不同生育阶段夜温升高对双季水稻产量的影响

利用两间玻璃温室内夜间不同的温度条件,研究了水稻不同生育阶段的夜温升高对双季早、晚稻产量的影响.结果表明：播种-幼穗分化（一次枝梗分化期）期间夜温升高,有利于双季水稻的分蘖,植株有效穗数显著增加,平均夜间最低温度每升高1 ℃,双季早、晚稻的产量分别提高10.02%～13.18%和6.52%～7.78%（P＜0.01）;幼穗分化-抽穗（10%稻穗抽出剑叶鞘）期间夜温升高,导致颖花退化,使每穗发育颖花数减少,平均夜间最低温度每升高1 ℃,双季早、晚稻的产量分别下降3.76%～6.67%和3.66%～6.94%（P＜0.01）;灌浆结实期（抽穗-成熟）夜温升高,双季早稻的结实率和产量显著下降,而双季晚稻的结实率和产量显著提高,平均夜间最低温度每升高1 ℃,双季早稻的产量下降2.07%～5.61%（P＜0.05）,双季晚稻的产量提高1.63%～2.28%（P＜0.05）.表明不同生育阶段的夜温升高对双季水稻产量的影响存在明显差异.     

不同生育阶段夜温升高对双季水稻物质生产与养分吸收的影响

利用2间玻璃室内夜间不同的温度条件,研究了水稻生长期间夜温升高对双季早、晚稻物质生产和养分积累的影响.结果表明:播种-幼穗分化期夜温升高增加早稻的干物质积累,而减少晚稻的干物质积累;幼穗分化期-抽穗的夜温升高对早、晚稻的干物质积累均有一定的负作用;抽穗后的夜温升高对早稻物质生产影响较小,但降低其茎鞘物质的转运,而晚稻的干物质生产和茎鞘物质的转运均提高.在早稻幼穗分化前夜温适度升高有利于提高根系活力,促进植株养分的积累,但不利于晚稻植株养分的积累;幼穗分化-抽穗期间的夜温升高均不利于早、晚稻植株的养分积累;灌浆结实期的夜温升高会造成早稻根系早衰,不利于养分吸收,但有利于保持晚稻根系较高活力,促进养分吸收.试验证明,不同生育阶段的夜温升高对双季水稻不同生育阶段的干物质生产和养分吸收的影响是不同的.     

夜间增温对江苏不同年代水稻主栽品种生育期和产量的影响

采用开放式主动增温系统,在江苏省丹阳市开展夜间增温试验,研究夜间温度升高对江苏1970s—2000s 8个主要推广水稻品种生育期和产量的影响.结果表明:不同年代水稻品种的主要生长特性对夜间增温的响应程度存在明显差异,但响应趋势基本一致.全生育期内水稻冠层夜间温度平均升高0.9℃,水稻始穗期平均提前1.1 d,全生育期缩短1.3 d.夜间增温下,花后总绿叶面积和剑叶面积呈下降趋势,成熟期生物学产量和籽粒产量分别平均降低了3.5%和5.1%,植株N含量也降低.产量构成分析发现,夜间增温主要通过降低水稻有效穗数和穗粒数使产量下降,单位面积总颖花数下降了12.6%.品种间并未随年代发展而出现明显的变化趋势,新老品种间差异不显著.     

开放式空气CO2浓度增高对水稻产量形成的影响

在大田栽培条件下,研究开放式空气CO₂浓度增加(FACE)200μmol·mol^-1的处理对水稻产量及产量构成因素的影响.结果表明,FACE处理对水稻株高和主茎叶片数没有明显影响,但使水稻生育进程加快,全生育期显著缩短,增加施N量可减缓FACE处理对水稻全生育期缩短的程度;FACE处理能显著增加分蘖数,极显著增加穗数,提高结实率,但使每穗颖花数显著减少;FACE处理能显著提高水稻产量,在高N条件下增产幅度更大;提高FACE处理的每穗颖花数和单位面积颖花数能极显著提高水稻产量,增加施N量是提高FACE处理每穗颖花数和单位面积颖花数的重要措施.     

