华南桉树人工林树液流通量及蒸散作用

通过对广东省湛江市雷州半岛桉树(Eucalyptus urophylla S.T.Blake)人工林的树液流通量、环境因子、土壤蒸发、林冠截留和林分特性相关指标一年多的连续观测,以及通过一个理论公式对日蒸散量的计算,得出了如下结论:(1)土壤特性及由此决定的土壤水势对树液流通量,以及树液流通量密度(SFD)与气温的关系有一定影响;(2)林冠层的VPD(空气饱和差)对SFD有显著影响;(3)由测定和计算得来的蒸散量在河头和纪家分别有5.26%和6.14%的偏差,可以认为这两种方法有较好的一致性;(4)河头和纪家的林分蒸腾量占总蒸散量百分比分别为62.2%和51.3%;(5)树种单位叶面积水平上的SFD是评价该树种水分利用的重要指标.     

华南桉树人工林树液流通量及蒸散作用(英文)

通过对广东省湛江市雷州半岛桉树(Eucalyptus urophylla S.T.Blake)人工林的树液流通量、环境因子、土壤蒸发、林冠截留和林分特性相关指标一年多的连续观测,以及通过一个理论公式对日蒸散量的计算,得出了如下结论:(1)土壤特性及由此决定的土壤水势对树液流通量,以及树液流通量密度(SFD)与气温的关系有一定影响;(2)林冠层的VPD(空气饱和差)对SFD有显著影响;(3)由测定和计算得来的蒸散量在河头和纪家分别有5.26％和6.14％的偏差,可以认为这两种方法有较好的一致性;(4)河头和纪家的林分蒸腾量占总蒸散量百分比分别为62.2％和51.3％;(5)树种单位叶面积水平上的SFD是评价该树种水分利用的重要指标。     

桉树人工林树液流动密度随边材径向深度的变化

树液流动密度 (SFD)随边材径向深度的变化对于准确估测流经边材的树液通量是非常重要的 ,后者又制约着HeatPulse的应用精度。但迄今为止 ,只有很少的研究估计了由于SFD随径向的梯度变化而带来的误差 ,SFD沿树干径向分布规律的获得往往依靠对少数几棵树的观测资料。基于在广东雷州半岛对两块 3～ 4年生桉树 (Euca lyptusurophyllaS .T .Blake)人工林 1年的HeatPulse观测 ,探讨了对来自 39株立木大量观测资料的综合处理方法 ,发现这两个样地 (纪家和河头 )的林分中SFD随边材径向深度的变化可以用如下回归方程来描述 :纪家 :y =3.6 6 75x3 - 7.2 95 5x2 3.6 82 6x 0 .5 6 74 (R2 =0 .9391,n =80 ,P =0 .0 1)河头 :y =5 .0 0 6 2x3 - 9.116 1x2 4.4 5 4 4x 0 .4 6 34(R2 =0 .80 6 9,n =72 ,P =0 .0 1)式中 :y———某一树液感应器所测得的SFD与不同深度的 4个感应器所测得的SFD的平均值之比 ;x—某一树液感应器在边材中的深度与边材厚度之比。从形成层到心材 ,SFD最初有所增加 ,随后持续减小 ,但由于树木年龄很小 ,最大的SFD只比最小的SFD大 0 .33～ 0 .36倍。     

