麦长管蚜抗吡虫啉品系和敏感品系的生殖力比较

通过建立抗性品系和敏感品系的种群生命表,比较麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae(Fabricius)抗吡虫啉品系和敏感品系的生殖力差异,结果表明,抗性品系适合度显著下降,世代历期延长,成蚜寿命缩短;在繁殖上表现为产仔量下降,生殖期缩短。以净生殖率(R0)和内禀增长率(rm)来评价抗性品系的相对生物适合度,抗性品系分别是敏感品系的0.5200和0.7481。因此,麦长管蚜对吡虫啉的抗性品系存在显著的生殖劣势。     

褐飞虱抗吡虫啉品系生物适合度研究

毒力测定结果显示 ,虽然褐飞虱NilaparvatalugensSt l田间品系对吡虫啉还没有表现出明显的抗性 ,但室内筛选品系已经出现了一定水平的抗性 ,抗性品系 1 (R1)和抗性品系 2 (R2 )的抗性倍数分别为 2 5 3 8和 68 92。通过建立抗性品系、田间种群和敏感品系的生命表 ,发现抗性品系适合度显著下降 ,而且R2 品系下降的幅度明显大于R1品系。存在显著变化的因素有低龄若虫存活率、成虫羽化率、交配率、产卵量和孵化率下降 ,雌虫寿命缩短 ;R2 品系还表现为卵历期延长 ,3龄若虫至 5龄若虫存活率下降。R2 品系产卵高峰期迟 ,高峰期日虫量显著低于敏感品系和田间种群。用种群数量趋势指数 (I)来确定抗性品系的相对生物适合度 ,发现与敏感性品系相比 ,R1品系和R2 品系的相对适合度分别为0 60 9和 0 2 45。     

桔小实蝇抗高效氯氰菊酯品系种群生命参数与相对适合度

系统观察了桔小实蝇抗高效氯氰菊酯品系和敏感品系试验种群在（28±2）℃下的生长发育和生殖情况,组建了两品系的实验种群生命表,分析了抗性种群与敏感种群的生态适合度差异.结果表明：抗高效氯氰菊酯品系(AlR₉₀)不同虫态的发育历期、平均世代历期、产卵前期均显著延长.与敏感品系相比,产卵高峰期抗性品系日产卵量不稳定,单雌产卵量、卵孵化率、成虫羽化率均显著下降,敏感品系平均每雌产卵量为324.0 粒、抗性品系仅为240.7粒.对实验种群生命表进行研究表明：抗高效氯氰菊酯品系的种群趋势指数(I=79.10)显著低于敏感品系(I=116.97);净生殖率R₀和内禀增长率r_m分别为1414.00和7.9463,均显著低于敏感品系(R₀=2184.00、r_m=8.3809).抗性品系的相对适合度仅为0.6474,研究结果表明桔小实蝇抗高效氯氰菊酯品系在繁殖和生长发育上存在明显的生存劣势.     

朱砂叶螨抗性品系不同温度下的相对适合度

为研究朱砂叶螨抗性品系不同温度下的适合度,在抗性选育基础上,通过组建朱砂叶螨相对敏感品系（S）、抗阿维菌素品系（AbR）和抗甲氰菊酯品系（FeR）在不同温度（15 ℃、20 ℃、25 ℃、28 ℃、31 ℃、34 ℃和36 ℃）下的生命表,比较相对敏感品系和抗性品系在不同温度下的发育历期、生殖力和内禀增长率等种群特征参数.结果表明：朱砂叶螨AbR和FeR品系的发育历期在15 ℃时较S品系明显延长,在20 ℃～28 ℃下生殖力较S品系有所下降;两个抗性品系的相对适合度（以r_m值表示）在15 ℃时低于敏感品系,存在一定适合度代价,在20 ℃～31 ℃时,适合度与敏感品系相似,适合度代价不明显,但在高温下（≥34 ℃）,FeR品系适合度代价明显,而AbR品系存在抗性适合度优势.     