开放式昼夜不同增温对单季稻影响的试验研究

全球变暖趋势日益明朗,且存在明显的季节性差异和昼夜不对称性。水稻是我国最重要的粮食作物,研究水稻生产力对昼夜不同增温的响应与适应对我国未来粮食安全战略决策至关重要。为此,作者在江苏南京设计我国首个稻田开放式增温（FATI：Free Air Temperature Increased) 系统,在2007—2008年对水稻进行昼夜不同增温（全天增温、白天增温和夜间增温）的试验研究。结果表明,该增温系统可以形成4 m2均匀且稳定的增温范围,全天、白天和夜间增温处理平均分别可以使水稻全生育期冠层日均温升高2.0℃、0.6℃和0.9℃。白天增温使水稻全生育期冠层白天温度平均升高1.1℃,夜间增温使夜间温度平均升高1.8℃,与未来的升温幅度相似。全天、白天和夜间增温处理下,水稻冠层温度日较差变化分别为0.1℃、0.6℃和-0.9℃。同时,在该系统的3种增温情景下,水稻分蘖期、孕穗期和灌浆期的田间冠层温度日变化趋势基本与常规对照区一致,全生育期的日平均温度变化趋势也基本一致。两年的增温试验表明,不同增温情景均对水稻的生育进程、成熟期地上生物量和产量产生了明显的影响。其中全天、白天和夜间增温分别使水稻从移栽到始穗平均的日期缩短3.5 d、2 d和2.5 d,但对始穗至成熟期的影响不明显;全天、白天和夜间增温分别使水稻地上生物量降低7.7%、6.6%和2.8%,但差异均不显著;白天和夜间增温分别使水稻产量下降8.9%和4.5%,而全天增温下水稻产量略有上升,但均未达到显著水平。从产量构成来看,增温下有效穗数和结实率呈现递增趋势,每穗粒数和千粒重呈现下降趋势。增温对水稻株高的影响不明显。上述结果表明,该稻田开放式增温系统能满足水稻系统生产力对未来气候变暖响应与适应的试验研究要求,气候变暖对水稻生产力影响的相关模型分析结果也尚需进一步的田间实际增温试验验证,模型所需的相关参数也需要进一步完善。     

氮肥和密度对双季杂交稻干物质积累和产量的影响

以早稻“陆两优996”,晚稻“Y两优86”为试验品种,设4个氮肥水平、3个栽插密度,研究了双季超级杂交稻在不同氮肥水平和栽插密度条件下的干物质积累、冠层光能截获率和产量及其构成因素的特性.结果表明:早晚稻产量与氮肥水平呈现单峰曲线关系,以中氮处理产量最高,分别为10245.04和11015.37 kg· hm-2,有效穗随施氮量的增加而增加,但每穗实粒数以中氮处理(早N135、晚N180)最高,分别达143.92和142.80粒·穗-1;3个栽插密度之间早晚稻产量差异不显著,且对早稻产量构成因子无显著影响,但对晚稻有效穗、结实率的影响有极显著差异,高密度处理有效穗高、结实率低,低密度处理有效穗低、结实率高;氮肥与密度互作对早晚稻产量均无显著影响,但从高产高效节氮栽培综合考虑,双季早稻“陆两优996”和晚稻“Y两优86”的适宜施氮量分别为135和180 kg· hm-2,栽插密度为45×104和30×l04穴·hm-2.     

开放式空气CO2浓度增高对水稻产量形成的影响

在大田栽培条件下 ,研究开放式空气CO2 浓度增加 (FACE) 2 0 0 μmol·mol-1的处理对水稻产量及产量构成因素的影响 .结果表明 ,FACE处理对水稻株高和主茎叶片数没有明显影响 ,但使水稻生育进程加快 ,全生育期显著缩短 ,增加施N量可减缓FACE处理对水稻全生育期缩短的程度 ;FACE处理能显著增加分蘖数 ,极显著增加穗数 ,提高结实率 ,但使每穗颖花数显著减少 ;FACE处理能显著提高水稻产量 ,在高N条件下增产幅度更大 ;提高FACE处理的每穗颖花数和单位面积颖花数能极显著提高水稻产量 ,增加施N量是提高FACE处理每穗颖花数和单位面积颖花数的重要措施 .     