桉树人工林树液流动密度随边材径向深度的变化

树液流动密度(SFD)随边材径向深度的变化对于准确估测流经边材的树液通量是非常重要的,后者又制约着Heat Pulse的应用精度.但迄今为止,只有很少的研究估计了由于SFD随径向的梯度变化而带来的误差,SFD沿树干径向分布规律的获得往往依靠对少数几棵树的观测资料.基于在广东雷州半岛对两块3～4年生桉树(Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake)人工林1年的Heat Pulse观测,探讨了对来自39株立木大量观测资料的综合处理方法,发现这两个样地(纪家和河头)的林分中SFD随边材径向深度的变化可以用如下回归方程来描述:纪家: y=3.667 5x3-7.295 5x2+3.682 6x+0.567 4 (R2=0.939 1, n=80, P=0.01)河头: y=5.006 2x3-9.116 1x2+4.454 4x+0.463 4 (R2=0.806 9, n=72, P=0.01)式中:y--某一树液感应器所测得的SFD与不同深度的4个感应器所测得的SFD的平均值之比;x-某一树液感应器在边材中的深度与边材厚度之比.从形成层到心材,SFD最初有所增加,随后持续减小,但由于树木年龄很小,最大的SFD只比最小的SFD大0.33～0.36倍.     

中国漳江口红树植物秋茄茎流特征及其影响因子

利用Granier热消散式探针法对福建漳江口国家级红树林自然保护区内红树植物秋茄的树干茎流密度(SFD)进行1年(2010年10月至2011年10月)的连续监测.结果表明: 季节和树干径级对秋茄树干茎流密度均有显著影响.在夏季,胸径(DBH)为8～10 cm时秋茄树干最外层2 cm处的SFD达到最大,为38.21 g·m^-2·s^-1,这与其他红树物种以及湿地乔木物种的茎流密度相当.不同径级(小、中、大径级分别为2～4、4～8、8～10 cm)秋茄每日整树蒸腾量(即水分日利用量)也呈现明显的季节变化,从冬季到夏季的波动值分别为0.14～0.19、0.94～1.45、1.96～3.43 kg·d^-1.通过整合各个径级秋茄树的日蒸腾量推算得到秋茄林的日蒸腾量,再全年累加计算得到秋茄林年总蒸腾量为100.38 mm,不到当地年降水量的6%.主要环境因子对秋茄林蒸腾速率(E_s)均有极显著影响(P<0.001),其中,光合有效辐射(PAR)和饱和水汽压差(VPD)是E_s最主要的驱动因子,解释了E_s 60%～92%的季节变异,且夏季秋茄E_s 对PAR和VPD的依赖性大于冬季.秋茄E_s与环境因子之间存在明显的时滞现象,需要在解释秋茄林E_s季节变异时加以考虑.     

RP-HPLC法测定阿托伐他汀在新西兰兔体内的药代动力学

目的:研究阿托伐他汀片在新西兰兔体内的药代动力学.方法:18只成年健康雄性新西兰兔.随机分为正常对照组、10mg/kg·d阿托伐他汀片组与15 mg/kg·d阿托伐他汀片组,每组6只,采用RP-HPLC法测定血药浓度,计算药代动力学参数.结果:10mg/kg·d组与15 mg/kg·d组的主要药代动力学参数分别为:AUC0～t/μ g·L-1·h为(619.58±215.45)与(1138.34±422.32)、AUC0～∞/μ g·L-1·h为(655.68±242.83)与(1216.57±353.64)、Cmax/μ g·L-1为(455.81±168.52)和(896.53±168.5.8)、MRT0～t/h为(3.68±0.75)与(5.73±0.56)、MRT0～∞/h为(3.83±0.91)与(5.25±0.48)、Tmax/h为(2.51±0.82)与(3.68±0.33)、T1/2/h为(4.22±0.55)与(9.51±0.67).结论:RP-HPLC法适用于阿托伐他汀片动物药代动力学的研究.     

