小达氏涡虫属(扁形动物门,单肠目,达氏科)亚洲一新纪录种

本文报道了采自江西省九江市武宁县花棚村池塘的中国淡水扁彤动物单肠目达氏科小达氏涡虫属1新纪录种,即褐小达氏涡虫Microdalyellia fusca Fuhrmann,1894;详细描述了涡虫的形态特征,介绍了整装片标本的制作方法;同时比较了中国标本与产自德国的模式标本间的异同,其关键分类性状骨质阴茎的大体形态一致,但阴茎长度及其未端各分支的大小存在明显差异,推测是地理分布产生的品系间差别.所有标本保存在深圳大学生命科学学院.     

中国小达氏涡虫和大变杰氏涡虫的生物学特性

对单肠目(Rhabdocoela)达氏科(Dalyelliidae)的中国小达氏涡虫(Microdalyellia sinensis)和大变杰氏涡虫(Gieysztoria macrovariata9-spinosa)进行了长期饲养与观察,了解和比较这两种涡虫的习性、繁殖、发育及组织学特点。结果表明,中国小达氏涡虫比大变杰氏涡虫反应敏捷,生殖器官的形态位置有明显区别;中国小达氏涡虫产卵周期约5 d,每期产卵10.5枚;大变杰氏涡虫产卵周期约10 d,每期产卵22.3枚;两种涡虫卵孵化期约60 h,发育成熟期9 d左右;最后探讨了卵胚非正常发育与雌雄生殖器官成熟期,以及涡虫的淡水生态学意义等问题。     

中国涡虫一新纪录科达氏涡虫属一新种(单肠目,达氏科)

记述了中国涡虫纲单肠目1新纪录科达氏科达氏涡虫属1新种,即中国达氏涡虫Dalyellia sinensis sp.nov..新种的主要鉴别特征是:表皮下有许多单细胞绿藻Chlorella sp.,体表呈绿色;体长2 200 μm,体中部宽475μm,几丁质阴茎长178 μm,柄2根,柄长100μm,柄宽13～15 μm,两柄间距188 μm,分支2条,呈心形排列,阴茎上有几丁质刺22根,分支末端的刺长是基部刺长的1/5.标本保存在深圳大学生命科学学院形态学研究室.     

达氏科(扁形动物门,单肠目)涡虫二新种

本文记述淡水涡虫类单肠目Rhabdocoela达氏科Dalyelliidae小达氏涡虫属Microdalyellia一新种,广东小达氏涡虫Microdelyellia guangdongensis Wang et Rong,sp.nov.,模式标本由卢彦宏于2013年6月9日采自广东省深圳市石岩水库(22°40'58″N,113°53'42″E);杰氏涡虫属Gieysztoria一新种,七星岩杰氏涡虫Gieysztoria qixingyanensis Wang et Rong,sp.nov.,模式标本由刘旭坤于2014年8月6日采自广东省肇庆市七星岩风景区(23°04'32″N,112°28'46″E)。对2个涡虫新种的形态特征作了详细描述,并分别与小达氏涡虫属和杰氏涡虫属近似物种进行了比较。所有标本保存于中国科学院国家动物博物馆。     

达氏科中国一新纪录属及三新种(扁形动物门,单肠目,达氏亚目)

报道淡水扁形动物中国1新纪录属--小达氏涡虫属及3新种:木鱼小达氏涡虫Microdalyellia muyuensissp.nov.,神农架小达氏涡虫M.shennongjiae sp nov.,中国小达氏涡虫M sinensis sp.nov..前2种标本采于湖北省神农架木鱼镇的溪流,后1种采于广东汕头市郊区小河;对3新种涡虫的形态特征作了详细描述和比较,并与近似种进行了比较.     

小达氏涡虫属一新种(扁形动物门,单肠目,达氏科)

报道中国小达氏涡虫属1新种:湖南小达氏涡虫Microdalyellia humanensis nov.sp.,模式标本采集于湖南新宁县莨山镇黄背村(26°44′N,110°84′E),对新种涡虫的形态特征作了详细描述,所有标本保存在深圳大学生命科学学院.     

达氏科中国一新纪录属一新种(扁形动物门,单肠目,达氏亚目)

报道了单肠目达氏亚目达氏科涡虫中国1新纪录属,杰氏涡虫属及1新种:深圳杰氏涡虫Gieysztoria shenzhensis sp.nov..对其形态特征作了详细描述,并与近似种进行了比较.     

