天目山单爪螯蜂属二新种（膜翅目：螯蜂科：单爪螯蜂亚科）

本文记述采自浙江天目山的单爪螯蜂属Ａｎｔｅｏｎ２新种,即皱单爪螯蜂Ａｎｔｅｏｎ ｒｕｇｏｓｕｍ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和侧突单爪螯蜂Ａｎｔｅｏｎ ｓｔｙｌｕｎ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。模式标本保存于浙江农业大学。     

单爪螯蜂属四新种（膜翅目：螯蜂科）

报道中国单爪螯蜂属Ａｎｔｅｏｎ Ｊｕｒｉｎｅ４新种,即平头单爪螯蜂Ａ．ｐｌａｎｕｍ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．;横单爪螯蜂Ａ．ｔｒａｎｓｖｅｒｕｍ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ,齿单爪螯蜂Ａ．ｓｅｒｒａｔｕｍ,ｓｐ,ｎｏｖ．和凸单爪螯蜂Ａ．ｃｏｎｖｅｘｕｍ,ｓｐ,ｎｏｖ．模式标本保存于浙江大学。     

单爪螯蜂属一新种(膜翅目：螯蜂科)

单爪螯蜂属一新种＊（膜翅目：螯蜂科）许再福（华南农业大学昆虫生态室广州５１０６４２）何俊华（浙江农业大学植保系杭州３１００２９）祝氏单爪螯蜂Ａｎｔｅｏｎｃｈｕｉ新种（图１）图１祝氏单爪螯蜂Ａｎｔｅｏｎｃｈｕｉｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,ｈｏｌｏｔｙｐｅ雄外生殖器...     

单爪螯蜂属一新种描述：膜翅目：螯蜂科

本文记述了单爪螯蜂属１新种：临安单爪螯蜂Ａｎｔｅｏｎｌｉｎａｎｅｎｓｅｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,模式标本藏浙江农业大学。     

梵净山常足螯蜂属三新种（膜翅目：螯蜂科：常足螯蜂亚科）

本文记述常足螯蜂属３新种：白脸常足螯蜂Ａｐｈｅｌｏｐｕｓ ａｌｂｉｆａｃｉａｌｉｓ Ｘｕ ｅｔ Ｈｅ,ＳＰ．ｎｏｖ。褐唇常足螯蜂Ａｐｈｅｌｏｐｕｓ ｓｐａｄｉｃｅｕｓ Ｘｕ ｅｔ Ｈｅ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。和扁腹常足螯蜂Ａｐｈｅｌｏｐｕｓ ｃｏｍｐｒｅｓｓｕｓ Ｘｕ ｅｔ Ｙａｏ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。     

双距螯蜂属—新种(膜翅目:螯蜂科:双距螯蜂亚科)

本文描述双距螯蜂属—新种，毛双距螯蜂Ｇｏｎａｔｏｐｕｓｃａｐｉｌｕｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。     

双距螯蜂属一新种：膜翅目：螯蜂科：双距螯蜂亚科

本文描述双距螯蜂属一新种，毛双距螯蜂Ｇｏｎａｔｏｐｕｓ ｃａｐｉｌｌｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。     

新螯蜂属一新种（膜翅目：螯蜂科）

本文报道了新螯蜂属Ｎｅｏｄｒｙｉｎｕｓ Ｒ．Ｃ．Ｌ．Ｐｅｒｋｉｎｓ一新种,百山祖新螯蜂Ｎ．ｂａｉｓｈａｎｚｕｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。     

新螯蜂属二新种记述（膜翅目：螯蜂科）

本文报道新螯蜂属Ｎｅｏｄｒｙｉｎｕｓ Ｐｅｒｋｉｎｓ２新种：等脉新螯蜂Ｎ．ｉｓｏｎｅｕｒｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和菱纹叶蝉新螯蜂Ｎ．ｈｉｓｈｉｍｏｎｏｖｏｒｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。并首次报道新螯蜂属螯蜂寄生殃叶蝉科Ｅｕｓｃｅｌｉｄａｅ昆虫。     

螯蜂属二新种记述：膜翅目;螯蜂科

本文描述螯蜂属二新种，即波缘螯蜂Ｄｒｙｉｕｓ ｕｎｄａｔｏｍａｒｇｉｎｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和李氏螯蜂Ｄｒｙｉｎｕｓ ｌｉｉ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．模式标本存于浙江农业大学植保系。     

Intramolecular higher order packing of parallel quadruplexes comprising a G:G:G:G tetrad and a G(:A):G(:A):G(:A):G heptad of GGA triplet repeat DNA