光照对蒙古裸腹溞摄食强度的影响

利用细胞计数法对不同光照强度、光谱成分、光周期对蒙古裸腹摄食强度的影响进行了研究。结果表明 :光强在 70 0 0 lx时蒙古裸腹对小球藻的摄食强度最高 ,成的滤水率和摄食率分别为 0 .5 2 8± 0 .0 0 9ml/ (ind· h)和 1.113± 0 .0 15μg C/ (ind· h) ,幼的滤水率分别为 0 .4 95± 0 .0 14 ml/ (ind· h)和 1.0 5 1± 0 .0 0 8μg C/ (ind· h)。在蓝光下蒙古裸腹对小球藻的摄食强度明显高于绿光组。光周期 L∶ D为 12∶ 12时蒙古裸腹对小球藻的摄食强度最高 ,成和幼的滤水率分别为0 .4 6 1和 0 .35 5 ml/ (ind· h) ,摄食率分别为 1.2 4 2和 1.0 0 5μg C/ (ind· h) ,而在 L∶ D为 0 :2 4时摄食强度最差 ,成和幼的滤水率分别为 0 .0 70和 0 .0 5 0 ml/ (ind· h)。在自然光照下 ,蒙古裸腹对小球藻的摄食强度在 7∶ 0 0～ 11:0 0和 15 :0 0～ 19:0 0最高     

荒漠绿洲农田防护树种二白杨生长季节树干液流的变化

热脉冲技术已经成为确定林木耗水的有力工具。利用澳大利亚 GREENSPAN技术公司 SF- 30 0热脉冲树干液流仪 ,在生长季节对荒漠绿洲区农田防护树种二白杨树干液流速率进行了连续观测 ,结果表明 :二白杨树干液流速率的日变化规律为 ,夜间液流速率较低 ,其中最低值出现在 2 :0 0～ 3:0 0 ,7:0 0～ 8:30开始升高 ,1 3:0 0～ 1 4 :0 0达到最大值 ,1 6 :0 0～ 1 8:30开始下降 ;树干液流速率日平均值介于 1 0 .1± 4 .9g/ (cm2· h)～ 2 3.3± 8.2 g/ (cm2· h)之间。二白杨树干液流速率 8月份最高 ,7月份次之 ,5月与 9月份基本一致。树干液流与边材面积、叶面积指数呈显著线性相关 ,而与胸径、胸径平方与树高之积呈复合指数函数关系 ,与冠层厚度呈三次幂函数关系     

北朱雀、燕雀和白腰朱顶雀的能量代谢特征和体温调节

本实验采用封闭式流体压力呼吸计 ,测定了环境温度在 5 - 34℃范围内北朱雀 (Carpodacusroseus)、燕雀 (Fringillamontifringilla)和白腰朱顶雀 (Acanthisflammea)的耗氧量、热传导、体温等指标 ,探讨了其代谢产热特征。结果表明 :在环境温度 (Ta)为 5 - 30℃的范围内 ,北朱雀的体温基本维持恒定 ,平均体温为4 0 4 6± 0 1 0℃ ,热中性区为 2 2 5 - 2 7 5℃ ,基础代谢率为 4 30± 0 0 8mlO2 /(g·h) ;环境温度在 5 - 2 0℃范围内 ,代谢率 (MR)与Ta 呈负相关 ,回归方程为MR [mlO2 /(g·h) ]=9 34- 0 2 1Ta (℃ ) ;在此范围内 ,北朱雀的热传导率最低且基本保持恒定 ,平均为 0 2 4± 0 0 0mlO2 /(g·h·℃ )。在环境温度为 5 - 34℃的范围内 ,燕雀的体温基本保持稳定 ,为 4 0 4 0± 0 1 1℃ ,热中性区为 2 5 - 30℃ ,基础代谢率为 4 1 9± 0 0 5mlO2 /(g·h) ;环境温度在 5 - 2 5℃范围内 ,MR与Ta 的回归方程为 :MR [mlO2 / (g·h) ]=1 1 6 4 - 0 2 9Ta (℃ ) ;在 5- 30℃内 ,燕雀的热传导最低 ,平均为 0 2 9± 0 0 1mlO2 / (g·h·℃ )。白腰朱顶雀的热中性区为 2 5 - 2 8℃ ,平均体温为 4 0 4 8± 0 1 1℃ (5 - 34℃ ) ,最低代谢率为 4 4 5± 0 1 4mlO2 / (g·h) ,最低热传导为 0 3     