铲形杰氏涡虫(单肠目,达氏科)新纪录的形态学描述及其分子系统学分析

本文对分布于广东省深圳市侨城湿地(113°58'E,22°31'N)咸淡水的一种单肠目Rhabdocoel涡虫进行了形态、发育及18S r DNA与28S r DNA分子系统学的分析与比较。结果表明,此涡虫为达氏科Dalyelliidae铲形杰氏涡虫Gieysztoria knipovici Beklemischev,1953,为中国新纪录种。该物种模式标本分布于欧洲黑海近岸。本研究详细描述了其外部形态与内部结构特征,首次发现该涡虫精巢超长,前端达咽部,后端至腹侧,呈长条形(该属涡虫2个精巢呈球形或椭圆形,位于肠后腹侧);除了骨质阴茎之外还具有可再生的骨质阴茎鞘。阴茎鞘位于骨质阴茎外侧,半包裹骨质阴茎,呈长条形骨质结构。交配后的个体常在交配囊内发现阴茎鞘1~5个。鉴于该物种特殊的形态学特征,其分类地位还有待进一步研究。     

大口涡虫属中国一新纪录(扁形动物门,大口虫目)及其分类性状

报道了大口虫目大口虫科中国一新纪录种,即帆大口涡虫Macrostomum saifunicum Nasonov,1929,详细研究了该涡虫的个体发育与角质阴茎发育的关系.结果 表明:1) 帆大口涡虫角质阴茎端部结构在个体发育的第9 d 一次性成型,终身不变,是一个稳定的关键分类性状; 2) 个体发育至第20 d 后,角质阴茎长度达140 μm,第40 d后个体进入衰老期,其角质阴茎长度超过160 μm,指出角质阴茎的长度不是一个稳定的分类性状; 3) 根据作者多年的野外采集,发现北京、安徽、湖南、江西、广东均有帆大口涡虫分布,指出该物种是中国常见的分布较广的物种,并提示大口涡虫是一种在教学和科学研究方面理想的实验动物.     

杰氏涡虫属一新种及中国一新纪录种(扁形动物门,单肠目,达氏科)

报道中国杰氏涡虫属1新种:丽杰氏涡虫Gieysztoria pulchra sp.nov.,标本采于广东省梅州市郊区鱼塘,对新种涡虫的形态特征作了详细描述,并与杰氏涡虫属所有物种进行了比较;中国1新纪录亚种:大变杰氏涡虫九刺亚种Gieysztoria macrovariata 9-spinosa Luther,1955,标本分别采自安徽芜湖市和湖北省武汉市东湖.所有标本保存在深圳大学生命科学学院形态学研究室.     

中国花耳科的五个新种

本文报道了产于中国的花耳科Dacrymycetaceae的五个新种:小胶杯菌Femsjonia minor Liu et Fan sp.nov.,中国胶杯菌F.sinensis Liu et K.Tao sp.nov.,叶状假花耳Dacryopinax foliacea Liu et Fan sp.nov.,大孢假花耳D.macrospora Lin,Fan et Y.M.Li sp.nov.,以及湖南胶角菌Calocera hunanensis Liu et K.Tao sp.nov.。小胶杯菌与该属其它种的区别在于子实体小型、孢子分隔处缢缩且常具纵隔、不孕面光滑以及皮层菌丝多分枝且顶端膨大;中国胶杯菌与该属其它种的区别在于菌丝无锁状连合;叶状假花耳及大孢假花耳与本属其它种的区别主要在于多隔的孢子(3个隔以上)。假花耳属这两个新种在宏观形态上非常相似,但大孢假花耳的孢子为35—40×10—12.5μm,具7—15隔;叶状假花耳的孢子为15—22.5×4.5—6.5μm,具3—7隔;湖南胶角菌的主要特征是担子果呈羊肚菌状,偶裂成分叶状,孢子具1薄壁的横隔。所有新种的主模式标本均保藏于山西大学真菌标本室。     

台湾相思林和芒草草丛中薇甘菊枝构件的分枝格局及其生物量

外域杂草薇甘菊 (Mikaniamicrantha)具有极强的分枝能力。在枝构件水平上 ,对生长在台湾相思 (Acaciaconfusa)群落和芒草 (Miscanthussinensis)群落中的薇甘菊枝构件的分枝格局和生物量分配的比较分析得出 :1)同芒草群落相比 ,台湾相思群落中薇甘菊各级枝的分枝数、分枝密度和分枝率都低 ,而分枝长度则较长 ;2 )台湾相思群落中薇甘菊以第一级分枝为主 ,而在芒草群落中则以第二级分枝为主 ;3)台湾相思林中薇甘菊枝构件的叶面积率、比叶面积和比茎长及叶片生物量分配显著大于芒草草丛 ;4)两个群落中薇甘菊枝构件的节间长和比叶柄长没有显著差异。这些结果说明薇甘菊枝构件对环境条件变化具不同响应。     

