牛角花齿蓟马为害后苜蓿叶酚类物质和木质素含量的变化

为明确苜蓿中被蓟马为害后诱导的次生代谢物质含量的变化,以抗蓟马苜蓿R-1和感蓟马苜蓿I-1为材料,以每枝条0 头为对照,研究牛角花齿蓟马不同虫口密度(每枝条1、3、5、7 头)下苜蓿叶片中酚类物质和木质素含量的变化.结果表明: 蓟马为害7 d时,R-1和I-1叶中总酚、单宁和缩合单宁含量随虫口密度增大均升高,简单酚含量无显著差异;木质素含量显著高于对照.为害14 d时,R-1和I-1叶中总酚、单宁和缩合单宁含量随虫口密度增大均升高,简单酚含量无显著差异;木质素含量升高,且每枝条7 头密度下显著高于对照.为害21 d时,R-1和I-1叶中总酚、单宁和木质素含量随虫口密度增大均升高,在每枝条7 头密度下达到最高;R-1简单酚含量变化不显著,I-1简单酚含量显著升高.R-1和I-1叶中缩合单宁含量与对照无显著差异.抗感苜蓿中酚类物质与木质素含量在蓟马为害后均升高,R-1总酚、单宁和木质素含量的增加率均高于I-1.表明蓟马为害对苜蓿植株的总酚、单宁及木质素含量具有诱导效应,可以作为苜蓿抗蓟马的评价指标.     

草地贪夜蛾在不同小麦品种上的取食选择性和适应性及其与叶片生化物质含量的关系

【目的】测定草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda在不同小麦品种上的取食选择性及适应性,探索害虫为害与小麦品种间的关系,明确黄淮海麦区主栽小麦品种对草地贪夜蛾的抗性水平,为麦田抗虫品种布局和害虫综合防治提供理论依据。【方法】比较了草地贪夜蛾1和3龄幼虫对15个小麦品种的取食选择性,初步筛选出1和3龄幼虫取食选择性均较高的4个品种和较低的2个品种,测定了此6个品种小麦叶片的生化物质(总蛋白、可溶性糖、总酚、单宁)含量,并通过Pearson相关性分析阐明了幼虫取食选择与叶片生化成分含量间的关系,并观察了草地贪夜蛾在6个小麦品种上的适应性。【结果】草地贪夜蛾1和3龄幼虫对淮麦46、淮麦33、KOK1679和铜麦6号的取食选择性较高,而对鲁原502和烟农21的取食选择性较低。Pearson相关性分析表明,1和3龄幼虫对不同小麦品种叶片的取食选择率与小麦叶片的总蛋白和可溶性糖含量呈正相关,与叶片总酚和单宁含量呈负相关。在不同小麦品种上草地贪夜蛾的生长发育进程存在明显差异,在铜麦6号上的寄主适合度指数最高、幼虫历期最短,而在烟农21上的幼虫历期最长。【结论】草地贪夜蛾对小麦品种适应性不同,其中烟农21对其具有较高的抗性。草地贪夜蛾幼虫偏好在总蛋白和可溶性糖含量高的小麦叶片上取食,而叶片总酚和单宁含量高则会抑制其取食,说明小麦利用营养物质和次生物质的代谢协调其不选择性和抗生性,导致品种间对草地贪夜蛾抗虫性的差异。     

松墨天牛取食和人为损伤对马尾松针叶部分化学物质含量的影响

为探索松墨天牛Monochamus alternatus Hope与其寄主马尾松相互作用的关系,测定了松墨天牛取食和人为损伤1天、3天、6天、10天和15天后马尾松针叶营养物质和次生代谢物质含量的变化。结果表明： 松墨天牛取食和人为损伤均能引起马尾松针叶可溶性糖和粗多糖含量的下降,但虫害处理使新叶和老叶中可溶性糖降低更多。两种方式处理后10天马尾松新叶和老叶中蛋白质含量降到最低,然后逐渐回升; 相比较而言,虫害处理蛋白质含量降幅更大。松墨天牛取食和人为损伤均引起马尾松针叶单宁和黄酮类物质含量的增加,虫害处理的针叶中单宁和黄酮类物质的含量更高。结果提示马尾松对松墨天牛的取食为害具有特殊的应激反应机制。     

