植被覆盖度和综合治理对纸坊沟流域土壤氮素流失的影响

同小流域土壤侵蚀一样,小流域土壤氮素随洪流流失也受到植被覆盖度的影响,通常经过调整小流域内土地利用结构以达到控制水土流失。该研究以8.27 km2纸坊沟流域和1:400比例流域模型为研究对象,研究植被覆盖度和综合治理对纸坊沟流域土壤氮素流失的影响。结果表明:在模拟降雨下,当流域植被覆盖度分别为60%、40%、20%和0时,流域模型铵态氮流失量分别为87.08、44.31、25.16和13.71 kg/km2,硝态氮为85.50、74.05、63.95和56.23 kg/km2,全氮为0.81、1.18、1.98和7.51 t/km2;在自然降雨下,1998年与1992年相比,全流域年土壤侵蚀量为1 086 t/km2和1 119 t/km2,氮素流失量为8 758.5和7 562.2 kg,减少了15.8%,其中农地减少了52.0%。流域对降水中的矿质氮具有过滤作用,硝态氮的过滤作用明显高于铵态氮。洪流泥沙中<20 mm微团聚体富集造成了泥沙有机质和全氮的富集。植被覆盖虽能有效地减少流域土壤侵蚀和全氮的流失,却能增加土壤矿质氮的流失。坡地退耕还林草可显著减少流域土壤氮素流失。     

不同植被对土壤侵蚀和氮素流失的影响

利用 5～ 6a野外径流小区试验资料 ,研究 1 7种植被覆盖对土壤侵蚀和氮素流失的影响 ,结果表明 :1 9种作物、4种草地和 4种草灌间作小区年平均径流量为 2 7773、1 80 2 8和 1 31 4 9m3/ km2 · a,比相应裸地减少 2 7.5%、51 .1 %和64.3% ;侵蚀模数为 1 71 6、1 0 2 1和 81 2 t/ km2 · a,减少 73.0 %、92 .8%和 94 .3% ;全氮富集率为 1 .65、2 .4 8和 2 .59,比裸地增加 1 3.8%～ 1 1 4 % ;年平均土壤氮素流失量为 1 4 58、1 2 52、382 9和 966kg/ km2· a。 2植被通过调节径流流速来间接影响泥沙全氮富集 ,土壤侵蚀模数愈大 ,泥沙全氮富集率愈小。 3土壤氮素流失方程 SN=( 55.56-4 .87ln SL)· SL·TN ,可定量预测土壤氮素的流失。     

崩岗区不同植被覆盖度对土壤氮素含量的影响

不同植被覆盖度土壤氮素含量变化规律的研究可作为评价生态退化区植被恢复的指标之一。以福建省长汀县濯田镇黄泥坑崩岗群中三种不同植被覆盖度的毗邻崩岗为研究对象, 比较其氮素含量的变化及不同部位氮素含量的变化规律。结果表明: 植被覆盖度的提高能有效地减少土壤侵蚀, 且与土壤的全氮含量及各部位的全氮含量均达到显著正相关, 但同时也会增加硝态氮和铵态氮的流失, 从而导致土壤中硝态氮、铵态氮的含量反而减少。而这三种不同植被覆盖度崩岗的全氮含量最高值均出现在集水坡面部位。与裸露崩岗和低覆盖崩岗不同的是, 高覆盖崩岗的硝态氮与铵态氮的最大值也均出现在集水坡面部位。     

水蚀条件下不同土壤氮素和有机质流失规律

人工模拟施水冲刷试验研究结果表明,随施水冲刷强度的增大,不同土壤硝态氮、铵态氮、有机质和全氮流失加剧,泥沙全氮和有机质富集程度减少;当给不同土壤施等量的硝酸铵时,发现随径流流失化肥的铵态氮和硝态氮分别占施入量的０．９％－３．５％和８．２％－１９．７％,硝酸铵主要随径流流失,以泥沙颗粒流失量甚微;土壤侵蚀、有机质和全氮流失量与〉２０μｍ团聚体相关系数分别为－０．８９３５、－０．７９２８和－０．８１５     

