龙眼结果母枝培养及冬梢与花穗“冲梢”调控（综述）

本文综述龙眼不同抽生期结果母枝的特性,优良结果母枝的生物学指标与培养措施;冬梢发生原因和调控技术;花穗“冲梢”的原因,类型及调控途径。     

龙眼化学调控技术研究

本文总结１９８６￣１９９６年对龙眼结果母枝与产量的相关性、花芽分化及生理落果与内源激素的关系,以及外源激素对花芽分化及生理落果调控作用的研究结果。报道龙眼化学调控技术在生产上试验,示范及推广应用的效果。     

水涨龙眼结果母枝与果穗性状相关性的研究

作者对水涨龙眼结果母枝与果穗生长的关系进行了研究。结果表明,结果性能良好的结果母枝,其粗度主要分布范围为0.60-0.90厘米,长度为5-13厘米,复叶数为5-8个。结果母枝粗度与果穗生长关系最为密切,可作为衡量结果性能的主要生物学指标。提高结果母枝粗度可明显增加果穗重量,从而提高龙眼产量。当结果母枝粗度增加,果实数量相应增多时,其果穗会出现小果数增多和单果重下降的现象,可能与树体营养水平有关。上述研究结果,可为制定培养优良结果母枝的综合农业栽培措施提供重要依据。     

元红荔枝北移生物学习性变化和相应的栽培技术

元红荔枝从福建福州北移浙江苍南,年花果物候期缩短7d,不同基枝翌年抽穗结果能力存在极显著差异,培育一定数量的生长枝是丰产稳产的前提,以8月上旬抽发的秋梢母枝翌年穗果量高。花芽生理分化运期在10月底,形态分化期与福建比较只是时间上顺延。因此,浙南荔枝栽培强调前促后控秋梢母枝;培育壮穗,控制花量;保果壮果。     

元红荔枝北移生物学习性变化和相应的栽培技术

元红荔枝从福建福州北移浙江他南,年共的候期缩短７天,不同基枝翌年抽穗结果有显著差异,培育一定数量的生长枝是丰产稳产的前提,以８月上旬抽发的秋梢母梢母枝翌年穗果是高。花芽生理分化适期在１０月底,形态分化期与福建比较只是时间上顺延。因此,浙南荔枝栽培强调前促后控秋梢母枝;培育壮,控制花量;保量壮果。     

不同施肥水平对龙眼秋梢结果母枝和产量的影响

1983—1986年,作者开展了不同施肥水平对龙眼秋梢结果母枝及产量效应的研完。试验结果表明,适当增加施肥量可促进龙眼秋梢结果母枝的生长发育,且明显提高产量。研究结果还表明,不同品种对施肥的反应存在差异,水涨品种对肥料的效应较为明显,而赤壳品种则不明显。作者推荐,红壤丘陵地的水涨龙眼适宜的年株施肥量为:N1.24公斤,P_2O_50.63公斤,K_2O1.15公斤。上列施肥水平可供生产上参考应用。     

印度传统辣木引种栽培研究

从缅甸引进印度传统辣木（Moringa oleifera Lam．）到我国云南干热河谷地区种植,采用春季育播种苗造林,或者春季直播造林,种植地分有灌溉条件的农耕地以及没有灌溉条件的退耕地和荒山坡地三类。3a引种试验结果表明,在农耕地上以二种造林方式栽植的印度传统辣木在造林当年即可开花结果;而在荒山坡地上造林当年不结果或偶见结果,发生枯梢或严重枯梢;在退耕地上造林当年能结果,但产量较农耕地低。印度传统辣木结果母枝和结果枝的发育规律不同于大多数树种,不同龄级的结果母枝同时着生结果枝,并且同一结果母枝可多次着生结果枝。果实伸长生长与粗生长的高峰期不同步,伸长生长高峰期在前,粗生长高峰期在后。果实作鲜食蔬菜,应在纤维化前采收,采收期一般在伸长生长停止、粗生长高峰期前。初步认为印度传统辣木为中等抗旱树种,适生于我国热带、亚热带的半干旱、干旱地区,推广种植时应注意造林地的选择。     

黑曲霉诱变株Aspergillus niger T21糖化酶产量提高的分子基础

黑曲霉Aspergillus niger T21是以A.niger AS3.795为出发株经诱变获得的糖化酶高产菌株,产量比原株提高10~17倍.Northern分析知T21的糖化酶mRNA含量约为AS3. 795的20倍,表明糖化酶基因(glaA)转录水平的提高是糖化酶产量提高的主要原因.以编码葡糖苷酸酶(GUS)的E.coli uidA为报告基因,分别与T21和AS3.795的glaA 5′调控区融合后,引入A.niger,根据转化子GUS酶活性测定结果,T21glaA 5′调控区的启动子活性是AS3.795相应启动子活性的3倍多,提示cis调控的改变是T21glaA转录水平提高的重要原因之一,但trans调控的改变是T21glaA转录水平提高的更重要的原因. 作为trans调控研究的第1步,进行了T21glaA 5′调控区的功能分析,结果表明,ATG上游-408 ~-513间的约100 bp区域与 glaA基因高水平表达相关.     