高山森林林窗位置和附生植物去除对倒木总酚和缩合单宁含量的影响

倒木分解是森林生态系统中重要的养分循环过程,倒木中的难分解物质对土壤有机质积累具有积极作用。但关于森林林窗和附生植物对倒木难分解物质含量的影响还不清晰。为了理解林窗更新及附生植物生长对倒木总酚和缩合单宁含量的影响,2013年8月在川西高山原始森林进行样地布置,在进行3年附生植物去除处理后,2016年8月在不同林窗位置（林窗、林缘和林下）下两种处理（附生植物去除和保留）不同腐解等级（I-V）进行岷江冷杉（Abies faxoniana）倒木不同结构（心材、边材和树皮）样品采集,分析其总酚和缩合单宁含量。结果表明：树皮总酚和缩合单宁含量显著高于心材和边材,树皮总酚和缩合单宁含量随腐解等级变化差异不显著;森林林窗对Ⅲ-V腐解等级心材和边材总酚含量具有显著影响,但对心材和边材缩合单宁影响差异不显著,林窗对倒木树皮总酚和缩合单宁含量影响差异极显著且两者含量特征均表现为林窗 > 林缘 > 林下;附生植物去除处理降低了心材缩合单宁和边材总酚含量,增加了倒木边材缩合单宁含量。附生植物去除处理对树皮影响和林窗位置存在交互作用,林缘和林下的倒木附生植物去除显著降低了树皮总酚和缩合单宁含量。此外,不同林窗位置的温度差异是导致树皮总酚和缩合单宁含量变化的主要原因,附生植物去除对倒木pH的影响也可能是影响倒木总酚和缩合单宁含量的原因之一。由此可见,高山森林林窗更新及附生植物生长会显著影响倒木难分解物质含量变化特征,为进一步了解倒木分解过程在养分循环及对环境的响应提供了新的角度。     

栎黄枯叶蛾生长发育与几种寄主内含物的关系

【目的】探讨饲喂不同寄主植物对栎黄枯叶蛾Trabala vishnou gigantina Yang生长发育及繁殖的影响,分析寄主植物内含物与其生长发育及繁殖的关系,为研究不同寄主植物对栎黄枯叶蛾种群动态的影响提供理论依据。【方法】在室内条件下,利用沙棘Hippophae rhamnoides、山杏Armeniaca sibirica、山杨Populus davidiana、旱柳Salix matsudana饲养该虫,观察幼虫发育历期、蛹历期、蛹重及产卵量等指标,同时测定寄主叶片中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、水分、单宁及黄酮的含量,并进行线性回归分析。【结果】不同寄主植物饲喂栎黄枯叶蛾幼虫的发育历期、蛹历期、蛹重及产卵量均存在显著差异。取食沙棘的幼虫历期最短,仅为(74.50?1.76)d,而取食旱柳历期最长,达(106.00?1.51)d。取食山杨的蛹历期最长,为(44.00?1.41)d,最短的是取食旱柳的,仅为(32.70?3.13)d。饲喂沙棘和山杏的雌、雄蛹重和成虫产卵量显著高于饲喂山杨和旱柳的。对不同寄主的营养物质、次生物质和水分含量测定结果表明:不同寄主间营养物质、次生物质与水分的含量差异显著。回归相关分析表明:幼虫发育历期与寄主植物可溶性蛋白质含量呈显著负相关;雌蛹重和产卵量与寄主植物可溶性糖含量呈显著负相关;雌、雄蛹重与寄主植物含水量呈显著正相关;蛹历期与单宁含量呈显著正相关,但黄酮含量的高低与栎黄枯叶蛾生长发育等指标无相关性。【结论】沙棘是栎黄枯叶蛾生长发育及繁殖的最适寄主植物;并且寄主植物中可溶性糖、单宁的含量低、含水量和可溶性蛋白质含量高有利于栎黄枯叶蛾的生长发育和繁殖。     