内蒙古浑善达克沙地小毛足鼠的能量代谢和体温调节

为了解小毛足鼠对沙漠生境的适应特征,对其能量代谢和体温调节特征进行了测定。代谢率采用封闭式流体压力呼吸计测定,非颤抖性产热用皮下注射去甲肾上腺素诱导,能量摄入采用食物平衡法测定。结果显示:小毛足鼠的热中性区为25～33℃,平均体温为35 7±0 1℃,最小热传导率为0 21±0 01mlO2/g·h·℃,基础代谢率为2 61±0 04mlO2/g·h,最大非颤抖性产热为8 53±0 28mlO2/g·h,非颤抖性产热范围(最大非颤抖性产热与基础代谢率的比率)为3 3。基础代谢率和非颤抖性产热都高于以体重为基础的期望值,最小热传导接近期望值。小毛足鼠的摄入能为2 26±0 12kJ/g·d;消化能为2 18±0 13kJ/g·d;消化率为97±0 2%;可代谢能为2 13±0 12kJ/g·d;可代谢能效率为94±1 2%。这些结果表明小毛足鼠对沙地生境的适应特征是:基础代谢率较高,体温相对较低,最小热传导率与期望值相当,热中性区较宽,下临界温度较低;较高的最大非颤抖性产热和非颤抖性产热范围以及较高的食物消化效率。     

Diurnal and seasonal variation of the equilibrium state between short-lived radon decay products and radon gas in ground-level air

To study seasonal and diurnal variations and the effect of meteorological parameters, the equilibrium factor F (i.e. the ratio of equilibrium equivalent radon daughter concentration and radon gas concentration) was determined as a result of measurements on a test field at Munich-Neuherberg, Germany, continuously from October 1995 through March 1997. On average, F was found to be 0.62±0.09 (95% confidence level). The time series of F showed no distinct seasonal variations. Nevertheless, typical diurnal variations as well as seasonal variations of the diurnal behaviour were observed. Generally, F was found to be increased in the early afternoon, i.e. under conditions of enhanced vertical mixing in the atmosphere. The daily differences between high and low values of F depended on the season. On average, low F values were characteristic for days with precipitation and high wind speed, i.e. under turbulent atmospheric conditions. Therefore, taking daily mean values into account, F was found to be positively correlated with the aerosol concentration, although a relationship between the diurnal behaviour of the aerosol concentration and that of F was not detectable. Received: 6 September 2000 / Accepted: 20 February 2001     

叶斑病对白桦树干液流的影响

应用热扩散法,对白桦树干液流进行连续两个生长旺期测定。与健康白桦相比,患叶斑病的白桦树干液流格局发生明显改变。在晴天树干液流密度日变化由单峰曲线转变为双峰曲线,或单峰曲线峰值较光合有效辐射峰值显著提前或推后;液流密度峰值及全天均值远远低于同期的健康白桦,且晚上及凌晨输水比例明显升高,表明晚上主要靠根压输送水分,维持光合作用必需原料及生长所需的矿物质;并且此时树干液流密度变化受外界环境因子的决定比重减小或根本无相关显著的环境因子。叶感病白桦树干液流具有以上特点,是因为具有较强的蒸腾生理调控力,以适应叶部病害而求得生存。     

Circadian and seasonal variations in pineal gland intercellular canaliculi in the white rat.

Seventy Wistar rats are used to study the changes in pineal intercellular canaliculi over a 21-hour period and for two different photoperiods (pre-autumn, first week of September, and winter, first week of February). The study considers these changes at pineal body, cortical and medullar level separately, and compares the values obtained. The results show variations in canalicular surface at different point times (10:00, 14:00, 18:00) and for both photoperiods. The variations are found to favour the cortical layer, and are also observed between nocturnal and diurnal hours. Canalicular surface to greater during the diurnal hours of both photoperiods. Interesting histological findings are described that suggest an important function of the intercellular canaliculi in pineal gland metabolic exchange.     