板栗实膛修剪技术

板栗进入盛果期后,树势逐渐减弱,由于骨干枝外延生长,内膛光秃带不断加长,出现结果部位逐年外移,大小年严重,较密的栗园树冠开始郁闭,产量及品质开始下降等现象。此期运用实膛修剪方法,能够有效地调节结果母枝留量,控制结果部位外移和枝冠过度扩展,达到立体结果。 所     

红松雌球果发育对枝叶营养生长和生物量积累的影响

通过对红松生殖枝和营养枝当年的枝叶生长及生物量积累差异的分析,研究2年生雌球果发育对枝叶营养生长和生物量积累的影响。结果表明:2年生雌球果抑制了1年生雌球果的发育,生殖枝当年的营养生长比营养枝当年的营养生长旺盛;生殖枝当年的生长量(顶枝芽除外)与母枝的枝长和基径呈显著正相关(P0.05),生殖枝当年的顶枝和侧枝生物量与母枝的枝生物量呈显著正相关(P0.05); 2年生雌球果数量与生殖枝当年的顶枝基径、侧枝长、侧枝基径、侧枝芽数量和侧枝数量呈显著正相关(P0.05),2年生雌球果生物量与当年的顶枝和侧枝生物量及总生物量呈显著正相关(P0.05),说明2年生雌球果的发育促进了生殖枝当年的营养生长和生物量积累;生殖枝当年的总生物量中分配给顶枝、侧枝、顶枝针叶、侧枝针叶的生物量比营养枝多,生殖枝中超过87%的当年生物量分配给2年生雌球果,仅有0.22%的比例分配给1年生雌球果;通径分析表明,2年生雌球果的生物量积累直接影响生殖枝母枝的生物量积累,对生殖枝和营养枝当年生物量积累没有直接影响,而生殖枝母枝的生物量直接影响生殖枝和营养枝当年的生物量积累。     

Lateral bud development and shoot growth in low-pruned Morus alba as affected by stem orientation

Two phases of bud activity were identified in the new growth of one-year-old erect coppice shoots on 11-year-old low-pruned stumps of mulberry (Morus alba L. cv. Shin-ichinose) in spring, the sprouting phase in which the majority of the buds, including the basal ones, sprout and elongate, and the dominance phase (starting 4–5 weeks after sprouting) during which the upper laterals begin to assert dominance and suppress the growth of lower laterals, becoming new leading shoots. In contrast, arching before sprouting markedly inhibited buds on the under side, leading to poor shoots. By late April, the sprouts on the upper side grew readily into new erect shoots, resulting in considerable dominance over those from the lateral sides. Of these erect shoots, those located closer to the stem base grew more in May and June. The effects of arching made during the sprouting phase (late April) on bud activity and shoot lengths were generally similar to those of earlier archings before spring bud bursting. Separation of the shoots from the upper and under sides by longitudinal, horizontal splitting of the arched stems in late April did not affect the inhibited elongation of the shoots from the under side. These results suggest that in the response to arching before and in late April, the effects are related to spring bud bursting and gravimorphism. In contrast, arching during and after the dominance phase (May) had no gravimorphic effects on growth of the shoots on the upper side, although there was a stimulation of outbreak of the buds on the upper side, which remained dormant during spring bud bursting. Continuous basal applications of abscisic acid in aqueous solution inhibited bud break and shoot growth of the postdormant erect stem segments, and defoliation of the new shoots markedly. In contrast, similar applications of an ethylene-releasing compound, Ethephon, depressed shoot elongation slightly, but enhanced defoliation greatly. Gibberellic acid (GA₃) stimulated shoot elongation, but depressed leaf enlargement.     

龙眼化学调控技术研究

本文总结1986～1996年对龙眼结果母校与产量的相关性、花芽分化及生理落果与内源激素（iPAs、GAs、ABa及LAA）的关系,以及外源激素对花芽分化及生理落果调控作用的研究结果。报道龙眼化学调控技术在生产上试验、示范及推广应用的效果。     

Environmental Factors involved in the Regulation of Sprouting of Basal Buds in Rose Plants

The plant top is the main factor inhibiting the formation ofjuvenile-like shoots from the basal part of the rose plant.In plants with the whole top removed a cooling period of oneweek at 4 °C had a promotional effect on the outgrowth ofbasal buds. Six days of darkness partially inhibited sproutingof these buds and 9 d suppressed sprouting completely. On theother hand. 3 d in light following plant top removal were sufficientto cause sprouting. Buds on the upper parts of lateral shoots were not affectedby the dark treatment. Key words: Basal buds, Rejuvenation, Roses     

Polyphenol Oxidase Activity and Phenolic Content Pattern During Shoot Development of Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) in Different Growing Seasons

The PPO activity and content of phenolic compounds were estimated during the different growing seasons and developmental age of shoots in seven grape genotypes. Both, the total phenol content and catecholase activity were found significantly affected by the growing season, developmental age of shoot and the genotype. But, season as well as age of shoot could not influence cresolase activity. Spring as season; 30 days of sprouting as age; Gold and Anab-e-Shahi as genotypes were found better in comparison to summer as season and 15 days of sprouting as age in respect to level of phenols and PPO activity.     

