不同海带品系抗氧化系统活性与耐热性的相关性研究

以山东沿海广泛培育的两个海带品系耐高温海带901(简称901)和热敏感海带荣成1号(简称RC)为实验材料,研究不同温度条件下其抗氧化系统活性与耐热性状的相关性.结果表明,常温条件下(10℃)901与RC抗氧化系统的基础活性与耐热性状间无显著相关.高温胁迫条件下(18℃)RC体内的活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)含量快速升高,而901的ROS在整个胁迫过程中变化不大,说明ROS可能对高温氧化胁迫具有重要意义.RC的抗氧化系统对高温胁迫比901敏感,表现为出现活性有效抑制的时间和幅度都强于901.超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶和抗坏血酸和维生素E可能在保护海带细胞免受高温胁迫方面具有重要作用.901的叶绿素对高温胁迫的响应明显滞后于RC,叶绿素含量的半伤害时间可作为判定幼苗期901和RC耐热性的灵敏指标.导致不同品系海带耐热性差异的并非其抗氧化系统基础活性的高低,而是该系统对高温胁迫的应激性和敏感性差异.     

高温胁迫对粉带扦插苗形态和生理特征的影响

对粉带扦插苗进行高温处理,研究高温胁迫对其外观形态和生理生化指标的影响。结果表明,35℃高温胁迫或40℃高温胁迫短时间(2d)内,扦插苗受害指数和大部分生理生化指标均与对照差异不显著,粉带未产生热伤害;40℃高温胁迫长时间(3d)或45℃高温胁迫短时间(2d)内,粉带产生较严重的热伤害,但植株仍能自我调节和恢复,受害指数、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、Pro、MDA含量、SOD和CAT活性均急剧上升,叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量明显减少,POD活性略有降低;45℃高温胁迫3d,对粉带产生热伤害,各项生理生化指标急剧下降,40%的扦插苗整株萎蔫枯死,大部分植株已无法通过自身调节恢复。粉带叶片的叶绿素、Pro、MDA含量和POD活性在高温胁迫时变化明显,且4种指标与受害指数之间具有显著相关性,其相关系数绝对值均在0.88(P0.001)以上,可作为耐热性鉴定指标。     

外源亚精胺对高温下黄瓜幼苗叶片抗氧化系统的影响

以黄瓜热敏感品种‘长春密刺'和耐热品种‘津春4号'为试材,在人工气候箱内采用营养液栽培法研究了外源亚精胺(Spd)预处理对短期高温胁迫(42℃)下黄瓜幼苗叶片抗氧化系统的影响.结果显示:(1)随高温胁迫时间的延长,2个黄瓜品种幼苗叶片相对电导率升高、MDA含量增加,热敏感品种的膜脂过氧化程度大于耐热品种;高温胁迫4h,SOD活性降低,POD、CAT、APX活性升高,抗坏血酸(AsA)含量升高,类胡萝卜素(Car)含量降低,且随胁迫时间反映出耐热品种抗氧化系统的自我调节能力大于热敏感品种.(2)外源Spd预处理能有效抑制高温胁迫引起的膜脂过氧化伤害,增强SOD、POD、APX活性以及AsA和Car含量,增强植株抗氧化能力,且在热敏感品种上的应用效果优于耐热品种.研究表明,外源Spd预处理能有效提高黄瓜幼苗叶片处于高温胁迫时的抗氧化能力,对缓解高温胁迫有重要作用.     

枇杷果皮响应高温强光胁迫的蛋白质组分析

为探讨枇杷[Eriobotrya japonica(Thunb.)Lindl.]果皮在高温强光胁迫下的蛋白质组分变化,采用蛋白质组学方法分析了果实日灼抗性差的枇杷种质‘WDYDB’果皮蛋白质对高温强光胁迫的应答反应。结果表明,在自然高温强光胁迫与遮光处理(对照)下,枇杷果皮蛋白质双向电泳图谱中表达量差异在2倍以上的蛋白点共有31个;通过MALDI-TOF-TOF/MS质谱分析成功鉴定出26个差异蛋白点,包括11个下调蛋白和15个上调蛋白。根据这些蛋白功能,可将其分为防御应答、碳水化合物和能量代谢、光合作用、其它等4类蛋白。同时,对这些蛋白质在高温强光胁迫下的功能和作用进行了讨论。这些差异蛋白质参与了枇杷对高温强光胁迫的响应。     