受害马尾松针叶营养及次生物质含量与思茅松毛虫种群参数的相关分析

为了揭示受害马尾松Pinus massoniana针叶主要化学物质变化对思茅松毛虫Dendrolimus kikuchii Matsumura种群变动的影响, 本研究以受思茅松毛虫危害程度不同（轻度、 中度和重度）的马尾松针叶喂养思茅松毛虫幼虫, 测定思茅松毛虫饲养种群的特征参数和不同受害程度马尾松针叶营养物质与次生物质含量, 用综合相关系数分析法对试验结果进行分析。结果表明： （1）随植株受害程度加重, 针叶黄酮含量增加, 可溶性糖、 蛋白质、 多糖含量减少, 各龄幼虫平均历期延长、 死亡率升高。单宁和总酚含量的变化与各龄幼虫平均历期、 死亡率之间没有显著的相关性; （2）除6龄幼虫外, 其他各龄幼虫的平均历期、 死亡率均与松针营养物质和次生物质含量有直接的和综合的相关性; （3）随受害程度加重, 7龄幼虫体重、 幼虫平均取食量、 蛹重、 化蛹率、 雌性比、 每雌生殖力减小。单宁、 总酚含量的变化对7龄幼虫体重、 幼虫平均取食量、 蛹重、 幼虫平均死亡率、 化蛹率、 雌性比、 每雌生殖力都没有显著影响。总体上, 松针营养和次生物质含量对思茅松毛虫种群参数有重要影响, 其重要性依次为可溶性糖＞蛋白质＞多糖＞黄酮, 单宁和总酚的作用相对较小。     

不同林龄短枝木麻黄小枝单宁含量及养分再吸收动态

通过对福建省惠安县不同林龄短枝木麻黄人工林不同发育阶段小枝单宁含量及氮磷再吸收率的研究,探讨了短枝木麻黄林分发育过程中的营养保存策略。结果表明,幼龄林(5年生)成熟小枝中的总酚(TP)、可溶性缩合单宁(ECT)总缩合单宁(TCT)含量及蛋白质结合能力(PPC)显著高于成熟林(21年生)和衰老林(38年生)。随着林分发育,成熟小枝中N含量显著升高,而P含量呈降低趋势。不同发育阶段林分成熟小枝中N:P比均大于20,且随着林龄的增加而升高。磷再吸收率(PRE)显著高于氮再吸收率(NRE),均以成熟林分最高。这表明短枝木麻黄小枝单宁含量与养分再吸收受林龄影响,其养分保存机制会随着林分生长发育的变化而进行调节。     

Correlative analysis between contents of nutrients and secondary substances in damaged masson pine needles and population parameters of Dendrolimus kikuchii ( Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)

为了揭示受害马尾松Pinus massoniana针叶主要化学物质变化对思茅松毛虫Dendrolimus kikuchii Matsumura 种群变动的影响,本研究以受思茅松毛虫危害程度不间(轻度、中度和重度)的马尾松针叶喂养思茅松毛虫幼虫,测定思茅松毛虫饲养种群的特征参数和小同受害程度马尾松针叶营养物质与次生物质含量,用综合相关系数分析法对试验结果进行分析.结果表明:(1)随植株受害程度加重,针叶黄酮含量增加,可溶性糖、蛋白质、多糖含量减少,各龄幼虫平均历期延长、死亡率升高.单宁和总酚含最的变化与各龄幼虫平均历期、死亡率之间没有显著的相关性;(2)除6龄幼虫外,其他各龄幼虫的平均历期、死亡率均与松针营养物质和次生物质含量有直接的和综合的相关性;(3)随受害程度加重,7龄幼虫体重、幼虫平均取食量、蛹重、化蛹率、雌性比、每雌生殖力减小.单宁、总酚含量的变化对7龄幼虫体重、幼虫平均取食量、蛹重、幼虫平均死亡率、化蛹率、雌性比、每雌生殖力都没有显著影响.总体上,松针营养和次生物质含量对思茅松毛虫种群参数有重要影响,其重要性依次为可溶性糖＞蛋白质＞多糖＞黄酮,单宁和总酚的作用相对较小.     