Simultaneous Assessment of Acidogenesis-Mitigation and Specific Bacterial Growth-Inhibition by Dentifrices

Dentifrices can augment oral hygiene by inactivating bacteria and at sub-lethal concentrations may affect bacterial metabolism, potentially inhibiting acidogenesis, the main cause of caries. Reported herein is the development of a rapid method to simultaneously measure group-specific bactericidal and acidogenesis-mitigation effects of dentifrices on oral bacteria. Saliva was incubated aerobically and anaerobically in Tryptone Soya Broth, Wilkins-Chalgren Broth with mucin, or artificial saliva and was exposed to dentifrices containing triclosan/copolymer (TD); sodium fluoride (FD); stannous fluoride and zinc lactate (SFD1); or stannous fluoride, zinc lactate and stannous chloride (SFD2). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined turbidometrically whilst group-specific minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were assessed using growth media and conditions selective for total aerobes, total anaerobes, streptococci and Gram-negative anaerobes. Minimum acid neutralization concentration (MNC) was defined as the lowest concentration of dentifrice at which acidification was inhibited. Differences between MIC and MNC were calculated and normalized with respect to MIC to derive the combined inhibitory and neutralizing capacity (CINC), a cumulative measure of acidogenesis-mitigation and growth inhibition. The overall rank order for growth inhibition potency (MIC) under aerobic and anaerobic conditions was: TD> SFD2> SFD1> FD. Acidogenesis-mitigation (MNC) was ordered; TD> FD> SFD2> SFD1. CINC was ordered TD> FD> SFD2> SFD1 aerobically and TD> FD> SFD1> SFD2 anaerobically. With respect to group-specific bactericidal activity, TD generally exhibited the greatest potency, particularly against total aerobes, total anaerobes and streptococci. This approach enables the rapid simultaneous evaluation of acidity mitigation, growth inhibition and specific antimicrobial activity by dentifrices.     

六盘山辽东栎、少脉椴天然次生林夏季蒸散研究

2004年8～9月份,利用热扩散技术,结合微型蒸渗仪和水文学方法,研究了辽东栎、少脉椴次生林蒸散组成及其与林分结构的关系.结果表明,辽东栎和少脉椴树干的液流密度在"相对静止期"内比较稳定和微弱,其值在0.05μl·cm^-2·min^-1以下;在"活跃期"内树干液流密度上升较快,并呈单峰、双峰或多峰曲线,其值在0.25μl·cm^-2·min^-1以下;两树种单株蒸腾量有明显的种间差异,前者晴天和阴雨天单株蒸腾量分别为5.31和2.48 L·d^-1,为后者的2.3倍和3.75倍.林下灰_栒子和黄刺玫蒸腾速率日均值接近,分别为0.331和0.321 g·g^-1·h^-1.次生林日均蒸散量1.4 mm·d^-1,其中蒸腾量0.72 mm·d^-1、土壤蒸发量0.19 mm·d^-1、林冠截留量0.4 mm·d^-1,各占总量的49.6%、13.3%和37.1%.乔、灌木树种组成对次生林蒸腾量影响的表现不同,前者表现为个体蒸腾量的种间差异,而后者取决于单位林地面积上各树种的叶量.乔木层、灌木层和草本层(含土壤层)日均蒸散量分别为0.96、0.30和0.19 mm·d^-1,各占总量的65.8%、20.9%和13.3%,说明乔木层对林分日蒸散量大小起主要作用,灌木层次之,草本和土壤蒸发量的贡献最小.     

