23367 from the National Institutes of Health. T. J. F. was supported by an NIH Predoctoral Traineeship in Developmental Biology; G. A. M. is supported by NIH Career Development Award GM-00052.     

氮素形态对黄檗幼苗生长及氮代谢相关酶类的影响

通过改变水培溶液中NH4^＋-N和NO3^--N的比例,研究了不同氮素形态对黄檗（Phellodendron amurense）幼苗生长及氮代谢相关酶类的影响。结果表明,硝态氮比例较高的营养供给比铵态氮比例较高的营养供给有利于黄檗幼苗的生长,叶片叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白含量也高。在NH4^＋-N／NO3^--N为25／75时黄檗幼苗具有最大生物量。在铵态氮比例大的营养供给下,黄檗幼苗的谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性增强,而在硝态氮比例大的营养供给下幼苗的硝酸还原酶（NR）活性则较高,叶片中的硝态氮较低。营养液的氮素形态及其组成通过影响GS与NR的活性而调控黄檗幼苗的氮素代谢。     

氮素水平对不同品种茶树光合及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

为探明氮素水平对不同品种茶树的光合系统的影响机制,以‘福鼎大白茶’、‘保靖黄金茶1号’、‘白毫早’两年生茶苗为材料,设置不施氮N_0(0g)、低氮N_1(11g)、中氮N_2(22g)和高氮N_3(33g)4个氮素[(NH_4)_2SO_4]水平的盆栽实验,研究了铵态氮对3个品种茶树的生长势、叶片叶绿素含量、光合参数与叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明:(1)施氮处理能够显著促进茶树的生长,提高茶树叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr),降低胞间CO_2浓度(Ci),并以N_2处理最好,但水分利用率(WUE)在3个品种茶树间表现不同。(2)在N_2处理下,3个茶树品种的叶片光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)暗适应下的最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、PSⅡ的相对电子传递速率(rETR)亦增加最大,非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)降低。(3)茶树叶片叶绿素含量与光合参数间存在着一定的联系,并且具有品种特异性。研究发现,适量施氮能够显著增加茶树叶绿素含量、气孔导度、光合活性,从而使得各品种茶树净光合速率增加;氮素水平对各茶树品种的光合及荧光特性影响存在差异,水分利用率亦具有品种特异性;生产中应综合叶绿素含量、光合作用参数、叶绿素荧光参数,可快速、直观地评价不同品种茶树对氮素营养的内在需求,为茶园施肥管理提供指导。     

Nitrogen content in feces and the diet of Sika deer on the Boso Peninsula, central Japan

Fecal and rumen nitrogen content of Sika deer (Cervus nippon Temminck 1838) on the Boso Peninsula, central Japan, were analyzed concerning their seasonal fluctuations and local differences at four areas on the Boso Peninsula. The mean fecal nitrogen was high in August and low in February in all the areas. The seasonal variation, however, was relatively small. This may be the result of the following reasons: the Boso deer feed on evergreen broad-leaves containing a high and stable nitrogen content in winter; little snow falls there; and the deer consume foods relatively low in nitrogen in summer. The fecal and rumen nitrogen content in both summer and winter depended on deer density.     

Nitrogen regulation in fungi

Nitrogen regulation has been extensively studied in fungi revealing a complex array of interacting regulatory genes. The general characterisation of the systems inAspergillus nidulans andNeurospora crassa shall be briefly described, but much of this paper will concentrate specifically on the recent molecular characterisation ofareA, the principle regulatory gene fromA. nidulans which mediates nitrogen metabolite repression. Three areas shall be explored in detail, firstly the DNA binding domain, which has been characterised extensively by both molecular and genetic analysis. Secondly we shall report recent analysis which has revealed the presence of related DNA binding activities inA. nidulans. Finally we shall discuss the mechanism by which the nitrogen state of the cell is monitored by theareA product, in particular localisation of the domain within theareA product which mediates the regulatory response within the protein.     

Effects of Nitrate Nutrition on Nitrogen Metabolism in Cassava

Two experiments were conducted independently with plants of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) growing in sand with nutrient solutions with four nitrate concentrations (0.5, 3, 6 or 12 mM). In leaves, nitrate-N was undetectable at the low nitrate applications; total-N, ammonium-N, amino acid-N, reduced-N and insoluble-N all increased linearly, while soluble proteins did it curvilinearly, with increasing nitrate supply. In contrast, soluble-N did not respond to N treatments. Total-N and soluble proteins, but not nitrate-N or ammonium-N, were much higher in leaves than in roots. Plants grown under severe N deficiency accumulated ammonium-N and amino acid-N in their roots. Further, plants were exposed to either 3 or 12 mM nitrate-N, and leaf activities of key N-assimilating enzymes were evaluated. Activities of nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase and glutamate dehydrogenase were considerably lower in low nitrate supply than in high one. Despite the low nitrate reductase activity, cassava leaves showed an ability to maintain a large proportion of N in soluble proteins.     

不同林龄杉木氮素的获取策略

为了探讨不同林龄杉木人工林氮素获取策略,选择了江西千烟洲森林生态研究站红壤区的3种林龄杉木人工林(5年生幼龄林、13年生中龄林和30年生成熟林)作为研究对象,利用稳定性同位素~(15)N示踪技术研究了它们的氮素吸收策略。结果表明,杉木对硝态氮的吸收受林龄影响,成熟林的吸收速率最高,为(5.72±0.24)μg N g~(-1)干重h~(-1),而中龄林和幼龄林的吸收速率相当,分别为(1.57±0.13)μg N g~(-1)干重h~(-1)和(2.36±0.22)μg N g~(-1)干重h~(-1)。幼龄林((34.33±1.20)μg N g~(-1)干重h~(-1))和成熟林((34.18±2.32)μg N g~(-1)干重h~(-1))对铵态氮的吸收速率相似,均显著高于中龄林((23.33±1.39)μg N g~(-1)干重h~(-1))。杉木对甘氨酸的吸收不受林龄的影响。3种年龄的杉木均对铵态氮表现出强的获取能力,其中成熟林杉木对硝态氮的获取能力明显弱于对铵态氮的获取,但却强于对甘氨酸的获取。这样的结果反映了林龄能影响杉木人工林对无机氮的吸收,但未影响对有机氮的吸收;杉木偏好吸收铵态氮,对硝态氮和甘氨酸的吸收很少。如果能把氮素形态考虑进对杉木人工林的施肥管理当中,那么可能会极大地改善杉木的生产力。