二点委夜蛾适应性与玉米苗营养物质和次生代谢物质含量的关系

【目的】二点委夜蛾Athetis lepigone是夏玉米Zea mays苗期的一种新发害虫。本研究旨在测定不同品种玉米苗对二点委夜蛾幼虫的生物学和营养效应,揭示其发生与玉米品种的关系。【方法】二点委夜蛾3,4和5龄幼虫分别饲喂3种普通玉米(鲁单9032、先玉335、郑单958)和1种甜玉米(超甜6)苗,测定幼虫鲜重、干重、存活率、相对取食速率(RCR)、相对生长速率(RGR)、近似消化率(AD)、食物转化率(ECD)和食物利用率(ECI),分析这些指标与玉米苗中营养物质、蜡质和次生物质含量之间的关系。【结果】不同龄期的二点委夜蛾幼虫取食玉米苗的生物学和营养指标有较大差异。4种玉米苗的营养物质、蜡质和次生物质含量有显著差异。3龄幼虫取食鲁单9032和超甜6时相对取食速率、相对生长速率和近似消化率均较高,其存活率、鲜重、干重、相对取食速率、食物转化率与玉米苗可溶性糖含量呈显著正相关;相对生长速率与玉米苗蛋白质含量和氨基酸含量均呈显著正相关;存活率和相对取食速率与玉米苗总酚含量呈显著负相关;食物转化率与玉米苗单宁含量呈显著负相关。4龄幼虫取食先玉335时鲜重和干重最低,取食超甜6时近似消化率最高,取食郑单958时食物利用率最高,其鲜重、干重、相对取食速率和相对生长速率与玉米苗总酚含量呈显著负相关。5龄幼虫取食鲁单9032和先玉335时鲜重、干重和食物转化率较高,取食郑单958和超甜6时相对取食速率和近似消化率最高,取食先玉335的食物利用率最高,其相对生长速率与玉米苗蛋白质、氨基酸含量显著正相关。【结论】随着幼虫龄期的增加,二点委夜蛾在玉米上的适应性提高;二点委夜蛾幼虫对玉米的适应性与玉米叶片中可溶性糖、蛋白质和氨基酸含量呈正相关,与总酚和单宁含量呈负相关。     

黑刺粉虱危害对黄金芽茶叶生化成分含量及抗氧化酶活力的影响

【目的】明确黑刺粉虱Aleurocanthus spiniferus为害对茶叶生化物质含量及抗氧化酶活性的影响,为精准、安全、高效、绿色防治黑刺粉虱,提高茶叶品质提供参考。【方法】测定黑刺粉虱为害不同级别下黄金芽芽下第3叶中生化成分(茶多酚、可溶性糖、游离氨基酸、咖啡碱、儿茶素)含量及3种抗氧化酶(SOD, POD和CAT)活性的变化。【结果】随着黑刺粉虱为害等级的提高,黄金芽芽下第3叶中茶多酚的含量显著性降低,且以为害级别为Ⅳ级时最低,为18.82%±0.21%,而游离氨基酸、咖啡碱、可溶性糖和儿茶素的含量在不同的为害级别间均无显著性变化。黄金芽芽下第3叶中POD和CAT活力随着黑刺粉虱为害等级的增加先显著升高后很快降低,均以为害等级Ⅰ时活性最高,分别为57.14±3.98和28.05±0.40 U/mg pro。SOD活力呈显著下降趋势,且以为害等级Ⅳ时SOD活力最低,为442.73±10.54 U/mg pro。【结论】黑刺粉虱为害对黄金芽茶叶中与抗性提高相关的生化物质咖啡碱、儿茶素含量均没有显著性影响,与抗逆补偿相关的游离氨基酸和可溶性糖含量也没有显著性变化,但茶多酚含量显著降低,3种抗氧化酶活性随为害等级升高呈现先升高后显著降低的趋势,说明黄金芽对黑刺粉虱的抵抗力较弱,需要加强黄金芽上黑刺粉虱发生的科学管理。     

