山西醋醅中醋酸菌的分离及初步鉴定

目的从山西省某醋厂能正常发酵的醋醅中分离出优势醋酸菌株并加以鉴定。方法经过菌种的增殖培养,采用稀释涂布法分离菌株,得到127株醋酸菌,再经过初筛和复筛,筛选出9株产醋酸优势菌株,对9株优势菌株进行传代培养。结果筛选出在传代培养过程中,产醋酸酸度高且产量稳定的菌株为L4,其产酸量为66.92 g/L,酒精转化率为72.42%。结论根据菌株L4形态观察及生理生化特征初步判定为醋酸菌属醋化醋杆菌奥尔兰亚种。     

CRISPR/dCas9干扰bcsD基因表达调控细菌纤维素结构

木葡糖酸醋杆菌(Gluconacetobacter xylinus)是细菌纤维素的主要生产菌株。在该菌中,BcsD是纤维素合酶的亚基之一,参与细菌纤维素的组装过程。利用CRISPR/dCas9系统调控bcsD基因的表达量,获得了一系列bcsD基因表达量不同的木葡糖酸醋杆菌。通过分析细菌纤维素的结构特征发现,细菌纤维素的结晶度和孔隙率随着木葡糖酸醋杆菌中bcsD表达量的变化而发生改变。其中孔隙率的变化范围在59.95%–84.05%之间,结晶度的变化范围在74.26%–93.75%之间,而细菌纤维素的产量并未因bcsD的表达量变化而发生显著下降。结果表明,bcsD的表达量低于55.34%后,细菌纤维素的孔隙率显著上升,并且细菌纤维素的结晶度与bcsD的表达量呈正相关。最终,通过干扰bcsD基因的表达,实现了一步发酵木葡糖酸醋杆菌获得了产量稳定且结构不同的细菌纤维素。     

一株产细菌纤维素菌株的筛选鉴定及其产物分析

从红茶菌液中筛选获得一株产细菌纤维素的菌株BC-41,经生理生化分析和分子生物学鉴定,现证实该菌株为中间葡糖酸醋杆菌(Gluconacetobacter intermedius)。对该菌株所产生的细菌纤维素进行了物理特性的表征和分析,获得以下数据:BC-41所产的纤维素纯度达到91.32%,湿纤维素膜含水率达99.16%,每克干纤维素膜能吸水28.59 g;扫描电子显微镜观察,显示该纤维素具有网状结构,且纤维束宽度分布在40-100 nm之间;X射线衍射分析,证实该纤维素的晶型为纤维素I型,结晶指数为48.8%;通过黏度测定法,得出该纤维素的平均聚合度达2 100。     

产细菌纤维素Axy-Ⅰ菌株的鉴定及产物分析

目的：对1株产细菌纤维素的菌株Axy-I进行鉴定,并对其在不同培养条件下的产物进行分析。方法：通过生理生化检测和16S rDNA序列分析,对菌株Axy-I进行鉴定;比较静态培养和摇瓶动态培养7d后所产细菌纤维素的产率,并利用扫描电镜观察产物的超微观结构特征。结果：菌株Axy-I的形态、菌落特征和生理生化特性与葡糖酸醋酸杆菌属一致,16S rRNA序列长度为1436bp,与Gluconacetobacter sp.4L（Genbank登录号为：AY741144.1）的同源性达97%。静态培养细菌纤维素得率为4.72g/L,纤维直径82%分布在30-80nm之间,动态培养得率为8.12g/L,纤维直径90%分布在30～70nm之间。结论：菌株Axy-I属于葡糖酸醋酸杆菌属,动态培养所产的细菌纤维素纤维丝比静态更纤细,产率也更高。     

细菌纤维素的合成与调控进展

细菌纤维素是1种天然的高纯度生物多聚物,与木质纤维素相比,其生产和加工过程更为方便和环保,因此已成为1种极有潜力的生物材料。葡糖酸醋杆菌是目前已知的产纤维素能力最高的菌株。综述了葡糖酸醋杆菌的细菌纤维素合成和调控机制以及为提高产量所进行的基因工程手段和培养方法。     