Resurrecting embryos of the tuatara,Sphenodon punctatus,to resolve vertebrate phallus evolution

The breadth of anatomical and functional diversity among amniote external genitalia has led to uncertainty about the evolutionary origins of the phallus. In several lineages, including the tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus, adults lack an intromittent phallus, raising the possibility that the amniote ancestor lacked external genitalia and reproduced using cloacal apposition. Accordingly, a phallus may have evolved multiple times in amniotes. However, similarities in development across amniote external genitalia suggest that the phallus may have a single evolutionary origin. To resolve the evolutionary history of amniote genitalia, we performed three-dimensional reconstruction of Victorian era tuatara embryos to look for embryological evidence of external genital initiation. Despite the absence of an intromittent phallus in adult tuataras, our observations show that tuatara embryos develop genital anlagen. This illustrates that there is a conserved developmental stage of external genital development among all amniotes and suggests a single evolutionary origin of amniote external genitalia.     

Independent evolutionary reductions of the phallus in basal birds

Despite a long history of anatomical studies in birds, the genitalia of most avian species remain undescribed. Birds are the only vertebrate taxon with internal fertilization where an intromittent phallus has been lost in most species. Studying the anatomical transitions of the avian phallus in those species where it is still present, allows us to test evolutionary hypotheses of why the phallus was lost in the ancestor of modern birds. As part of an anatomical survey of the evolution of avian phallus morphology, we have examined some avian species whose genitalia have not been described. Previously, there were only two known events of phallus reduction in birds: one transition from intromittent to non‐intromittent in the Galliformes, and a complete loss of phallic structures in the ancestor of Neoaves. Here we report three additional cases of phallus reduction in birds: a transition from intromittent to non‐intromittent phallus in Tinamiformes (Crypturellus, Tinamidae), the presence of a non‐intromittent phallus in Alectura (Megapodidae), and a complete loss of the phallus in Leipoa (Megapodidae). In addition, we report on the unique morphology of the Crypturellus non‐intromittent phallus. These new records of phallus reduction highlight the dynamic nature of phallus evolution in birds. Our findings provide evidence against the hypothesis that the phallus in birds is maintained to insure paternity in taxa with exclusive male parental care, since both groups where we report phallus reduction provide predominately male‐only care.     

Transferability of microsatellite markers from Brachypodium distachyon to Miscanthus sinensis, a potential biomass crop

Miscanthus sinensis has high biomass yield and contributed two of the three genomes in M. x giganteus, a bioenergy crop widely studied in Europe and North America, and thus is a potential biomass crop and an important germplasm for Miscanthus breeding. Molecular markers are essential for germplasm evaluation, genetic analyses and new cultivar development in M. sinensis. In the present study, we reported transferability of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers from Brachypodium distachyon to M. sinensis. A set of 57 SSR markers evenly distributed across the B. distachyon genome were deliberately designed. Out of these B. distachyon SSR markers, 86.0% are transferable to M. sinensis. The SSR loci amplified in M. sinensis were validated by re-sequencing the amplicons. The polymorphism information content (PIC) of the transferable SSR markers varied from 0.073 to 0.375 with a mean of 0.263, assessed based on 21 M. sinensis genotypes. Phylogenetic tree based on 162 alleles detected by 49 SSR markers could unambiguously distinguish B. distachyon from M. sinensis, and cluster 21 M. sinensis genotypes into three groups that are basically in coincidence with their geographical distribution and ecotype classifications. The markers developed by the comparative genomic approach could be useful for germplasm evaluation, genetic analysis, and marker-assisted breeding in Miscanthus.     