红壤小流域不同利用方式氮磷流失特征研究

从红壤小流域坡地资源合理利用和保护的角度研究了不同利用方式土壤氮、磷流失的特征,结果表明：恢复保护性植被的试验区3,由于其水土流失量最低,氮、磷流失量最小。侵蚀严重的试验区5,由于水土失量最大,磷的流失量最大,但其有效磷、水溶性磷及氮素流失量低于不注重水土资源保持经营利用的试验区1、注重水土保持措施的试验区2和试验区4。由于采用了水土保持综合农林措施,有效地减轻了水土流失,试验区2和试验区4的土壤氮、磷流失量明显小于试验区1土壤氮、磷流失量,红壤小流域不同利用方式中水土保持综合措施能有效地控制土壤养分流失。2000年不同试验区土壤氮、磷的流失主要集中于5、6及8月份,其流失量占全年氮、磷流失量的90％以上,这与当地的降雨季节性分配特征有关。土壤氮、磷的坡面流失方式为推移质流失和径流流失,磷的流失形态主要为泥砂结合态,约占总磷流失量的70％以上。除试验区3以外,其它试验区泥沙结合态氮素的流失量大于水溶态氮素流失量。     

牧草覆盖对坡面土壤矿质氮素流失的影响

利用室内模拟降雨试验,探讨了降雨、地表径流以及土壤矿质氮素有效作用深度（effective depth of interaction, EDI）的确定方法,研究了牧草覆盖对土壤矿质氮素EDI和地表流失的影响.结果表明,牧草覆盖增加了地表径流与表层土壤的相互作用,导致水土混合体深度增加,较深土层的土壤矿质氮通过溶解和解吸作用、对流 扩散作用等方式进入到地表径流中,矿质氮EDI增加.覆盖度越大,EDI值越大.与裸地相比,60％、80％和100％覆盖度处理中径流矿质氮平均浓度分别增加了34.52％、32.67％和6.00％,地表径流量分别减少了4.72％、9.84％和12.89％,侵蚀泥沙量分别减少了83.55％、87.11％和89.01％.60％和100％覆盖度处理的矿质氮地表流失总量分别为裸地处理的95.73％和84.05％,而80％覆盖度处理则为裸地处理的109.04％.草地植被对矿质氮素地表流失有“双重效应”：加剧了矿质氮向地表径流中的释放,使径流养分浓度高于裸地浓度;不同程度地减少了地表径流量和泥沙量及其养分含量.两种效应共同决定了土壤矿质氮素的地表流失量.     

牧草覆盖对坡面土壤矿质氮素流失的影响

利用室内模拟降雨试验,探讨了降雨、地表径流以及土壤矿质氮素有效作用深度（effective depth of interaction,EDI）的确定方法,研究了牧草覆盖对土壤矿质氮素EDI和地表流失的影响．结果表明,牧草覆盖增加了地表径流与表层土壤的相互作用,导致水土混合体深度增加,较深土层的土壤矿质氮通过溶解和解吸作用、对流-扩散作用等方式进入到地表径流中,矿质氮EDI增加．覆盖度越大,EDI值越大．与裸地相比,60％、80％和100％覆盖度处理中径流矿质氮平均浓度分别增加了34．52％、32．67％和6．00％,地表径流量分别减少了4．72％、9．84％和12．89％,侵蚀泥沙量分别减少了83．55％、87．11％和89．01％．60％和100％覆盖度处理的矿质氮地表流失总量分别为裸地处理的95．73％和84．05％,而80％覆盖度处理则为裸地处理的109．04％．草地植被对矿质氮素地表流失有“双重效应”：加剧了矿质氮向地表径流中的释放,使径流养分浓度高于裸地浓度;不同程度地减少了地表径流量和泥沙量及其养分含量．两种效应共同决定了土壤矿质氮素的地表流失量．     

赤红壤植蔗坡地坡面径流及溶解态氮磷流失特征

为探究南方高强度、高频次降雨下赤红壤区坡耕地土壤侵蚀及氮磷养分流失的特征,基于野外径流小区原位观测试验,通过测定自然降雨下赤红壤植蔗坡地坡面径流和溶解态氮磷流失量,探讨自然降雨下甘蔗种植对赤红壤坡面径流及溶解态氮磷流失的影响。结果表明：(1)2019年和2020年,径流量分别为1111.3 m~3/hm~2和3269.4 m~3/hm~2,硝态氮(NO~-₃-N)流失量分别为1.39 kg/hm~2和15.60 kg/hm~2,铵态氮(NH~+₄-N)流失量分别为0.37 kg/hm~2和1.02 kg/hm~2,可溶性磷流失量分别为0.20 kg/hm~2和0.27 kg/hm~2。2019年和2020年植蔗坡地径流及溶解态氮磷流失量均集中在6月份,占流失总量的45%以上,硝态氮(NO~-₃-N)是径流氮素流失的主要形式,占79%以上。此外,2019年和2020年5月至8月,侵蚀性降雨场次分别为18次和23次,侵蚀性降雨量分别为407.8 mm和668.0 mm。(2)不同侵蚀性降雨条件下,植蔗坡地溶解态氮磷流失量及其...     