耐乙酸乳杆菌的筛选及其产乳酸特性

【背景】耐受乙酸的乳酸菌是传统谷物醋醋酸发酵过程中产生乳酸及其风味衍生物的重要功能微生物。【目的】从镇江香醋醋醅中分离鉴定具有耐乙酸特性的乳酸菌,并评价不同条件下该菌株的产乳酸能力。【方法】利用4%(体积比)乙酸含量的MRS培养基分离耐乙酸乳酸菌;对其进行16S rRNA基因鉴定、基因组测序、形态观察以及生理生化特性研究;考察不同乙酸浓度、葡萄糖浓度、发酵温度和时间对菌株产乳酸能力的影响。【结果】分离得到一株可耐受6%乙酸的乳杆菌Lactobacillus sp. JN500903;在厌氧静置、接种量5%、乙酸浓度5%、葡萄糖浓度40 g/L、发酵温度37°C、发酵时间10 d条件下,该菌株乳酸产量为16.1 g/L。【结论】乳杆菌JN500903能够耐受6%乙酸浓度,具有在酸性环境下合成乳酸的能力,有一定的应用潜力。     

乙醇脱氢酶（ADH）产酶菌株的选育

从食醋生产企业的醋醅中采集样品,以乙醇为唯一碳源,用碳酸钙透明圈平板法分离出185株菌株,然后以产酸量和耐乙醇能力为标准,瓶发酵选育出20株ADH产酶菌株;A5-2产酸量为49.85 g/L,耐乙醇能力强,A5-2的菌种形态学和16S rDNA序列分析初步鉴定为巴斯德醋酸杆菌（ Acetobacter pasteurianus）;A5-2乙醇脱氢酶酶学性质研究表明：最适作用温度和pH分别为45℃和pH 4.0,具有一定的耐热性和良好的耐酸碱性;A5-2乙醇脱氢酶粗酶制备条件为硫酸铵饱和度70%~80%,回收率84%。     

一株高产酸醋酸菌的分离与鉴定

目的从甘肃民间地产传统酿造食醋醋醅中分离筛选出一株高产酸醋酸菌并加以鉴定,为醋酸发酵提供新的菌种资源。方法通过透明圈法和产醋酸定性试验等,对其中的醋酸菌进行分离,然后进行产酸量测定比较。结果最终筛选出一株产酸量高且产量稳定的菌株A3,其产酸量为3.6468 g/100 m L。结论根据菌株A3形态观察,再通过一系列生理生化试验,并结合16S rRNA分子生物学鉴定手段,最终鉴定其为醋酸杆菌属中的Acetobacter pomorum。     

一株丁二酸高产菌株的筛选鉴定及初步发酵研究

以牛胃内容物为菌源,利用富马酸钠为唯一碳源并加入高浓度丁二酸钠的选择培养基筛选到一株丁二酸产量较高,副产物较少的菌株。经形态学、生理生化鉴定和16S rDNA序列的系统发育分析,该菌株为巴斯德菌科的产琥珀酸放线杆菌,与琥珀酸放线杆菌S.JST序列相似性最高为98.98%,命名为琥珀酸放线杆菌GXAS137,保藏号为M2011399。利用正交试验对发酵条件进行了初步优化,该菌可发酵55 g/L葡萄糖产38.96 g/L丁二酸,具有较好的丁二酸生产潜力。     

乙醇消耗菌的分离鉴定及其对基因工程集胞藻乙醇产量的影响

为研究产乙醇基因工程集胞藻培养液中的乙醇消耗菌污染情况及其对乙醇产量的影响,从污染的培养液中分离出4株乙醇消耗菌,通过16S rDNA、26S rDNA序列分析对分离出的菌株进行鉴定,并研究其乙醇消耗能力及对基因工程集胞藻乙醇产量的影响。结果表明,分离出的4株菌分别为红酵母(Rhodotorula sp.)、季也蒙酵母(Meyerozyma guilliermondii)、短波单胞菌(Brevundimonas sp.)、微杆菌(Microbacterium sp.)。其中乙醇消耗能力最强的是红酵母,乙醇比消耗速率达到391 g/(1015 cfu?d);其次为季也蒙酵母,乙醇比消耗速率为80.1 g/(1015 cfu?d);短波单胞菌和微杆菌的乙醇比消耗速率远低于红酵母和季也蒙酵母。将分离出的菌株与产乙醇集胞藻共培养7d后,污染红酵母、季也蒙酵母、短波单胞菌、微杆菌的实验组乙醇产量分别下降了53.8%、23.6%、40.7%、27.3%。4株菌对基因工程集胞藻的生长无明显影响,均通过直接消耗乙醇而降低集胞藻的乙醇产量。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.