固氮作用

863252一种与菜豆根瘤菌基因连接的质粒psi抑制产生外多糖并且是共生固氮所需要的〔会,英〕/Borthakur,D.…厂Abs,6thl:卜ternatl.Syrn.NitrogenFixation一1985,9一03 菜豆根瘤菌(Rhi:obium力haseoli)一个菌株在消除了其共生质粒pRPZ月之后,保持制造外多糖(EPS)的能力。但是,pRPZJI的一段,当以增加的拷贝数克隆在广范宿主载体中并转移到这个或别的根瘤菌菌株中时,抑制了EPS合成。这种基因称为Psi(抑制多糖)并定位于共生质粒中靠近结瘤和固氮基因的一个区段。Psi在共生作用中是重要的,因为一株含有克隆在多拷贝质粒上的PSi的野生菌…     

结瘤素及其基因表达

一、前言: 根瘤菌与豆科植物相互作用产生固氮根瘤要经过一系列复杂的过程,这些过程中涉及到许多植物及根瘤菌基因的表达。在根瘤菌方面,除有编码固氮酶的基因以及参与其表达调节的nif、fix基因外,还需要有参与结瘤过程的nod基因及参与细菌胞外。多糖合成的exo基因,这些基因的任何一个发生变异都会影响共生固氮过程。     

茎瘤固氮根瘤菌ORS571中motA基因的功能分析

[目的] MotA是细菌的鞭毛马达蛋白,是跨膜质子通道的重要组成结构之一,在调控鞭毛运动中具有至关重要的作用。本研究探究了Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571中鞭毛马达基因motA对菌株表型和植物互作的影响。[方法] 通过同源重组原理和三亲接合转移方法构建突变菌株∆motA,测定野生型与突变体在菌体生长、运动、固氮、胞外多糖合成、生物膜形成及根系定殖能力的差异。[结果] 与野生型相比,突变体菌体生长没有明显差异,但其运动能力完全丧失,固氮、胞外多糖合成、生物膜形成及根系定殖能力减弱。[结论] MotA鞭毛马达蛋白对A.caulinodans ORS571的运动、固氮、胞外多糖合成、生物膜形成及根系定殖能力均有调控作用。     

根瘤菌共生固氮能力的进化模式

根瘤菌-豆科植物共生固氮体系对农业的可持续性发展至关重要,也是研究原核与真核生物互利共生的模式体系之一。长期以来,根瘤菌共生固氮相关研究主要集中在结瘤因子与固氮酶合成及调控等少数关键基因,但仅获得这些关键基因却不能保证细菌获得结瘤固氮能力。随着比较和功能基因组学的快速发展和应用,越来越多的研究发现根瘤菌使用了很多系统发育分支特异的遗传机制与豆科植物建立有效的共生关系,进一步揭示了双方互利共生的复杂性。本综述总结了近年来比较基因组学、遗传学以及实验进化等方面的相关研究进展,在此基础上讨论根瘤菌共生固氮能力的进化模式。     

苜蓿中华根瘤菌desA基因功能的鉴定

为研究苜蓿中华根瘤菌脂肪酸脱饱和酶desA基因在不饱和脂肪酸合成、共生结瘤固氮以及应对逆境胁迫中的功能,为高效利用苜蓿中华根瘤菌提供理论依据,本文通过异体遗传互补和脂肪酸组成薄层层析,分析SmdesA编码蛋白是否具有脱饱和酶的活性并参与不饱和脂肪酸的合成,构建SmdesA的缺失突变株和互补菌株,比较各菌株在不同逆境胁迫条件下的生长速率以及回接宿主植物后与紫花苜蓿共生结瘤的能力.结果表明SmdesA不能互补大肠杆菌CY57中EcfabA的突变,但具有将饱和脂肪酸脱饱和形成不饱和的棕榈油酸和十八碳烯酸的能力.另外,SmdesA缺失突变对苜蓿中华根瘤菌的脂肪酸组成影响不大,但会显著影响低温和高盐条件下菌株的生长速率以及与紫花苜蓿共生结瘤的能力.我们推测,SmdesA参与的脱饱和途径可能是苜蓿中华根瘤菌不饱和脂肪酸合成的补偿途径,其编码的蛋白DesA不是不饱和脂肪酸合成的关键酶,但在应对逆境胁迫和共生结瘤中具有重要的生物学功能.     

茎瘤固氮根瘤菌ORS571 GGDEF和EAL结构域蛋白的预测及功能研究

[目的]环二鸟苷酸c-di-GMP是细菌中广泛存在的第二信使,能够调控多种细胞功能。c-di-GMP的合成与水解分别由含有GGDEF结构域和EAL结构域的蛋白催化。本研究针对茎瘤固氮根瘤菌ORS571的GGDEF和EAL结构域相关蛋白进行基因组学分析,并对三个同时含有GGDEF和EAL结构域的蛋白（AZC_3085、AZC_3226和AZC_4658）进行功能研究。[方法]利用SMART数据库对含有GGDEF和EAL结构域的蛋白进行结构域预测。利用CLUSTALW程序对蛋白序列进行比较分析。通过同源重组的方法构建突变株,并对突变株的细胞运动能力、胞外多糖合成、生物膜形成及与豆科宿主的结瘤等表型进行测定。[结果]茎瘤固氮根瘤菌ORS571中一共存在37个GGDEF和EAL结构域蛋白。突变株△4658的运动能力较野生型有下降,但是其胞外多糖合成能力、生物膜形成能力和竞争性结瘤能力较野生型有提高。此外,实验结果表明突变株△4658的胞内c-di-GMP水平高于野生型。突变株△3085和△3226的各种表型与野生型相比没有明显差异。[结论]茎瘤固氮根瘤菌ORS571编码如此大数量的GGDEF和EAL结构域蛋白,表明c-di-GMP可能在其信号转导过程中起到非常重要的作用。同时具有GGDEF和EAL结构域的蛋白AZC_4658对茎瘤固氮根瘤菌ORS571的运动能力、胞外多糖合成、生物膜形成及与宿主的结瘤起到一定的调节作用。     