光温因子与杂交水稻生态群体的产量和品质性状的典型相关分析

以54个杂交水稻组合的F₁生态群体为材料,应用典型相关分析方法分析了光温因子与杂交水稻的产量和品质性状的典型相关性.结果表明,光温因子与杂交水稻的产量构成因素、产量性状和品质性状间均有显著典型相关关系,尤其是营养生长期的光温因子与产量性状的第一典型相关系数为λ₁=0.9975^**,其相关信息占两组性状间总相关信息的99.96%,引起的产量变异为99.50%;光温因子主要通过对每穗实粒数、每穗总粒数和结实率的作用而影响杂交水稻的产量;不同生育期起主导作用的光温因子并不相同,营养生长期为积温和有效积温,生殖生长期为极端温差和日照时数;光温因子对杂交水稻品质性状的精米率和整精米率影响明显;不同生育期影响品质性状的主导光温因子不同,灌浆期前是积温,之后是极端温差和日照时数.     

UV-B辐射增强对水稻生长发育及其产量形成的影响

在盆载条件下,研究UV-B辐射（280-320nm）增强对3个不同类型水稻品种（组合）的生长发育及其产量构成的影响。结果表明,UV-B辐射增强明显抑制水稻生长,使株高变矮、分蘖数减少、叶面积和干物质量下降,但其抑制程度依品种、水稻所处的生长阶段的不同而不同;株高在苗期下降幅度最大,为9.4%-12.2%,干物质量在分蘖期下降幅度最大,地下部和地上部干物质量分别下降45.3%-59.8%、54.9%-59.0%,增强的UV-B辐射使水稻主茎不同叶位的出叶时间延迟,生育期延长,汕优63、南川、IR65600-85的抽穗时间分别比对照延迟2d、3d和7d,成熟期分别推迟3d、4d和9d,UV-B辐射增强明显降低水稻叶片的叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量,叶片叶绿素a荧光诱导动力学参数Fv、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo下降,与对照相比,汕优6.3、南川、IR65600-85叶片的净光合速率分别下降了11.9%、12.8%、29.7%,UV-B辐射增强使水稻每株有效穗、每穗总粒数、结实率、千粒重下降,最终导致水稻籽粒产量下降25.2%-31.1%。     

青菜/油菜茬口下水稻栽植方式对温光资源利用和产量的影响

轻简化栽培和优质稻是当前我国水稻生产的主要方向,气象因子是对水稻生长发育和产量形成影响最大的环境因素,但在不同轻简化栽植方式下水稻产量与其田间小气候的关系鲜有研究。为探究西南地区不同前作下杂交稻各生育阶段温、光和水等气候因子与水稻产量形成的关系,在2019—2020年,以杂交籼稻‘宜香优2115'为试验材料,采用两因素裂区设计,主区为青菜和油菜2种前作,副区为机直播、毯苗机插和人工移栽3种栽植方式,研究杂交稻产量对气候因子的响应及水稻植株对温光资源的利用。结果表明: 与油菜-水稻模式相比,青菜-水稻模式下杂交稻积温生产效率和降水生产效率显著提高,进而提高了有效穗数、结实率和千粒重,2年产量分别提高了12.7%和8.3%。与人工移栽相比,机插稻提高了单位面积有效穗数、全生育期光能生产效率、积温生产效率、籽粒光能利用效率和降水生产效率,2年平均产量提高了4.6%;而机直播全生育期降水生产效率、光能生产效率、积温生产效率、籽粒光能利用效率、每穗粒数和千粒重都显著降低,导致2年平均产量下降了8.7%。与2019年相比,2020年机插稻和人工移栽稻在同一茬口下提前一个月播种造成花后生育期缩短、气温降低和降雨量增多,导致有效积温和光辐射量大幅减少,积温生产效率、光能生产效率、降水生产效率和籽粒光能利用效率以及每穗粒数、结实率和千粒重均大幅降低,进而导致产量严重降低。用偏最小二乘法回归分析建立的气象因子产量预报方程标准化回归系数显示,水稻产量与阶段生育期或全生育期内有效积温和总辐射量呈正相关关系,与全生育期内降水量呈显著负相关关系。综上,青菜-水稻模式下机插秧与西南地区稻季光温资源匹配度最高,更有利于温光资源的充分利用和获得高产,但不宜过早播种或移栽。     