南方山区典型小流域桉树人工林种植对水土流失的影响

南方山区人工林的不合理开发导致严重的水土流失。典型人工林小流域土壤侵蚀时空变化研究对于人工林种植和山区生态环境可持续发展具有重要意义。本研究利用地理信息系统结合修正通用土壤流失方程，分析了粤西山区大顶山小流域土壤侵蚀的时空变化及关键驱动机制。结果表明：大顶山小流域侵蚀模数为1948.1 t·km^-2·a^-1,属于轻度侵蚀，但空间变异十分剧烈，变异系数为5.12,最大值可达191127 t·km^-2·a^-1。微度侵蚀(<500 t·km^-2·a^-1)面积占流域总面积的80.6%,中度及以上侵蚀(>2500 t·km^-2·a^-1)主要分布在植被覆盖度小于30%的桉树人工林幼林区，贡献了流域总侵蚀量的75.7%。2014—2019年间，大顶山小流域平均侵蚀年际变化不大，但土壤侵蚀空间分布变化较大，植被覆盖度、坡度和降雨是关键影响因素。桉树人工林种植导致自然植被破坏是引发造林区土壤侵蚀的首要原因。幼林区土壤侵...     

辽西低山棕壤丘陵区小流域泥沙连通性与土壤侵蚀的空间分布特征

了解土壤侵蚀和泥沙连通性的空间分布特征对制定流域综合管理措施具有重要作用。本研究以辽西低山棕壤丘陵区二道岭小流域为对象,基于InVEST泥沙输移比模型,引入连通性指数和土壤流失模型作为泥沙连通性和土壤侵蚀强度空间分布特征的衡量指标,通过探究不同泥沙连通性等级和土壤侵蚀强度下坡度、坡向和土地利用特征,分析地形、土地利用类型、泥沙连通性和土壤侵蚀之间的关系。结果表明：二道岭小流域泥沙连通性平均值为-3.79,平均土壤侵蚀量为614 t·km²·a^-1;高连通性主要出现在坡耕地中,较低的连通性主要分布在林草地中;93.3%流域面积的土壤侵蚀强度在中度以下,极强烈以上侵蚀面积仅占流域面积的1.1%。泥沙连通性等级越高,<5°坡度的面积所占比例越高,其余坡度的面积占比相对稳定;耕地面积占比增加,林草地面积占比减少;阴坡面积占比降低,阳坡面积占比增加。随着土壤侵蚀强度的递增,<8°坡度的面积占比增加,其余坡度的面积占比相对稳定;林草地面积占比减少,其他土地利用面积占比增加;阳坡面积占比总体增加,阴坡面积占比总体降低。土地利用是影响该流域土壤侵...     

放牧制度对草地产流产沙及氮磷流失的影响

研究不同放牧制度草场水土流失过程,对草原生态环境保护和治理具有重要的理论意义。以内蒙古呼伦贝尔草原不同放牧草场为研究对象,设置选取三种放牧制度草场(自由放牧、轮牧、休牧),采用人工模拟降雨的方法进行0.74mm/min和1.5mm/min雨强的降雨模拟试验,测定径流量,含沙量,径流和泥沙中总氮,总磷浓度,并探讨植被截留对径流的影响规律。结果表明:植被截留对减少降雨径流具有明显的作用,休牧草场径流系数减小最多,自由放牧草场减小最少,产沙量显示为自由放牧草场轮牧草场休牧草场。降雨强度对径流中的氮磷浓度影响显著,自由放牧草场总氮浓度和休牧草场总磷浓度受雨强影响最大,氮磷流失过程浓度变化曲线更符合幂函数分布。休牧草场泥沙氮含量和泥沙磷含量均为最高,自由放牧草场与休牧草场的总氮富集率基本相等且均大于轮牧草场,总磷富集率为自由放牧休牧轮牧,三种放牧草场氮磷和泥沙流失主要影响因素为径流量和含沙量。因此,适当的将呼伦贝尔草原自由放牧草场向休牧和轮牧草场转变,将有利于减少草场水土营养元素流失及草原生态可持续发展。     

Phytoplankton response to changed nutrient level in Lake Peipsi (Estonia) in 1992–2001