朱砂叶螨抗炔螨特品系相对适合度

为明确朱砂叶螨抗炔螨品系的相对适合度,在朱砂叶螨敏感品系(SS)的基础上使用炔螨特持续筛选34代获得了炔螨特抗性品系(PRR34)。通过统计2个品系的实验种群生命表,对其发育历期、繁殖力及种群参数差异进行了比较。结果表明,朱砂叶螨敏感品系经炔螨特持续筛选34代后(PPR34),其抗性倍数为37.78。与SS品系相比,PPR34卵孵化率、发育历期和世代周期均无显著差异,但产卵前期显著延长了37.07%,单雌产卵量减少14.61%,雌雄性(♀/♂)比增加了23.38%。采用Weibull分布拟合存活曲线模型为DeeveyⅠ型,SS品系和PRR34品系的参数c值分别为2.04和2.38。其种群趋势指数、内禀增长率(rm)、净生殖率(R0)分别为123.78、0.24和25.34,以及111.91、0.26和28.99;PRR34品系的相对适合度为1.14,与敏感品系相比存在一定优势。因此,与敏感品系相比,朱砂叶螨抗炔螨特品系单雌产卵量下降,但雌性比增加,种群适合度优势较高,可能导致抗性种群迅速增长并增加防控难度。     

抗三氟氯氰菊酯甜菜夜蛾品系的相对适合度研究

通过构建甜菜夜蛾对三氟氯氰菊酯抗性品系(R)、敏感品系(S)及杂交F1代(RS和SR)的实验种群生命表,比较了一系列生长发育和繁殖特征,并用净增殖率(R0)来确定其相对适合度。结果表明,抗三氟氯氰菊酯甜菜夜蛾品系在幼虫历期、蛹重、产卵量和卵孵化率等方面,与敏感品系相比存在明显的不利性。与敏感品系相比,抗性品系只有0．39的适合度,而RS和SR品系的相对适合度分别为0．91和0．97。     

桔小实蝇抗多杀霉素的生物适合度代价

桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis ( Hendel) 是中国南方地区果蔬重要害虫之一,严重威胁农业生产。多杀霉素是防治桔小实蝇的重要药剂之一,近年来由于在农业生产中大量使用,田间防治效果已有所下降,已出现了抗药性现象。为明确桔小实蝇对多杀霉素的抗药性发展规律,本研究比较了桔小实蝇敏感品系和抗性品系的发育、生殖和存活差异。结果显示：抗多杀霉素桔小实蝇品系具有死亡率增加、部分虫态发育历期延长和繁殖力下降等适合度代价。抗性品系的内禀增长率由0.19下降至0.15,相对适合度降至0.62,表明桔小实蝇对多杀霉素存在较低的抗性风险。     

棉铃虫对氰戊菊酯抗性品系和敏感品系的相对适合度

通过构建棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hubner)对氰戊菊酯抗性品系(Fen-R)和敏感品系(S)的实验种群生命表,比较了一系列生长发育和繁殖特征,并用净增殖率(Rn)来确定两个品系的相对适合度。 结果表明,Fen-R品系与敏感品系相比具有一定程度的繁殖不利性,包括雌蛾交配率降低,每头雌蛾的平均产卵量减少以及较低的卵孵化率;没有观察到Fen-R品系在生长发育上的不利性。Fen-R品系相对于敏感品系具有0.69的适合度。     

白纹伊蚊抗高效氯氰菊酯和抗敌百虫品系的生物学特性及种群参数

白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus Skuse抗高效氯氰菊酯和抗敌百虫品系的某些种群参数及生物学特性与敏感品系的比较有显著差异,两个抗药性品系之间差异也较明显。抗高效氯氰菊酯品系(Rc)的繁殖力强、平均世代历期短,雌性个体比率高。抗敌百虫品系(Rt)有适合度缺陷、平均世代历期长,雌性个体比率低。Rc和Rt的孵化率均低于敏感品系。成虫死亡率由高到低依次为Rt、Rc、S。综合分析得知,高效氯氰菊酯刺激白纹伊蚊生殖、种群增长快。抗敌百虫白纹伊蚊明显地表现出生殖不利性,种群加倍较慢。     