Exercise-induced hormone responses in girls at different stages of sexual maturation

The dependence of exercise-induced hormone responses on sexual maturation was tested in a 3-year longitudinal experiment on 34 girls (aged 11–12 years at the beginning). Sexual maturation was evaluated by Tanners five-stage scale. Children cycled for 20-min at 60% maximal oxygen uptake once a year. Cortisol, insulin, growth hormone, β-oestradiol, progesterone and testosterone concentrations in venous blood were determined by radioimmunoassay procedures. Basal concentrations of growth hormone increased and of cortisol decreased when breast stage III was reached. Reaching breast stage IV was associated with an increase in basal concentrations of β-oestradiol, progesterone and testosterone. The exercise induced significant increases in concentrations of cortisol, growth hormone and β-oestradiol and a decrease in insulin concentration. At breast stage III the increase in cortisol concentration was to a lower level [467 (SEM 42) vs 567 (SEM 46)nmol · l⁻¹] and growth hormone concentration to a higher level [29.4 (SEM 0.5) vs 12.8 (SEM 0.4)ng · ml⁻¹], while the fall in insulin concentration was less pronounced [postexercise level 10.6 (SEM 0.9) vs 7.8 (SEM 0.8)mU · l⁻¹] than in stage II. The magnitude of the cortisol response was reduced in the last stage of breast development (+42.1% vs +55.5% at stage II, +66.2% at stage III, and +50.0% at stage IV). The magnitude of β-oestradiol response was the lowest in breast stage IV (+15.8%) and the highest at stage V (+41.1%). The progesterone response became significant at stage IV and testosterone response at stage V. In conclusion, we found that reaching breast stage III was associated with altered responses of cortisol, insulin and growth hormone concentrations while the responses of the sex hormone concentrations became pronounced in the last stages of sexual maturation. Accepted: 17 September 1997     

Photoprotection of phytochrome

High-fluence-rate white light is shown to retard the degradation of phytochrome in etiolated seedlings of four different species: Amaranthus caudatus, Phaseolus radiatus (mung bean), Pisum sativum (garden pea), and Avena sativa (oat). In Amaranthus, a high photon fluence rate (approx. 1000 mol · m^-2 · s^-1) preserved nearly 50% of the total phytochrome over a period of 5 h; at 3 mol · m^-2 · s^-1, less than 8% remained over the same period. Kinetics of the loss of total phytochrome could be interpreted in terms of two populations, one with rapid, and one with slow, turnover rates. A log-linear relationship between fluence rate and proportion of slowly degrading phytochrome was observed; a similar relationship between fluence rate and the amount of phytochrome remaining after a 5-h light treatment was seen. In mung bean, although two populations of differing degradation rates were not resolvable, a similar log-linear relationship between fluence rate and amount remaining after a standard light treatment was evident. Detailed kinetic analyses were not performed with peas and oats, but comparisons of low and high fluence rates demonstrated that photoprotection was similarly effective in these species. In Amaranthus, transfer from high to low fluence rate was accompanied by a rapid increase in degradation rate, indicating that the retarding effect of high-fluence-rate light is not a consequence of the disablement of the degradative machinery.Immunochemical analyses confirmed the existence of photoprotection in all four species, and allowed the extension of the observations to periods of light treatment during which substantial chlorophyll production occurred. Considerable photoprotection was observed in oat seedlings exposed to summer sunlight. These results are interpreted in terms of the accumulation under high fluence rates of photoconversion intermediates not available to the degradative machinery which is specific for the far-red-absorbing form of phytochrome.Abbreviations Pfr far-red absorbing form of phytochrome - Po amount of phytochrome measured at time zero - Pt amount of phytochrome measured at time t - Ptot total phytochrome - WL white light     