高温胁迫对筛豆龟蝽成虫抗氧化能力的影响

为探索筛豆龟蝽Megacopta cribraria (Fabricius)对高温的耐受性及其体内抗氧化系统对极端高温胁迫的响应机制.以25℃为对照温度,经高温37℃、40℃、43℃和46℃胁迫处理4h后,测定筛豆龟蝽成虫存活率及其体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)的活性以及总抗氧化(T-AOC)能力和丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化.在37℃～46℃高温胁迫下,筛豆龟蝽成虫存活率与对照无显著差异,其体内SOD和CAT活性较对照组均显著增加,其中,SOD活性在37℃最高,随着温度进一步升高,其活性有所下降,但仍显著高于对照.CAT一直保持较高活性,随着处理温度的升高CAT活性呈逐渐升高趋势,在极端高温46℃时其活性最高.POD活性在37℃～ 40℃显著高于对照,43℃和46℃处理与对照无显著差异.T-AOC活性在各处理温度下均显著高于对照,且随着处理温度的升高T-AOC活性呈先升高后降低趋势.各处理MDA含量与对照无显著差异.筛豆龟蝽体内3种抗氧化酶的活力、总抗氧化能力和MDA在适应高温胁迫过程中发挥了重要作用.     

冷藏条件下白沙枇杷与红沙枇杷果皮活性氧代谢研究

为探讨红沙枇杷与白沙枇杷冷藏耐储性差异的原因,为枇杷采后生理和保鲜技术研究提供参考,以白沙枇杷"白玉"和红沙枇杷"鸡蛋红"为材料,在6℃的冷藏条件下,测定了果皮中氧自由基产生速率(oxygenfree radical production rate, SPR)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)等保护酶活性,以及膜脂过氧化伤害产物(MDA)的含量等活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)代谢相关指标的变化规律。表明,随着冷藏的进程,冷藏的前10 d,红沙枇杷果皮SPR高于白沙枇杷,10 d后红沙枇杷果皮SPR有所下降而白沙枇杷果皮则大幅上升,导致10 d后红沙枇杷果皮SPR低于白沙枇杷;冷藏后红沙枇杷果皮ROS相关酶(SOD, POD和CAT)活性高于白沙枇杷果皮,即其ROS清除能力高于白沙枇杷果皮;在冷藏5 d后白沙枇杷果皮膜脂过氧化伤害产物MDA含量持续上升,而红沙枇杷果皮则维持在较低水平并低于白沙枇杷果皮,说明白沙枇杷果皮膜脂过氧化程度较高。分析认为冷藏初期红沙枇杷果皮较高的氧自由基产生速率激活了ROS清除系统,导致红沙枇杷果皮具有更高的ROS清除能力;冷藏后期白沙枇杷果皮则出现了氧自由基和MDA的积累,暗示其膜脂过氧化的发生和果实内外环境的恶化。红沙枇杷和白沙枇杷果皮ROS代谢的差异与冷藏耐储性相关。     

2,4-表油菜素内酯对高温胁迫下甜瓜幼苗抗氧化酶活性和光合作用的影响

以耐热甜瓜品种红绿早脆和热敏感品种白玉香为材料,在人工气候箱内采用基质栽培法,研究了2,4-表油菜素内酯(EBR)处理对高温胁迫下甜瓜幼苗抗氧化酶活性和光合作用的影响.结果显示:EBR能有效促进高温胁迫下甜瓜幼苗的生长,增加保护酶活性,增强植株抗氧化能力,使脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量升高,丙二醛(MDA)含量下降,能有效缓解高温胁迫引起的膜脂过氧化伤害;同时,光合指标净光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs)升高,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)下降;叶绿素荧光参数初始荧光(F0)下降,最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、光系统Ⅱ光能捕获效率(Fv′/Fm′)和实际光化学效率(ФPSⅡ)升高,且热敏感品种白玉香变化幅度大于耐热品种红绿早脆.研究结果说明,EBR有利于甜瓜幼苗在高温胁迫下抗氧化酶活性的提高和对光能的捕获与转换,促进了甜瓜幼苗的生长,降低高温胁迫对甜瓜幼苗的抑制作用,且对热敏感品种白玉香效果大于耐热品种红绿早脆.     