To clarify the sediment yield processes following a disturbance by a forest fire in a mountainous catchment, and considering the hydrological and geomorphological processes in the headwater, we measured bedload sediment yield at rainfall events in disturbed and secondary forest catchments in the western part of Japan. The three catchments were under different hydrogeological conditions. The IK, TB and TY catchments were disturbed by forest fires in 2000, 1994, and 1978, respectively. In the IK catchment, although runoff response to rainfall was fastest with high peak flows, the catchment also had the highest base flow. Moreover, the annual sediment yield there was about ten times as high as in the other two catchments, and it was found that there was a steep linear curve in the relationship between precipitation and bedload sediment yield. This is thought to be caused by overland flow generation following water repellency on the slopes, and by the accumulated sediment that forms the thick soil layer on the valley bottom. On the other hand, in the TB catchment runoff experienced high peak flows at rainfall events and low base flows, and there was a gradual linear curve in the precipitation–sediment yield relationship. This might be the result of there being a thin soil layer on the hillslope and on the valley bottom because of successive erosion after the fire. In the TY catchment, runoff had a low peak flow at rainfall events and a high base flow; and the bedload sediment yield increased exponentially with increasing precipitation. Therefore, sediment yield in the TB catchment was more than that in the TY during storm events with precipitation of less than 100 mm, whereas it was the opposite during heavier rainfalls. It indicates that there is a thick soil layer on the slope and a thin soil layer on the valley bottom in the TY catchment following the recovering of vegetation, and that the sediment yield process predominates only during big rainfall events, only then does subsurface flow generate.     

水蚀风蚀交错区退耕坡面植被利用对产流产沙的影响

为有效利用水蚀风蚀交错区退耕封育坡面植被,确定合理的植被利用强度非常必要.本试验选取黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区典型小流域——六道沟小流域为试验区,在多年退耕封育坡面布设径流小区,通过人工模拟降雨试验,研究植被地上部分在不同利用强度下各坡度(10°、20°和30°)坡面产流、产沙变化特征,以确定合理的利用强度. 结果表明: 次降雨过程中径流速率大体可分为两个阶段:初期迅速增长阶段和中后期增长变缓或趋于准稳定阶段.侵蚀速率的变化趋势因坡度的不同而略有差异.利用强度对产流量有显著影响,产流量随利用强度的加强而增加.坡度对侵蚀量影响显著,侵蚀量表现为20°坡面＞30°坡面＞10°坡面.以植被地上部分未利用小区为对照,相对增水量和相对增沙量均随利用强度加强而增加.结合降雨资料推测,退耕15年左右坡面植被地上部分盖度达到25%时,坡面年土壤侵蚀量基本低于容许土壤流失量.应重视该区20°坡面植被的恢复治理工作.     

Canonical variables of aquatic bryophyte combinations for predicting water trophic level

Concentrations of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), nitrate, and soluble reactive silicon (SRSi) were monitored in 12 streams draining small catchments (<10 km2) in the English Lake District. The catchments varied with respect to underlying geology, soil type and land cover. Average concentrations of SRP were in the range 0.5–11.2 μg P l-1, and estimated loads ranged from 0.01 to 0.14 kg P ha-1 a-1. The higher concentrations and loads were associated with catchments containing improved pasture. Mean streamwater concentrations of nitrate varied from 55 to 660 μg N l-1, while loads were in the range 0.8–9.6 kg N ha-1 a-1; no general dependence on catchment properties was discerned. Concentrations of SRSi were similar in all the streams (0.8–2 mg Si l-1), and annual loads were in the range 10–26 kg Si ha-1 a-1. Loads of all three nutrients were greatest during the winter, because of higher discharges, but in some catchments containing improved pasture, considerable transport of P also took place during the summer. Concentrations of nitrate in streams draining unimproved moorland catchments are approximately twice those reported for samples taken from similar streams in 1973 and 1974, possibly because of increased atmospheric deposition of inorganic nitrogen (ammonium and nitrate). Concentrations of SRP in such streams were similar to those reported for the earlier samples. Comparisons of stream loads of SRP and nitrate with estimated inputs suggest that catchment soils retain substantial amounts of these nutrients. Implications for surface water eutrophication of changes in P retention by soils are discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Soil Nitrogen Pools Associated with Revegetation of Disturbed Sites in the Lake Tahoe Area

Thin, poorly developed soils in the high elevation, summer‐dry environment near Lake Tahoe, California are easily disturbed by anthropogenic impacts. Subsoils and parent materials that are exposed by vegetation removal and topsoil erosion or by burial during construction activities are difficult to revegetate and may continue to erode for decades after disturbance. The resulting sediment loads contribute to decreased water quality in local watersheds and to the loss of clarity in Lake Tahoe. Field observations suggest that soil disturbance often results in depletion of soil nitrogen (N) reserves and that the remaining substrates may be unable to provide adequate N for revegetation. To quantify the levels of soil N that are associated with higher levels of percent plant cover on previously disturbed soils in the Lake Tahoe area, a basin‐wide survey and a second paired site study were conducted. Results indicate that extractable ammonium and nitrate levels correlate poorly with percent vegetative cover, whereas the correlations of anaerobically mineralizable N and total N are stronger and account for nearly 50% of the variability in plant cover data. Sites with plant cover measuring greater than 40% are associated with total soil N levels of about 1,200 kg N/ha and anaerobic mineralizable N levels of about 26 kg N/ha. Despite high concentrations of N in the surface soils, a large fraction of the N in the 0‐ to 50‐cm profile occurs below 30 cm, when measured on a landscape basis.     