论＂医德＂的基本范畴

医德是医疗卫生领域精神文明建设的重要部分,也是调整医务人员与病人、医务人员之间以及与社会之间关系的行为准则。医德范畴是指人们对现代医务人员职业道德和医患关系的总结,它不仅概括了医生所应履行的职责义务,而且反映着一段时间内医患关系的本质。本文通过对医德范畴内,医生的权利和义务、责任和良心、功力和荣誉、审慎和保密四类问题的阐述,探讨当下医生在工作中应该保持何种心态,如何与患者进行沟通,以期更好地提供医疗服务。     

Regulation of cellular immune responses by selenium

Selenium (Se) is an essential nutritional factor that affects the development and expression of cell-mediated immune responses directed toward malignant cells. These studies have shown that dietary (2 ppm for 8 wk) or in in vitro (1×10⁻⁷ M) supplementation with Se (as sodium selenite) results in a significant enhancement of the proliferative responses of spleen lymphocytes from C57B1/6J mice in response to stimulation with mitogen or antigen. Se deficiency (0.02 ppm for 8 wk) had the opposite effect. The alterations in the ability of the cells to proliferate, which occurred in the absence of changes in the endogenous levels of interleukin-2 (II₂) or interleukin 1, were apparently related to the ability of Se to alter the kinetics of expression of high-affinity Il₂ receptors on the surface of activated lymphocytes. This resulted in an enhanced or delayed clonal expansion of the cells, and in an increased or decreased frequency of cytotoxic cells within a given cell population. The changes in tumor cytotoxicity were paralleled by changes in the amounts of lymphotoxin produced by the activated cells. Dietary Se modulations had a comparable effect on macrophage-mediated tumor cytodestruction. The results also suggested that Se exerts its effect 8–24 h after stimulation, and that it most likely affects processes in the cytoplasmic and/or nuclear compartments of activated lymphocytes.     

Responses of soil bacterial and fungal communities to reciprocal transfers of soil between adjacent coniferous forest and meadow vegetation in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon

Little information exists on the responses of soil fungal and bacterial communities in high elevation coniferous forest/open meadow ecosystems of the northwest United States of America to treatments that impact vegetation and soil conditions. An experiment was conducted in which soil cores were reciprocally transplanted between immediately adjacent forests and meadows at two high elevation (∼1,600 m) sites (Carpenter and Lookout) in the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest located in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon. Half of the cores were placed in PVC pipe (closed) to prevent new root colonization, whereas the other cores were placed in mesh bags (open) to allow recolonization by fine roots. A duplicate set of open and closed soil cores was not transferred between sites and was incubated in place. After 2 year, soil cores were removed and changes in fungal and bacterial biomasses determined using light microscopy, and changes in microbial community composition determined by PLFA analysis, and by length heterogeneity PCR of the internal transcribed spacer region of fungal ribosomal DNA. At both sites soil microbial community structures had responded to treatments after 2 year of incubation. At Carpenter, both fungal and bacterial community structures of forest soil changed significantly in response to transfer from forest to meadow, with the shift in fungal community structure being accompanied by a significant decrease in the PLFA biomarker of fungal biomass,18:2ω6,9. At Lookout, both fungal and bacterial community structures of forest soil changed significantly in response to open versus closed core treatments, with the shift in the fungal community being accompanied by a significant decrease in the 18:2ω6,9 content of closed cores, and the shift in the bacterial community structure being accompanied by a significant increase in bacterial biomass of closed cores. At both sites, fungal community structures of meadow soils changed differently between open and closed cores in response to transfer to forest, and were accompanied by increases in the18:2ω6,9 content of open cores. Although there were no significant treatment effects on the bacterial community structure of meadow soil at either site, bacterial biomass was significantly higher in closed versus open cores regardless of transfer.     