茎瘤固氮根瘤菌ORS571 GGDEF和EAL结构域蛋白的预测及功能研究（英文）

【目的】环二鸟苷酸c-di-GMP是细菌中广泛存在的第二信使,能够调控多种细胞功能。c-di-GMP的合成与水解分别由含有GGDEF结构域和EAL结构域的蛋白催化。本研究针对茎瘤固氮根瘤菌ORS571的GGDEF和EAL结构域相关蛋白进行基因组学分析,并对三个同时含有GGDEF和EAL结构域的蛋白(AZC_3085、AZC_3226和AZC_4658)进行功能研究。【方法】利用SMART数据库对含有GGDEF和EAL结构域的蛋白进行结构域预测。利用CLUSTALW程序对蛋白序列进行比较分析。通过同源重组的方法构建突变株,并对突变株的细胞运动能力、胞外多糖合成、生物膜形成及与豆科宿主的结瘤等表型进行测定。【结果】茎瘤固氮根瘤菌ORS571中一共存在37个GGDEF和EAL结构域蛋白。突变株?4658的运动能力较野生型有下降,但是其胞外多糖合成能力、生物膜形成能力和竞争性结瘤能力较野生型有提高。此外,实验结果表明突变株?4658的胞内c-di-GMP水平高于野生型。突变株?3085和?3226的各种表型与野生型相比没有明显差异。【结论】茎瘤固氮根瘤菌ORS571编码如此大数量的GGDEF和EAL结构域蛋白,表明c-di-GMP可能在其信号转导过程中起到非常重要的作用。同时具有GGDEF和EAL结构域的蛋白AZC_4658对茎瘤固氮根瘤菌ORS571的运动能力、胞外多糖合成、生物膜形成及与宿主的结瘤起到一定的调节作用。     

紫云英根瘤菌107菌株exo基因簇非连锁突变位点的克隆

用鸟枪法从3株紫云英根瘤菌107菌株的胞外多糖合成缺陷变种（Exo-）NA－05、NA－07和NA－08中克隆获得含有107菌株exo基因及Tn5的exo::Tn5片段。以pRK415为载体构建107菌株EcoRI酶切后DNA片段的部分基因库,用exo::Tn5做探针原位杂交得到一个阳性克隆。该克隆的外源片段4．2kb能恢复3个变种的多糖表型及结瘤固氮能力。酶切分析和Southern杂交表明,3株变种中Tn5插入位点相近。     

紫云英根瘤菌107菌株exo基因簇非连锁突变位点的克隆

用鸟枪法从３株紫云英根瘤菌１０７菌株的胞外多糖合成缺陷变种ＮＡ－０５、ＮＡ－０７和ＮＡ－０８中克隆获得含有１０７菌株ｅｘｏ基因及Ｔｎ５的ｅｘｏ：Ｔｎ５片段。以ｐＲＫ４１５为载体构建１０７菌株ＥｃｏＲＩ酶切后ＤＮＡ片段的部分库,用ｅｘｏ：Ｔｎ５做探针原位杂交得到一个阳性克隆。该克隆的外源片段４．２ｋｂ能恢复３个变种的多糖表型及结瘤固氮能力。酶切分析和Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交表明,３株变种中Ｔｎ５插入位点     

青枯雷尔氏菌胞外多糖合成缺失突变株构建及其生物学特性

【目的】由青枯雷尔氏菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)引起的植物青枯病是一种毁灭性土传病害。胞外多糖(extracellular polysaccharides,EPS)是青枯雷尔氏菌关键的致病因子之一。通过构建胞外多糖缺失突变株,研究胞外多糖在青枯病致病中的作用。【方法】从青枯雷尔氏菌FJAT-91的基因组中克隆出胞外多糖合成结构基因epsD同源臂,克隆至自杀性质粒p K18mobsacB,再将庆大霉素抗性基因(Gm)插入同源臂中间,获得重组质粒p K18-epsD。将重组质粒转化至青枯雷尔氏菌FJAT-91感受态细胞中,通过同源重组敲除epsD基因,获得EPS合成缺失的突变株FJAT-91Δeps 。研究突变株与野生菌株在菌落形态、胞外多糖合成、运动能力、定殖能力的差异性。【结果】突变菌株FJAT-91ΔepsD与出发菌株FJAT-91相比:胞外多糖产量显著减少,生长较慢;泳动能力(swimming motility)和群集运动能力(swarming motility)显著降低;在番茄苗根部和茎部的定殖能力显著降低;弱化指数(AI)为0.905,鉴定为无致病力菌株。【结论】胞外多糖在青枯雷尔氏菌的致病中起着关键的作用,本课题研究成果为开发植物疫苗提供了优良的材料与研究基础。     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various