高温胁迫对萝卜幼苗生长及相关基因表达的影响北大核心CSCD

该研究以耐热性较强的11162-3-1T-1和对热敏感的Wr129A2A1萝卜高代自交系为试材,对比分析40℃高温处理对萝卜幼苗的生长表型、光合特性、渗透调节、抗氧化能力以及热激胁迫相关基因表达情况的影响,以揭示萝卜苗期对高温胁迫的生理响应机制。结果表明:(1)在田间自然高温下,11162-3-1T-1长势正常,Wr129A2A1长势较弱、越夏死株率100%;人工40℃高温胁迫处理24 h后,11162-3-1T-1仍然保持绿色,在适温条件下恢复生长1周后全部成活,而Wr129A2A1脱水严重,植株萎蔫、干枯变黄、甚至整株枯死,适温下无法恢复。(2)两个萝卜品系苗期叶片光合系统Ⅱ的最大光化学量子产量(F_(v)/F_(m))和叶绿素含量在高温胁迫下均减少,但11162-3-1T-1的下降幅度明显较小。(3)在苗期高温胁迫下,两个品系叶片MDA和H_(2)O_(2)含量均升高,但11162-3-1T-1增幅明显较小;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性以及可溶性糖含量均呈不同程度增加,但11162-3-1T-1增幅更大;期间两个材料叶片中脯氨酸含量均未见明显变化。(4)在苗期高温胁迫下,两个品系叶片中热激胁迫相关基因RsHSP101、RsAPX2、RsSUS1、RsHSP25.3、RsHsfA2和RsGolS1表达量均呈不同程度增加,但11162-3-1T-1增幅更大。研究发现,耐热性萝卜品系11162-3-1T-1在苗期高温胁迫下的生长表型、光合特性、渗透调节能力、抗氧化能力以及热激胁迫相关基因表达等方面均比热敏感材料表现更佳,可作为培育优质早熟耐热萝卜新品种优良种质资源,该研究同时为萝卜耐高温机制解析提供了理论依据。     

褪黑素预处理对高温下猕猴桃幼苗抗氧化能力的影响

为了探明外源褪黑素对高温胁迫下猕猴桃幼苗耐热性的影响,以盆栽‘秦美’猕猴桃幼苗为材料,进行根灌褪黑素溶液和45℃高温胁迫处理,并测定相关抗逆生理指标。结果表明：(1)与高温对照相比,褪黑素预处理显著降低了猕猴桃幼苗叶片相对电导率和丙二醛含量,提高了脯氨酸含量以及过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性,且褪黑素溶液浓度在100~200 μmol·L^-1时效果较好。(2)褪黑素预处理显著增加了叶片中总酚、总黄酮和总黄烷醇含量,且幼苗的抗氧化能力(ABTS法、FRAP法和DPPH法)在胁迫过程中显著高于高温对照。研究认为,外源褪黑素可以通过提高植株体内抗氧化酶活性,非酶抗氧化物质如酚类物质和类黄酮物质含量以及渗透调节物质含量来增强植物的抗氧化能力,从而有效缓解高温对于猕猴桃幼苗的伤害,增强猕猴桃幼苗的耐热性。     

四季桂抗氧化防御系统对干旱、高温及协同胁迫的响应

以天香台阁四季桂(Osmanthus fragrans cv. ‘Tian Xiang TaiGe’)为材料, 研究干旱(轻度、中度和重度)、高温(40°C)及干旱高温协同胁迫对四季桂叶片抗氧化防御系统的影响。结果显示, 干旱胁迫下, 四季桂活性氧(ROS)逐渐积累, 膜脂过氧化程度加深; 轻度和中度干旱胁迫下, 抗氧化酶活性显著升高; 重度干旱胁迫下, 抗坏血酸(AsA)及其还原力(AsA/DHA)显著降低, 谷胱甘肽(GSH)及其还原力(GSH/GSSG)以及抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽(AsA-GSH)循环相关酶活性呈先上升后下降的趋势, 在中度干旱胁迫时达到峰值。高温胁迫显著增强ROS积累、抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化剂含量及AsA-GSH循环效率。干旱高温协同胁迫下, 四季桂所受伤害大于单一胁迫, ROS在抗氧化酶的作用下增幅减缓; 随着胁迫强度的加剧, AsA-GSH循环效率呈先增加后下降的趋势, 重度协同胁迫时显著降低, 无法维持氧化还原平衡。四季桂在干旱高温胁迫下能快速启动体内抗氧化防御系统, 清除体内过量的ROS, 增加机体还原力, 以减缓胁迫带来的伤害。     