GGA triplet repeats are widely dispersed throughout eukaryotic genomes and are frequently located within biologically important regions such as gene regulatory regions and recombination hot spot sites. We determined the structure of d(GGA)4 (12-mer) under physiological conditions and founded the formation of an intramolecular parallel quadruplex for the first time. Later, a similar architecture to that of the intramolecular parallel quadruplex was found for a telomere DNA in the crystalline state. Here, we have determined the structure of d(GGA)8 (24-mer) under physiological conditions. Two intramolecular parallel quadruplexes comprising a G:G:G:G tetrad and a G(:A):G(:A):G(:A):G heptad are formed in d(GGA)8. These quadruplexes are packed in a tail-to-tail manner. This is the first demonstration of the intramolecular higher order packing of quadruplexes at atomic resolution. K+ ions, but not Na+ ones, are critically required for the formation of this unique structure. The elucidated structure suggests the mechanisms underlying the biological events related to the GGA triplet repeat. Furthermore, in the light of the structure, the mode of the higher order packing of the telomere DNA is discussed.     

Morphology of Urospora chiridotae (Sporozoa: Gregarinomorpha: Eugregarinida) from sea cucumber Chiridota laevis (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Apoda)

Several morphological forms (morphotypes) of Urospora chiridotae gamontes are found in White Sea holothuroid Chiridota laevis. All these morphotypes are differed by localization in the body of host, form and cytological features. The gregarines are situated in several host biotopes, such as blood vessels, intestine and mesenteries. In the blood vessels elongate skittle-like cells supplied with long thin cytopillia are observed. On the external surface of the intestine spherical gregarines are found. These parasites commonly covered with one layer of coelomic epithelium's cells. In some holothuria intratissue spherical cells of parasites located in intestinal epithelium are presented. Both of these types of parasites lack cytopillia, and folds or ridges on its surface. On different mesenteries, connections between intestine and body wall, and also on intestine elongate ounce-shaped cells and gamontocysts are observed. These cells are situated on the apices of finger-like processes of the intestine and mesenteries surface. Ounce-shaped gregarines have cytopillia shorter than in skittle-like gregarines. The differences between morphotypes of Urospora chiridotae are probably caused by different environmental conditions. In the narrow rift of blood vessel elongate cells are developed. The cytopillia may serve for making more or less wide space around gregarines, which is necessary for food uptake. Spherical cells surrounded by host's cells and have the form typical for tissue parasites. In the wide coelomic cavity where convection of liquid proceeds better than in blood vessel, ounce-shaped gregarines with short cytopillia are developed. We found only typical for Urospora chiridotae ovoid oocysts with dissimilar ends, anterior collar and spine-like posterior end. Thus, the all above-mentioned morphotypes undoubtedly belong to the same species. The relationships between defense host cells and the different morphotypes of trophozoites are variable.     

Biogeography of the wax scales (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccidae: Ceroplastinae)

The modern and native distributions of wax scales are documented and an area cladogram including seventy species is presented. Wax scales are distributed worldwide, but most species are native to either South America or Africa. Their native distribution pattern is discussed in relation to their host-plant specificity and to the dispersal and vicariance theories of biogeography. The vicariance theory is preferred, because the pattern can be explained satisfactorily by plate tectonics but not by dispersal from a centre of origin. The wax scale group probably originated in the combined South American–African continent at least 97 million yr ago.     

Hormone interactions and regulation of PsPK2::GUS compared with DR5::GUS and PID::GUS in Arabidopsis thaliana

The putative pea PINOID homolog, PsPK2, is expressed in all growing plant parts and is positively regulated by auxin, gibberellin, and cytokinin. Here, we studied hormonal regulation of PsPK2::GUS expression compared with DR5::GUS and PID::GUS in Arabidopsis. PsPK2::GUS, DR5::GUS, and PID::GUS expression in Arabidopsis shoots is mainly localized in the stipules, hydathodes, veins, developing leaves, and cotyledons. Unlike DR5::GUS, PsPK2::GUS, and PID::GUS are weakly expressed in root tips. Both DR5::GUS and PsPK2::GUS are induced by different auxins and are more sensitive to methyl indole acetic acid, 4-chloro-indole acetic acid, and α-naphthalene acetic acid than others. GA(3) has no significant effect on GUS activity in DR5::GUS-transformed seedlings compared to the control, but induction by auxin and gibberellin in combination is synergistic. Cytokinin increases auxin transport in Arabidopsis seedlings. Auxin, gibberellin, and cytokinin all increase GUS activity in shoots of PsPK2::GUS transformed plants compared to the control. However, only auxin and gibberellin increase GUS activity in PID::GUS shoots. In conclusion, auxin, gibberellin, and cytokinin positively regulate PsPK2 expression in shoots, but not in roots. Auxin and gibberellin also upregulate AtPIN1 and LEAFY expression, which is similar to PsPIN1 and Uni in pea. With minor exceptions, the orthologous genes from both species are regulated similarly.     