芒草中总黄酮的提取工艺研究及其挥发油成分的鉴定

以黄酮提取率为指标,采用超声辅助法研究了芒草中黄酮类化合物的提取工艺。最佳提取条件为:乙醇浓度70%、料液比1∶30、提取温度70℃、提取时间40 min、提取级数3次,在此条件下测得南荻中总黄酮含量为7.24 mg/g,并在此条件下测定了芒草10个品系中总黄酮含量为4.16~7.84 mg/g,且在不同品系间的差异均达到极显著水平。采用气质联用技术鉴定奇岗六倍体、‘GMG121’、芒杂中的挥发油成分,从中共鉴定出28种成分。本研究对芒属植物的遗传育种以及开发和综合利用具有重要意义。     

The ecology and agronomy of Miscanthus sinensis, a species important to bioenergy crop development, in its native range in Japan: a review

Among several candidate perennial taxa, Miscanthus × giganteus has been evaluated and promoted as a promising bioenergy crop. Owing to several limitations, however, of the sterile hybrid, both at the taxon and agronomic production levels, other options need to be explored to not only improve M . × giganteus , which was originally collected in Japan, but to also consider the development of other members of its genus, including Miscanthus sinensis , as bioenergy crops. Indeed, there is likely much to be learned and applied to Miscanthus as a bioenergy crop from the long history of intensive interaction between humans and M. sinensis in Japan, which in some regions of the country spans several thousand years. Combined with its high amount of genetic variation, stress tolerance, biotic interactions with fauna, and function as a keystone species in diverse grasslands and other ecosystems within its native range, the unique and extensive management of M. sinensis in Japan as a forage grass and building material provides agronomists, agroecologists, and plant breeders with the capability of better understanding this species in terms of potential contribution to bioenergy crop development. Moreover, the studies described in this review may serve as a platform for future research of Miscanthus as a bioenergy crop in other parts of the world.     

金属矿区芒草种群对重金属的积累及其与土壤特性的关系

通过分析大型综合金属矿区中经历不同污染强度与污染时间胁迫的芒草（Miscanthus sinensis）种群对4种主要重金属的积累状况,初步揭示芒草对这些重金属的积累特性与土壤重金属含量的关系。结果表明,1芒草根茎叶对4种重金属的的积累顺序为：根〉叶〉茎;2芒草对Cd、Pb的积累量与土壤中这两种重金属含量之间存在显著（P〈0．05）正相关关系;对Cu、Zn的积累量与土壤含量之间无显著相关,主要是因为土壤最高Cu与Zn含量已超过芒草对这两种元素积累所需的最大量,成为对芒草构成胁迫的主要因子。在该矿区的酸性条件下,芒草对Pb、Zn、Cu3种重金属的吸收率随pH值升高而升高,pH接近的样地,芒草的吸收率主要受土壤重金属含量的影响。结合各种群对四种重金属的积累状况判断,强度胁迫下的种群可能已发生耐性分化,从而产生较其它种群更强的耐重金属特性。总体上芒草是一种多重金属耐性植物,对这四种重金属的耐性顺序是：Cd〈Cu〈Zn-Pb。     

Morphology of the copulatory organ in Ortalis canicollis (Aves: Cracidae) and early evolution of the phallus in birds

We studied the morphology of the copulatory organ of Ortalis canicollis and its evolution in birds. The phallus of O. canicollis is intromittent, with a blind tubular cavity and two distinct regions when erect: the base of the phallus, which shows the mucosa smooth and lined by a pseudostratified columnar epithelium, and the tubular portion, which shows the mucosa lined by a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium with little knobs. The phallus includes two vascular bodies at the cranial portion in the urodeum. A fibrocartilaginous body anchors the tubular portion therefrom up to the eversible portion. A branched elastic ligament inserts on different regions of the tubular portion. The phallus is plesiomorphic in birds and it has disappeared in Megapodius, Leipoa and Neoaves. The asymmetric phallus evolved early and it was retained in the basal branches of birds. The intromittent phallus is plesiomorphic in birds (found in Archosauria's ancestor), but Crypturellus, Numididae, Odontophoridae and Phasianidae have developed a non‐intromittent phallus a posteriori. The blind tubular cavity and the fibrocartilaginous body evolved as an adaptive convergence many times in birds. Therefore, this study shed some light on morphological aspects of the phallus and contributed to understand its evolution in birds.     

Transferability of Microsatellite Markers from Brachypodium distachyon to Miscanthus sinensis,a Potential Biomass Crop

Miscanthus sinensis has high biomass yield and contributed two of the three genomes in M.x giganteus,a bioenergy crop widely studied in Europe and North America,and thus is a potential biomass crop and an important germplasm for Miscanthus breeding.Molecular markers are essential for germplasm evaluation,genetic analyses and new cultivar development in M.sinensis.In the present study,we reported transferability of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers from Brachypodium distachyon to M.sinensis.A set of 57 SS...