Long-term consistency of diurnal-type preferences among men

Diurnal type (chronotype) differentiates individuals on an axis between the extremes of evening type to morning type. These diurnal-type preferences are thought to be relatively stable, but follow-up studies are sparse. The study aims were (1) to compare cross-sectional studies of diurnal type preferences between two decades and (2) to analyze the consistency of diurnal-type preferences using a longitudinal dataset. We analyzed a total of 18?087 adult males from four datasets with information on diurnal type and age. Of these, 2144 were available for survival analysis and 567 for analysis of longitudinal diurnal consistency. Diurnal type was assessed by asking the individual to what extent they would rate themselves a morning or an evening person, categorized into four groups. Statistical tests for stability of diurnal type were based on transition matrices and p values obtained using likelihood ratios. Cox regression was used to calculate the relative risk of all-cause mortality in each of the four diurnal type groups. After direct age standardization, 9.5% (95% CI: 9.0–10.1%) of participants in the four datasets were evening types. The cross-sectional data yielded that morning types were less common in the 2000s than two decades earlier. The longitudinal dataset revealed a significant shift from evening type to another type from 1985 to 2008 (p?=?0.002). The relative risk of all-cause mortality was 1.3-fold (95% CI: 1.0–1.6; p?=?0.05) higher for evening types compared to morning types. At the population level, eveningness appears to have become more prevalent over recent decades. However, on the individual level, the more morningness the chronotype, the more persistent it remains with aging.     

Diurnal courses of ammonium net uptake by the roots of adult beech (Fagus sylvatica) and spruce (Picea abies) trees

Differences in ammonium net uptake by the roots of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) trees between day and night were examined during the growing seasons in 1995 and 1996 using the depletion technique. In addition, diurnal courses of ammonium net uptake of both species were analysed in five sets of uptake experiments in May and September 1997 and were related (1) to the content of carbohydrates, organic acids and total soluble non protein N (TSNN) in the fine roots, and (2) to xylem flow densities and soil temperature. During the growing seasons 1995 and 1996, ammonium net uptake of beech was significantly lower during the night than during the day at 5 of 8 dates of measurement. On average, uptake rates during the night amounted to 50% of the uptake rates during the day. In spruce, the mean values of ammonium net uptake rates determined were similar between day and night during both growing seasons. In beech, the assessment of diurnal courses showed highest ammonium uptake rates during noon and in the afternoon and minima at midnight. In May 1997, comparable, but less pronounced diurnal patterns of ammonium uptake were observed in spruce, whereas in September 1997, ammonium uptake by spruce was constant during the day. Since no distinct differences in carbohydrate and organic acid contents in fine roots were observed during the diurnal courses and since the addition of sucrose into the artificial soil solutions root tips were exposed to did not alter ammonium uptake, depression of uptake by C- and/or energy limitation during night could be excluded. The TSNN contents in the fine roots of beech (May and September 1997) and spruce (May 1997) showed a diurnal pattern inverse to ammonium uptake. It is concluded that the enrichment of TSNN compounds during night that is apparently caused by a reduction of xylem transport is responsible for the down-regulation of ammonium net-uptake.     

Development of a bait and baiting system for delivery of oral rabies vaccine to free-ranging African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus)

The objective of the study was to develop a bait and baiting system capable of delivering one effective dose of oral rabies vaccine to each member of a free-ranging African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) pack. Trials were conducted between June and October 2000. The results of cafeteria-style bait preference trials testing seven candidate baits in captive wild dogs revealed a significant preference for chicken heads (June trials: P = 0.023, September trials: P = 0.021). Trials using a topical biomarker (rhodamine B) showed that chicken head baits were sufficiently chewed on most occasions to rupture the vaccine container. Free-ranging wild dogs and young pups ingested chicken head baits. Significant dominance of bait intake by a single individual was seen in four of six study packs and in the three packs in which an alpha pair could be distinguished, the dominant feeder was an alpha animal. Pattern of bait distribution and degree of satiation had no effect on pack coverage (proportion of pack ingesting at least one bait). Pack coverage was significantly related to trial number (r = 0.71, P < 0.001), with pack coverage increasing with increased exposure of the pack to the baits. During 46 hr of diurnal observations of free-ranging wild dogs only two baits were lost to non-target species. A baiting system for the oral vaccination of captive and free-ranging wild dogs is proposed.