桔小实蝇抗敌百虫品系的实验种群生物学比较研究

【目的】研究明确桔小实蝇 Bactrocare dorsalis (Hendel) 抗药性品系与敏感品系的基本生物学特征以及相对适合度、内禀增长率等种群生物学参数差异。【方法】实验室条件下筛选出对敌百虫具中抗和高抗的桔小实蝇品系,观察记录其与敏感品系的生物学特性,比较三者之间的主要生物学参数。【结果】桔小实蝇敏感品系与2个抗性品系的卵、幼虫和蛹的发育历期、化蛹率、产卵前期、雌雄虫寿命、存活时间及雌虫比率均无显著差异。中抗品系卵孵化率和成虫羽化率分别为68.33%和93.73%,均显著低于敏感品系（分别为88.33%和97.93%）和高抗品系（分别为86.67%和98.21%）。与敏感品系的产卵量864.61粒/雌和高抗品系的产卵量750.70粒/雌相比,中抗品系的产卵量降低至630.87粒/雌。3个品系雌虫日产卵量动态规律比较一致,均呈开始产卵后短时间内进入产卵盛期,继而产量达到高峰,之后产卵量波动下降。但是与敏感品系相比,2个抗性品系雌虫较早进入产卵高峰。对成虫存活率动态拟合方程参数c值均大于1,符合I型存活曲线基本模型,表明在实验室理想条件下3个品系成虫均能达到其平均寿命。敏感品系种群趋势指数（I）最高,为339.41,其次为高抗品系（I =307.82）,最小为中抗品系（ I =175.79）,表明对敌百虫产生抗性抑制了桔小实蝇种群的增长,中抗品系抑制程度更大。敏感和高抗品系实验种群净增殖率较高,分别为327.89和284.29;中抗品系显著较低,为217.49。2个抗性品系内禀增长率（r_m）和周限增长率（λ）间无显著差异,且均显著大于敏感品系,世代历期（T）则显著缩短。基于种群净增殖率获得的敌百虫高抗和中抗品系相对适合度分别为0.8670和0.6633。【结论】在敌百虫的选择压力下,桔小实蝇抗药性品系的世代周期、中抗品系卵的孵化率和蛹的羽化率显著降低,其他多项生物学特征无显著变化。抗性品系的繁殖力和种群世代增长量受到抑制,以中抗品系更为明显;但与敏感品系相比,抗性品系种群增长潜力更大。     

ANALYSIS ON LIFE TABLE OF ORGANOPHOSPHATE-RESISTANT STRAINS OF CULEX PIPIENS PALLENS

Abstract  Effects of dipterex, temephos and chlorpyrifos resistance on the relative fitness in Culex pipiens pallens were evaluated in terms of developmental and reproductive characteristics. Life tables of Dip-R (dipterex), Tem-R (temephos), Chl-R (chlorpyrifos) resistant strains and susceptible strain (S) were also constructed to determine the relative fitness by the net reproductive rates (r). The results indicated that three OP-resistant strains possessed reproductive and developmental disadvantages involving in bloodsucking ratio, average oviposition rate and survival ratio relative to the S strain. The Dip-R, Tem-R and Chl-R strains had the relative fitness value of 0. 542, 0. 631 and 0.618, respectively.     

不同地理种群草间钻头蛛（Hylyphantes graminicola）对杀虫剂的敏感性及抗、感种群的相对适合度

采用成蛛浸渍法测定了湖北武汉、湖北来凤、陕西渭南和山东菏泽4个草间钻头蛛地理种群对氰戊菊酯、溴氰菊酯、辛硫磷和甲胺磷4种杀虫剂的敏感性。结果表明：湖北武汉和山东菏泽草间钻头蛛种群对4种杀虫剂的抗药性都较小,处于敏感水平,陕西渭南、湖北来凤种群对甲胺磷和辛硫磷的抗性达到了中抗水平。4个种群对溴氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯均未产生抗药性,说明拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对草间钻头蛛的毒力要大于有机磷类杀虫剂。在测定了蜘蛛对不同杀虫剂敏感水平的基础上,以陕西渭南种群为抗性种群（R）,湖北武汉种群为敏感种群（S）,比较研究了这2个种群的生物学特性和相对适合度。结果表明两种群在发育历期和成活率上无显著差异。在繁殖力方面,R种群产卵率、产卵量和孵化率均明显下降。R种群的相对适合度为0．74,对有机磷产生抗性的草间钻头蛛种群存在繁殖不利性。     

温度对褐飞虱抗/感吡虫啉品系种群生长的影响

与敏感性品系相比 ,经过连续 1 4代筛选的褐飞虱抗性品系对吡虫啉具有 48.5倍的抗性。通过构建不同温度下敏感品系和抗性品系的实验种群生命表 ,发现不适温度对 2个品系的生长发育和繁殖都有明显的影响 ,而且这种影响在 2个品系间存在差异。高温 ( 3 2℃ )和低温 ( 1 8℃ )导致 2个品系若虫存活率、羽化率、交配率、产卵量和孵化率明显下降。在 2 5℃ ,3 2℃和 1 8℃下 ,敏感品系的种群趋势指数分别为 1 64 3 ,2 6 7和 5 8 5 ,抗性品系的相应值分别为 81 4,9 5和 2 3 0。     

Antibiosis and antixenosis of six commonly produced potato cultivars to the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