Redfield revisited: variability of C:N:P in marine microalgae and its biochemical basis

Cytological events immediately following plasmogamy in Durvillaea potatorum are described. Eggs contain several types of cytoplasmic vesicle differing in size and appearance. Histochemical tests and measurements are used to characterise and distinguish different types of vesicle containing phenolic compounds, lipids and polysaccharides. Within 2 min of plasmogamy, small phenolic vesicles located just below the egg membrane undergo mass synchronised exocytosis. The contents of these vesicles are discharged as phenolic bodies on the outside of the membrane. Secretion of phenolic bodies precedes secretion of the primary zygote wall by several minutes. Limited secretion of phenolics also occurs in unfertilised eggs. Peripheral phenolic vesicles are distinguishable from physodes, which also contain phenolic compounds but which are significantly larger and tend to be localised around the egg nucleus. The possible functional significance of the phenolic bodies is discussed. Coated pits and vesicles are common in zygotes, and their presence is evidence for endocytosis.     

The ecology and biology of Southeast Asian false spider crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Hymenosomatidae)

The false spider crabs of the family Hymenosomatidae are one of the most poorly known group of brachyuran crabs in Southeast Asia. This is largely attributed to their small size and cryptic behaviour. Despite the many studies of decapods in Southeast Asia, only eleven species of hymenosomatids are known. Of these, two genera and six species were only described in the last two years. From Singapore the largest number of species (five) has been reported probably because it has been the best explored, while from Thailand three species and Peninsular Malaysia two species are known. There are no published records of hymenosomatids from Borneo or Java. The hymenosomatid fauna is perhaps best known in Australia and New Zealand. It is anticipated that when proper collections are made and studies implemented, the Southeast Asian hymenosomatid fauna will prove to be more diverse than what has been reported. The ecology of the Southeast Asian species is reviewed, especially in the view that two species are completely freshwater, one of which is a troglobite. Most species are littoral or sublittoral in habit and very sensitive to human activities (e.g. pollution).     

The leaf-beetle genus Microdonacia Blackburn (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae): revision and systematic placement

Abstract. The genus Microdonacia Blackburn is revised and its systematic position considered. Ten species are treated, seven of which are new ( bidentata, eucryphiae, grevitteae, incurva, octodentata, pilosa, pomaderris ), and lectotypes are designated for two species. Four of the new species are placed in Tantawangalo subgen.n. Microdonacia is compared with the genera Cassena Weise, Licyllus Jacoby and Orthaltica Crotch. The sister-group for Microdonacia is identified as Orthaltica and these genera are placed incertae sedis in the Galerucinae, as used in the sense of Crowson (1967). The proposed phylogeny of the species is illustrated on a cladogram.     

Thermoluminescence: experimental

Thermoluminesence measurements are useful for the study of Photosystem II electron transport in intact leaves, in algal and cyanobacterial cells, as well as in isolated membrane complexes. Here an overview of the experimental approaches is provided. In the present review, instruments and the experimental procedures for measuring thermoluminescence emission from photosynthetic systems of various origins are summarized and discussed. Major pitfalls frequently encountered in measurements with isolated membranes, suspensions of intact organisms or solid leaf samples are highlighted. Analytical and numeric methods for the analysis of measured thermoluminescence curves are also discussed.     

Female genitalia of goblin spiders (Arachnida: Araneae: Oonopidae): a morphological study with functional implications

Abstract. Fine morphological details of the genitalia have large potential consequences for the understanding of the reproductive biology of a particular species, especially when mating behavioral studies are difficult to conduct. Oonopidae are a highly diverse spider family comprising a variety of species with complex female reproductive systems, which may have evolved under sexual selection by cryptic female choice. The present study describes the female genitalia of five oonopid species belonging to both conventionally recognized subfamilies by means of semi‐thin sections and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, the male palps are briefly described. The organization of the female genitalia in Scaphiella hespera and Scaphiella sp. resembles the entelegyne type. A chitinized canal connects the receptaculum, where sperm are stored, with the uterus. Sperm are also present in the uterus and the canal is suggested to function as fertilization duct. The genitalia of the parthenogenetic species Triaeris stenaspis are surprisingly complex. A large sac with glands is proposed to represent the equivalent of a receptaculum in sexually reproducing females. In females of Opopaea recondita, sperm are stored in a bulge derivating from the uterus. Contractions of muscles attached to the bulge may lead to sperm dumping. The uterus can be closed by a sclerite in its anterior wall. The receptacula of females of Stenoonops reductus are joined together and contain masses of spermatozoa. Additional sperm were found in the receptacula connection suggesting that fertilization takes place there. The male palps of all the investigated species, except for S. hespera, seem to lack a distincly sclerotized sperm duct. Spermatozoa and secretions are stored in a large reservoir inside the genital bulb surrounded by glandular epithelium.