Vermicomposting in the management of pig-waste in Hong Kong

The treatment and disposal of pig-waste in Hong Kong has received much attention in recent years but, following any of the presently used treatment processes, solids remain to be further stabilized. Vermicomposting is a waste stabilization technique which converts waste into potentially recyclable materials such as worm protein and worm casts. The earthworm, Pheretima asiatica, can stabilize most of the solids arising from the treatment of pig-waste, including raw pig manure, suggesting that vermicomposting has a high potential as a unit process in the management of pig-waste in Hong Kong.S.H. Wong is with the Environmental Protection Department, Hong Kong; and D.A. Griffiths is with the Department of Botany, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.     

Removal of wastewater pathogen indicators in a constructed wetland in Leon, Spain

This paper studies the seasonal presence and removal of the pathogenous micro-organisms Escherichia coli, total coliforms (TC), Clostridium perfringens (Cp), faecal streptococci (FS), Giardia cysts, Cryptosporidium oocysts and helminth eggs, in a constructed wetland treatment system. The removal efficiency of this system with respect to the indicator micro-organisms achieved maximum values in spring and autumn at 99.9% for E. coli and TC, respectively, in winter at 97.0% for FS, in summer at 100% for Clostridium and throughout the year, also at 100%, in the case of Giardia cysts, Cryptosporidium oocysts and helminth eggs. In general, very low protozoan and helminth egg counts were found, and the system demonstrated efficient reduction of the wastewater indicator pathogens.     

Inbreeding in a french peasant population

Genealogical pedigrees were collected from 976 farming couples who lived in a canton of central France in the XIXth and XXth century. Several methods (genealogical, isonymic and probability of origin of genes) were used to appraise the evolution of the biological structure of this population, which has gone through two phases. The first phase from 1800 to the World War I, shows gene flows between the farming population of the canton and those of neighbouring rural districts which are linked to an increase in consanguineous marriages. The second phase, from 1920 onwards, shows important gene flow from distant areas. This trend implies a decrease in consanguineous marriages.     

Lactic acid bacteria in fermented foods in Thailand

Traditional fermented foods (fish, meat and vegetable products), produced by many different processes, are eaten in many parts of Thailand. Lactic acid bacteria are responsible for the souring and ripening of these foods. Homofermentative strains of Lactobacillus pentosus, L. plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus are dominant in foods with low salt concentrations whereas P. halophilus strains are present in foods containing high salt. Strains of Lactobacillus sake, other Lactobacillus spp., P. acidilactici and P. urinaeequi are frequently found. Heterofermentative strains of L. brevis, L. confusus, L. fermentum, L. vaccinostercus, other Lactobacillus spp., and of Leuconostoc spp. are distributed as minor bacteria and strains of Staphylococcus, Enterococcus and Halobacterium are occasionally isolated.S. Tanasupawat is with the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; K. Komagata is with the Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Sakuragaoka 1-1-1, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156, Japan.     

New species and new combinations in Peruvian Orchidaceae

seventeen new species and combinations are proposed in the generaChondrorhyncha, Cischweinfia, Cochlioda, Eloyella, Encyclia, Kefersteinia, Koellensteinia, Macroclinium, Rodriguezia, Solenidiopsis, andStenia. All new species are illustrated. A key is provided for 2-flowered species ofMacroclinium, PeruvianSigmatostalix, and PeruvianStenia. Solenidium (Solenidiopsis) peruvianum Schltr. is lectotypified.     

Phylogenetic relationships in theCampanulales based onrbcL sequences

Phylogenetic relationships within the angiosperm orderCampanulales were investigated by comparative sequencing of the chloroplast generbcL. CompleterbcL sequences were obtained for ten species in six families within the order. These data were analyzed along with previously publishedrbcL sequences from other taxa (for a total of 117 species) within the subclassAsteridae and outgroups, producing 32 equally parsimonious trees. A subset consisting of 44 of these taxa was then chosen and more rigorous analyses performed, resulting in four equally parsimonious trees. Results indicate that two major clades roughly corresponding to traditionally circumscribedAsterales andCampanulales exist as sister taxa. In particular, therbcL trees indicate thatSphenoclea is not a member ofCampanulales orAsterales, thatPentaphragma is more closely allied toAsterales thanCampanulales, that theCyphiaceae are not monophyletic, thatCampanulaceae andLobeliaceae are not sister taxa, and thatStylidiaceae are correctly placed withinCampanulales.     