龙眼重回缩修剪树有机营养及枝梢生长特性

测定石硖龙眼树重回缩后各次梢的长度、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、可溶性总糖和可溶性蛋白质含量,结果表明:重回缩修剪树较对照多长1次梢,梢长也极显著大于对照;叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白质含量和对照都没有显著差异;净光合速率总体高于对照;可溶性糖含量极显著低于对照。施用PP333可以有效抑制枝梢徒长,对其它测定项目无显著影响。     

Dual effect of light on flowering and sprouting of rose shoots

Shade, caused by a dense leaf canopy in the light conditions of a normal greenhouse, reduced sprouting of the third axillary bud (from the top) on decapitated rose branches ( Rosa hybrida cv. Marimba) in comparison to less shaded buds on branches protruding above the canopy and sparsely spaced. Flowering of the third young shoot on shaded branches bearing 3 lateral shoots was totally inhibited. Mixed fluorescent and incandescent light in a growth chamber reduced sprouting of the third bud on decapitated rose branches in comparison to decapitated branches on rose plants held in fluorescent light of similar photon flux density. This was attributed to the higher R:FR ratio in fluorescent vs mixed light that reached the third bud, and in exposed vs shaded branches. Flowering of the third shoot was promoted by several factors: high photon flux density, 0.5 m M gibberellic acid (GA) or 0.2 m M benzyladenine (BA). BA was the most effective treatment. Treatments promoting flowering of the third shoot did not reduce growth or flowering of the upper shoots. However, spraying the uppermost shoot with BA suppressed the growth of the shoots below. It is concluded that light affects flowering in two ways. The effect on bud sprouting is related mainly to R:FR ratios, while the effect on flower development is related mainly to photon flux density. Cytokinins may substitute for the light effect on flower development.     

Thidiazuron-induced Shoot Multiplication and Plant Regeneration in Bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus Nees)

Thidiazuron (TDZ) stimulated shoot proliferation from different seedling explants (i.e., shoot, basal node, node and apical segment) of bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus) when incorporated in half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium having 2% (w/v) sucrose. All the concentrations of TDZ (0.01 to 1.0 mg l^?1) tried were effective in shoot proliferation. Maximum shoots (14.8 ± 1.0) were obtained from the shoot explants cultured in 0.5 mg l^?1 TDZ supplemented halfstrength MS liquid medium for 21 days and subsequently transferred to the same medium devoid of TDZ. The longer culture period (i.e. 28 and 35 days) in TDZ medium caused reduction in shoot proliferation. The shoots regenerated with lower concentrations of TDZ treatment (i.e. 0.01 to 0.1 mg l^?1) rooted in half-strength MS liquid medium. The shoots formed with 0.5 mg l^?1 TDZ treatment did not root in basal medium and required auxin supplementation in the medium for rooting and about 55% shoots produced roots in 1.0 mg l^?1 IBA supplemented medium. The shoots formed with 1.0 mg l^?1 TDZ did not root even after auxin treatment. The well rooted shoots transplanted to plastic pots filled with sand and garden soil (1:1) mixture showed 98% establishment.     

Multiple Shoot Regeneration from Young Shoots of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus)

A method was developed to initiate multiple shoots from the young shoot of kenaf. Young shoots along with the cotyledons were excised from ten-day old aseptically germinated seeds and pre-cultured for two weeks in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with benzyl adenine (BA) or a combination of BA and kinetin. After two weeks in culture, elongated shoots were excised above the cotyledonary nodes and cultured on fresh medium of the same composition. Multiple shoots were initiated within eight weeks. The number of shoots varied among cultivars. The highest number of shoots (11/explant) occured in cultivar Tainung 2 (T2) cultured in MS medium supplemented with 8.8 μM BA. Concentrations of BA higher than 8.8 μM had a negative effect on the number of shoots. Furthermore, callus growth was initiated from which morphologically abnormal shoots were induced. Kinetin had a significant effect only on cultivar Everglades 41 (E41). Shoot elongation and rooting were obtained simultaneously in half strength MS basal medium with no plant growth regulators. About 98% of the rooted plants were grown to maturity under greenhouse conditions. This method was successful with all four genotypes tested. However, significant genotypic variations were observed among the genotypes.