Epigenetics and aging: the targets and the marks

'Aging epigenetics' is an emerging field that promises exciting revelations in the near future. Here we focus on the functional and biological significance of the epigenetic alterations that accumulate during aging and are important in tumorigenesis. Paradigmatic examples are provided by the global loss of DNA methylation in aging and cancer and by the promoter hypermethylation of genes with a dual role in tumor suppression and progeria, such as the Werner syndrome (WRN) and lamin A/C genes. Another twist is provided by sirtuins, a family of NAD-dependent deacetylases that act on Lys16 of histone H4, which are emerging as a link between cellular transformation and lifespan.     

Biophysics and Structure of the Patch and the Gigaseal

Interpreting channel behavior in patches requires an understanding of patch structure and dynamics, especially in studies of mechanosensitive channels. High resolution optical studies show that patch formation occurs via blebbing that disrupts normal membrane structure and redistributes in situ components including ion channels. There is a 1-2 μm region of the seal below the patch where proteins are excluded and this may consist of extracted lipids that form the gigaseal. Patch domes often have complex geometries with inhomogeneous stresses due to the membrane-glass adhesion energy (E_a), cytoskeletal forces, and possible lipid subdomains. The resting tension in the patch dome ranges from 1-4 mN/m, a significant fraction of the lytic tension of a bilayer (∼10 mN/m). Thus, all patch experiments are conducted under substantial, and uneven, resting tension that may alter the kinetics of many channels. E_a seems dominated by van der Waals attraction overlaid with a normally repulsive Coulombic force. High ionic strength pipette saline increased E_a and, surprisingly, increased cytoskeletal rigidity in cell-attached patches. Low pH pipette saline also increased E_a and reduced the seal selectivity for cations, presumably by neutralizing the membrane surface charge. The seal is a negatively charged, cation selective, space with a resistance of ∼7 gigohm/μm in 100 mM KCl, and the high resistivity of the space may result from the presence of high viscosity glycoproteins. Patches creep up the pipette over time with voltage independent and voltage dependent components. Voltage-independent creep is expected from the capillary attraction of E_a and the flow of fresh lipids from the cell. Voltage-dependent creep seems to arise from electroosmosis in the seal. Neutralization of negative charges on the seal membrane with low pH decreased the creep rate and reversed the direction of creep at positive pipette potentials.     

Serology and systematics of the Ebenales and the Theales

The systematic position ofthe Ebenaceae, Sapotaceae, Styracaceae, Ochnaceae, Stachyuraceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae has been investigated using serological comparisons of sets of antigenic determinants. The results show that the Sytracaceae and Sapotaceae are undoubtedly more closely associated with the Actinidiaeceae and Theaceae, respectively, than with each other. We found no corresponding determinants betnween antigen systems from the Ebenaceae and systems from any other family whose relations to this family have been proposed. As discovered previously, investigations of antigen systems from the Ochnaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Stachyuraceae, Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae are against the idea of a natural order “Theales” in which these families, or at least some of them, are combined with the Theaceae and Actinidiaceae. This paper completes our previous investigations which largely support a superorder Ericanae sensu Ehrendorfer and Takhtajan. We propose to include the Actinidiaceae and Theaceae in this superorder, assigning them a central position laong with the Sapotaceae and Sytracaeae on one side and the Primulales and Ericales on the other. Another most interesting finding is that there are corresponding determinants between antigen systems from the members of the Ericanae and representatives of the Polemoniaceae and Loasaceae.     