模拟降雨下植被盖度对坡面流水动力学特性的影响

通过模拟降雨实验的方法,分析研究了坡度10°和20°,降雨强度30mm/h和60mm/h条件下不同盖度黑麦草对坡面产流产沙的调控过程,并从雷诺数、弗劳德数和阻力系数三个方面对水流运动过程和黑麦草调控坡面流的水力学特性进行了剖析。研究结果表明:雷诺数随坡度增加而相对增大,随降雨强度增大有明显增大趋势。黑麦草覆盖能够明显减小坡面径流雷诺数,在各降雨强度和坡度条件下,雷诺数随黑麦草盖度增加而减小,雷诺数大小一般呈现:裸坡20%40%60%80%。黑麦草盖度对坡面流弗劳德数有显著影响,随着黑麦草盖度增加弗劳德数减小,并且弗劳德数随盖度变化为:裸地20%40%60%80%,坡面阻力系数与坡面产沙率有良好的拟合关系,随坡面阻力系数的增大,坡面产沙率呈对数减小,并且阻力系数在0—1时减小速率很大,阻力系数大于1以后减小曲线较为平缓。     

Indirect effects of excessive deer browsing through understory vegetation on stream insect assemblages

Over the past decade, the abundance of sika deer has rapidly increased around Japan. Previous studies have showed overabundance of deer causes drastic reduction of forest understory vegetation, leading excessive soil erosion. However, no study has investigated the effects of excessive deer browsing on aquatic insect assemblages via sediment runoff. These effects are important to understand whether the terrestrial alteration by deer influences aquatic ecosystems. In a primary deciduous forest catchment in Ashiu, Kyoto, a deer exclusion fence has been in place since 2006. We compared forest floor cover, overland flow, stream environment, and aquatic insect assemblages in first-order streams and catchments inside and outside of the deer-exclosure from May-2008 to April-2009. The floor inside the deer-exclosure catchment was covered by lush understory vegetation, whereas outside was almost bare. The overland flow runoff rate at midslope and the dominancy of fine sediment deposition in the streambed were higher outside than inside. Among aquatic insects, burrowers, which are tolerant against fine sediment deposition, were significantly more abundant outside than inside, whereas clingers exhibited the opposite patterns. Collector-gatherers, which feed on fine detritus, were significantly more abundant outside than inside. Meanwhile, filterers were more abundant inside. The Simpson’s diversity index of the aquatic insect assemblages was higher inside than outside. These results suggest that the demise of understory vegetation due to excessive deer browsing has indirectly caused changes in the aquatic insect assemblages of this catchment via increased sediment runoff and subsequent sandy sedimentation of the streambed.     

聚丙烯酰胺对坡地苹果园水土流失和土壤养分流失的影响

为了改善坡地苹果园的土壤环境,遏制水土流失和土壤养分流失,探寻聚丙烯酰胺适宜的干撒施用量,2010—2012年在陕北丘陵沟壑区的坡地苹果园,以不施聚丙烯酰胺为对照,分别撒施0.6、0.8、1.0、1.2、1.4和1.6 g·m^-2的聚丙烯酰胺,监测果园地表产流、土壤流失、养分流失和苹果植株生长状况.结果表明: 坡地果园的径流量和5—7月的产流次数均随聚丙烯酰胺撒施量的增加呈“V”型变化,其中撒施量为1.0 g·m^-2时最低,但果园侵蚀泥沙量则随聚丙烯酰胺撒施量的增加而降低.地表径流和侵蚀泥沙中的铵态氮、速效磷和速效钾的浓度均随聚丙烯酰胺撒施量的增加而降低;聚丙烯酰胺可显著降低地表径流中的硝态氮含量,对侵蚀泥沙中的硝态氮含量则无显著影响;侵蚀泥沙中的有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾含量均随聚丙烯酰胺撒施量的增加而降低.聚丙烯酰胺提高了苹果单果质量及产量,但对苹果植株生长及果实风味品质无显著影响.聚丙烯酰胺在坡地苹果园中的适宜撒施量应为1.0 g·m^-2.