The antibiotic and antixenotic resistance of six commonly produced potato cultivars in Iran including Aozonia, Agria, Cosima, Cosmos, Kondor and Savalan to the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae Sulzer, were investigated under laboratory conditions at 20 ± 2oC, 65 ± 5% RH and 16:8h (L:D) in 2009. Antibiosis experiments showed significant differences in the developmental time, nymphal survivorship, fecundity, adult longevity of the green peach aphid among the potato cultivars. Intrinsic rate of natural increase (r m) for apterous aphids varied significantly with the potato cultivars on which the aphids were reared. This value ranged from 0.225 to 0.293 females/female/day, which was lowest on Cosmos and highest on Aozonia. Additionally, the estimated net reproductive rate (R0) and finite rate of increase (λ) for apterous aphids were the lowest on Cosmos. For the antixenosis experiment, no significant difference was found in aphid's preference to the potato cultivars. However, Aozonia was preferred more than the other five cultivars by the apterous aphids. Therefore, our results demonstrated that among the investigated cultivars the Cosmos cultivar is moderately resistant to the green peach aphid.     

Relative developmental and reproductive fitness associated with pyrethroid resistance in the major southern African malaria vector, Anopheles funestus

The effect of pyrethroid resistance on the fitness of a laboratory strain of Anopheles funestus originating from southern Mozambique was evaluated by comparing the developmental and reproductive characteristics of a pyrethroid resistant strain with an insecticide susceptible strain. Fitness was evaluated in terms of fecundity, fertility, egg production, developmental time and life stage progression and survival. Of the eggs laid by females of the resistant strain, 81.5% hatched while only 66.9% were recorded in the susceptible strain. The time from egg hatch to adult emergence was longer for the resistant strain (15.9 days) than the susceptible strain (15.2 days). A significantly higher proportion of eggs from the resistant strain (61.6%) survived to adulthood compared with those of the susceptible strain (49%). Fecundity and larval and pupal survival did not differ significantly between strains. Of spermathecae dissected from females of the resistant strain, 56.8% were fertilized compared to 52.6% from the susceptible strain. The proportion of females that successfully produced eggs was 43.3% and 23.3% for the resistant and susceptible strains respectively. Complete failure of larval hatch was recorded in 28.6% of susceptible strain families compared to 7.7% of resistant families. Our results show that pyrethroid resistance in southern African An. funestus does not incur any loss of fitness under laboratory conditions. These results suggest that the removal of pyrethroid insecticide selection pressure may not lead to a regression of resistance alleles in pyrethroid resistant An. funestus populations in southern Africa.     

Fitness cost associated with carbosulfan resistance in Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

In order to collect basic information for a resistance management program of Aphis gossypii Glover to carbosulfan, studies to evaluate fitness costs associated to this resistance were conducted under laboratory conditions. For this purpose, we studied the stability of carbosulfan resistance in A. gossypii populations with differing initial frequencies of resistance and compared life-history traits of carbosulfan-susceptible and resistant strains. The stability of resistance was followed in three populations with initial frequencies of 20, 50 and 80% of resistant individuals. The susceptibility to carbosulfan was monthly estimated by using the diagnostic concentration of 32 ppm. The biology of carbosulfan-susceptible and resistant strains was evaluated in cotton plants kept under controlled climatic conditions. The resistance to carbosulfan was unstable, that is, there was a significant increase in the susceptibility of different populations of A. gossypii to this insecticide in the absence of selection pressure. Comparison of biological traits between carbosulfan-susceptible and resistant strains showed that there is a fitness cost associated with resistance. The resistant strain showed lower fecundity, shorter reproductive period and lower longevity than the susceptible strain. The net reproductive rate (Ro) was 14.04 and 43.18 and the finite rate of increase (lambda) was 1.25 and 1.30 females/female/day for the resistant and susceptible strains respectively. Therefore, the instability of carbosulfan resistance in A. gossypii can be exploited in resistance management programs.     

Pleiotropy of insecticide resistance in the codling moth, Cydia pomonella

The codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), has developed resistance to various insecticides. Relative fitness of one susceptible strain (Sv) and two strains selected for resistance to diflubenzuron (Rt) and deltamethrin (Rv), respectively, was measured in the absence of insecticide selection pressure. Mating rate, fecundity, fertility, developmental time, fifth instar weight, and adult longevity were compared. Both resistant strains were less fecund and fertile, developed more slowly, weighed less, and had shorter life-spans than the susceptible strain. These results indicate that biological constraints are associated with insecticide resistance in the codling moth. We also found that fitness estimates of the Rv strain did not differ statistically from those of the Rt strain. Enhanced mixed-function oxidase and glutathione-S-transferase activities have been shown to be involved in insecticide resistance in both Rt and Rv strains. This suggests that the fitness cost described in both resistant strains was mainly associated to metabolic resistance. The impact of such deleterious pleiotropy of insecticide resistance in C. pomonella in terms of resistance management in the field is discussed.