Comparative study of major lipid constituents in human and monkey aorta

The contents of total lipids, phospholipids, cholesterol, triglyceride and free fatty acid in intima and media of thoracic and abdominal segments of aorta from normal human subjects and rhesus monkeys were determined. An increase in total lipids in intima as compared to that of media was noted in both species. A comparison of lipid contents of thoracic and abdominal segments from both species revealed that abdominal segment contained significantly greater lipid. Further, human thoracic and abdominal aortic intima and media had higher content of cholesterol as compared to that of monkey aorta. The differences in lipid profile in aorta of these two species have been highlighted to provide a clue with respect to the differences in the prevalence and morphology of atherosclerosis as seen in monkey and man.     

食用菌产业发展需要科学研究的强力支撑

我国是世界食用菌产业大国,产量占全球总产80%,拥有全球最多的食用菌基础科学和应用技术研究者,近年来在这两个领域都取得了显著成绩,但仍远远不能满足产业发展的科学需求。我国食用菌产业的发展需要科学研究的强力支持。本专刊集结了食用菌的资源与利用、遗传育种、组学分析、生理栽培、加工技术、活性成分、保健功效评价等方面的论文共计32篇。本刊论文还涉及了食用菌与病原菌的互作研究、野生菌的种类产地鉴定等方面的研究。     

关于苏北地区某三甲医院进口与国产医疗设备和耗材使用情况及反馈的研究．

目的：初步了解了进口与国产医疗设备与耗材的发展状况和使用反馈情况,并对国内医疗设备与耗材行业的发展提供合理化建议。方法：通过对苏北地区某三级甲等医院设备科工作人员、医生、护士长、患者及患者家属进行调研或访谈,并以调研和访谈的统计结果为依据得出结论并提出建议。结果：技术成熟的中小型医疗设备或耗材,从质量、价格等因素综合考虑,国内产品优于进口产品,一定程度上得到了医务人员和消费者的认可。在高端大中型医疗设备与耗材方面,进口产品具有较大的技术优势。结论：国内医疗设备生产企业应当积极开展研发工作,提高产品的技术含量与质量,巩固自身在中小型医疗设备与耗材方面的优势,并努力在高端大中型医疗设备与耗材方面取得突破。     

Electroporative deformation of salt filled lipid vesicles

Membrane electroporation, vesicle shape deformation and aggregation of small, NaCl-filled lipid vesicles (of radius a = 50 nm) in DC electric fields was characterized using conductometric and turbidimetrical data. At pulse durations t_E≤ 55 ± 5 ms the increase in the conductivity of the vesicle suspension is due to the field-induced efflux of electrolyte through membrane electropores. Membrane electroporation and Maxwell stress on the vesicle membrane lead to vesicle elongation concomitant with small volume reduction (up to 0.6% in an electric field of E = 1 MV m^–1). At t_E > 55 ± 5 ms, further increases in the conductivity and the optical density suggest electroaggregation and electrofusion of vesicles. The conductivity changes after the electric pulse termination reflect salt ion efflux through slowly resealing electropores. The analysis of the volume reduction kinetics yields the bending rigidity κ = (4.1 ± 0.3) ⋅ 10^–20 J of the vesicle membrane. If the flow of Na⁺ and Cl^– ions from the vesicle interior is treated in terms of Hagen-Poiseuille's equation, the number of permeable electropores is N = 39 per vesicle with mean pore radius r_p = 0.85 ± 0.05 nm at E = 1 MVm^–1 and t_E≤ 55 ± 5 ms. The turbidimetric and conductometric data suggest that small lipid vesicles (a ≤ 50 nm) are not associated with extensive membrane thermal undulations or superstructures. In particular with respect to membrane curvature, the vesicle results are suggestive for the design and optimization of electroporative delivery of drugs and genes to cell tissue at small field strengths (≤1 MVm^–1) and large pulse durations (≤100 ms). Received: 8 July 1997 / Accepted: 15 September 1997