Nectary structure and nectar characteristics in someBignoniaceae

The nectary structure and chemical nectar composition of 15 species belonging to 12 genera ofBignoniaceae are analyzed. All taxa bear a conspicuous nuptial nectary surrounding the ovary base. The secretory tissue is mostly supplied by phloem branches. The stomata are located in the middle and upper part of the nectary epidermis with an homogeneous distribution. The nuptial nectary is proportionally large in relation to the ovary (15–30%), disregarding the nectary volume. Most species have extranuptial nectaries in both inner and outer surfaces of the calyx. Both kinds of nectaries lack a vascular tissue that straightly supplies them. Nuptial nectar concentration (wt/wt) ranges from 19 to 68%. Sugars and amino acids are found in all species. Half of the species have hexose predominant nectars, the remaining sucrose predominant. Phenols are detected in only three species, whereas reducing acids exclusively inTecoma stans. Alkaloids and lipids were never detected. Extranuptial nectar chemical composition is analyzed in two species:Dolichandra cynanchoides andPodranea ricasoliana. Bees constitute the main flower visitors of the species studied whereas hummingbirds were seen visiting three species. A correlation analysis is performed with the data obtained. There are a few significant correlations which indicate a parallel increase of three parameters: the longer the flower length, the more voluminous the nectary and the higher stomata number, independently of the floral biotype. Phenograms are obtained using 24 floral characters including nectary and nectar data. The clusters obtained do not reflect taxonomic relationships but are useful in the understanding of animal-plant interactions when the flower biotype is considered.This paper is based on a chapter of a doctoral thesis presented at the University of Córdoba (Argentina).     

Synthetic oligonucleotide probes for detection of mercury-resistance genes in environmental freshwater microbial communities in response to pollutants

Mercury-resistance genes were detected byin situ hybridization using new synthetic oligonucleotide probes specific formerA andmerB genes according to the published sequences of the corresponding enzymes. These DNA probes were used for the detection of specific mercury-resistant microorganisms isolated from the Rhine River which had been polluted 3 years previously in 1986. Mercuric reductase and organomercurial lyase genes persist in the bacterial genome even after the disappearance of the pollutant but are absent in axenic amoebae. A total of 49 bacterial isolates showed DNA homologies with the³²P-labelled DNA probes and 15 free-living amoebae were selected due to their harboured symbiotic mercury-resistant bacteria.     

Mycoflora of Argentinian corn harvested in the main production area in 1990

Corn (Zea mays) is the main cereal produced in and exported from Argentina. The risk of contamination by mycotoxins is related to the mycoflora associated with the corn kernels. This paper reports on the identification of internal and external mycoflora of corn kernels harvested in the main production area in Argentina in 1990. A mycological survey was carried out on 178 corn samples, from five locations in that area and the isolation frequency and relative density of the prevalent fungal genera compared. GenusFusarium was the most prevalent component of the internal seedborne mycoflora in the five locations.Penicillium was prevalent in all locations, taking into account the frequency. However, this genus was predominant only in two locations, when the relative density was considered. The predominantFusarium wasF. moniliforme and the most frequently isolated species ofAlternaria, Aspergillus andPenicillium wereA. alternata, A. flavus andP. decumbens, respectively.Diplodia species were not isolated from any of the samples.     

The role of natural enemies in controllingIcerya purchasi in South Australia

The obscure occurrence of the cottony-cushion scaleIcerya purchasi Maskell in its native country Australia is generally attributed to its natural enemies. Twelve natural-enemy-exclusion experiments were conducted at monthly intervals to confirm the role of natural enemies. Each experiment had uncaged, open-caged, and caged treatments. The natural enemies were active throughout the year. The percentage of scales surviving to adults in the cages was significantly higher than in the open-caged treatments, except the April (first) cohort. In both open-caged and uncaged treatments, the percentage of scales surviving to adults was similar and matched the changes in the numbers of natural enemies, thus confirming their importance in controllingI. purchasi in South Australia.