On the structure and dynamics of the complex of the nucleosome and the linker histone

Several different models of the linker histone (LH)–nucleosome complex have been proposed, but none of them has unambiguously revealed the position and binding sites of the LH on the nucleosome. Using Brownian dynamics-based docking together with normal mode analysis of the nucleosome to account for the flexibility of two flanking 10 bp long linker DNAs (L-DNA), we identified binding modes of the H5-LH globular domain (GH5) to the nucleosome. For a wide range of nucleosomal conformations with the L-DNA ends less than 65 Å apart, one dominant binding mode was identified for GH5 and found to be consistent with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments. GH5 binds asymmetrically with respect to the nucleosomal dyad axis, fitting between the nucleosomal DNA and one of the L-DNAs. For greater distances between L-DNA ends, docking of GH5 to the L-DNA that is more restrained and less open becomes favored. These results suggest a selection mechanism by which GH5 preferentially binds one of the L-DNAs and thereby affects DNA dynamics and accessibility and contributes to formation of a particular chromatin fiber structure. The two binding modes identified would, respectively, favor a tight zigzag chromatin structure or a loose solenoid chromatin fiber.     

Baculoviruses and apoptosis: the good, the bad, and the ugly

Since 1991, when a baculovirus was first shown to inhibit apoptosis of its host insect cells, considerable contributions to our knowledge of apoptosis have arisen from the study of these viruses and the anti-apoptotic genes they encode. Baculovirus anti-apoptotic genes include p35, which encodes the most broadly acting caspase inhibitor protein known, and iap (inhibitor of apoptosis) genes, which were the first members of an evolutionarily conserved gene family involved in regulation of apoptosis and cytokinesis in organisms ranging from yeast to humans. Baculoviruses also provide an ideal system to study the effects of an apoptotic response on viral pathogenesis in an animal host. In this review, I discuss a number of interesting recent developments in the areas of apoptotic regulation by baculoviruses and the effects of apoptosis on baculovirus replication and pathogenesis.     

Connections between the globus pallidus and putamen and the hypothalamus and subthalamus

In 16 adult cats with electrolytically destructed external and internal parts of the globus pallidus and in 8 cats with destructed putamen direct strio-pallido-hypothalamic and strio-pallido-subthalamic pathways have been studied. Degeneration of the axonal preterminals and terminals have been examined in preparations treated after Nauta--Gygax, Nauta--Laidlow, Finck--Heimer with simultaneous additional staining of the nuclei with cresyl violet after Kawamura--Niimi. Direct pallido- and putamen-hypothalamic pathways to nuclei of the grey tubercle, posterior and lateral nuclei of the hypothalamus were stated. Direct pathways from the putamen to the subthalamic nucleus have been revealed, however, these pathways are represented in less degree than those of pallido-subthalamic connections. Direct pathways from the external portion of the globus pallidus and putamen to the subthalamic nucleus are more pronounced and represented by greater numbers of projections than those of strio-pallido-hypothalamic origin.     

The Choroid Plexuses and the Barriers Between the Blood and the Cerebrospinal Fluid

1. The fluid homeostasis of the brain depends both on the endothelial blood–brain barrier and on the epithelial blood–cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier located at the choroid plexuses and the outer arachnoid membrane.2. The brain has two fluid environments: the brain interstitial fluid, which surrounds the neurons and glia, and the CSF, which fills the ventricles and external surfaces of the central nervous system.3. CSF acts as a fluid cushion for the brain and as a drainage route for the waste products of cerebral metabolism.4. Recent findings suggest that CSF may also act as a third circulation conveying substances secreted into the CSF rapidly to many brain regions.