<Emphasis Type="Italic">Paenibacillus seodonensis</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from a plant of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Campanula</Emphasis>

Strain DCT-19^T, representing a Gram-stain-positive, rodshaped, aerobic bacterium, was isolated from a native plant belonging to the genus Campanula on Dokdo, the Republic of Korea. Comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that this strain was closely related to Paenibacillus amylolyticus NRRL NRS-290^T (98.6%, 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Paenibacillus tundrae A10b^T (98.1%), and Paenibacillus xylanexedens NRRL B-51090^T (97.6%). DNADNA hybridization indicated that this strain had relatively low levels of DNA-DNA relatedness with P. amylolyticus NRRL NRS-290^T (30.0%), P. xylanexedens NRRL B-51090^T (29.0%), and P. tundrae A10b^T (24.5%). Additionally, the genomic DNA G + C content of DCT-19^T was 44.8%. The isolated strain grew at pH 6.0–8.0 (optimum, pH 7.0), 0–4% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0%), and a temperature of 15–45°C (optimum 25–30°C). The sole respiratory quinone in the strain was menaquinone-7, and the predominant fatty acids were C_15:0 anteiso, C_16:0 iso, and C_16:0. In addition, the major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. Based on its phenotypic properties, genotypic distinctiveness, and chemotaxonomic features, strain DCT-19^T is proposed as a novel species in the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus seodonensis sp. nov. is proposed (=KCTC 43009^T =LMG 30888^T). The type strain of Paenibacillus seodonensis is DCT-19^T.     

Paenibacillus thermophilus sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from a sediment of hot spring in Fujian province, China

A Gram-positive, thermophilic, strictly aerobic bacterium, designated WP-1^T, was isolated from a sediment sample from a hot spring in Fujian province of China and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Cells of strain WP-1^T were rods (~0.6–0.8 × 2.5–3.5 μm) and motile by means of peritrichous flagella. Endospores were ellipsoidal in terminal or subterminal positions. Strain WP-1^T grew at 37–60 °C (optimum 42–45 °C), 0–3 % NaCl (optimum 1 %, w/v) and pH 3.0–9.0 (optimum pH 6.5–7.0). The predominant menaquinone was MK-7. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C_15:0, iso-C_16:0, C_16:0 and anteiso-C_17:0. The polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, two glycolipids, two unidentified phospholipids and two unknown polar lipids. The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid (meso-DAP). The G + C content of the genomic DNA was 52.5 %. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain WP-1^T is a member of the genus Paenibacillus and exhibited sequence similarity of 99.3 % to Paenibacillus macerans DSM 24^T and both strains represented a separate lineage from all other Paenibacillus species. However, the level of DNA–DNA relatedness between strain WP-1^T and P. macerans DSM 24^T was 34.0 ± 4.7 %. On the basis of phylogenetic, physiological and chemotaxonomic analysis data, strain WP-1^T is considered to represent as a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus thermophilus sp. nov., is proposed, with the type strain WP-1^T (=DSM 24746^T = JCM 17693^T = CCTCC AB 2011115^T).     

Paenibacillus brassicae sp. nov., isolated from cabbage rhizosphere in Beijing, China

A novel Gram-positive, rod-shaped, motile, spore-forming, nitrogen-fixing bacterium, designated strain 112^T, was isolated from cabbage rhizosphere in Beijing, China. The strain was found to grow at 10–40 °C and pH 4–11, with an optimum of 30 °C and pH 7.0, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on a fragment of the full-length 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain 112^T is a member of the genus Paenibacillus. High levels of 16S rRNA gene similarities were found between strain 112^T, Paenibacillus sabinae DSM 17841^T (97.82 %) and Paenibacillus forsythiae DSM 17842^T (97.22 %). However, the DNA–DNA hybridization values between strain 112^T and the type strains of these two species were 10.36 and 6.28 %, respectively. The predominant menaquinone was found to be menaquinone 7 (MK-7). The major fatty acids were determined to be anteiso-C_15:0 and C_16:0. The major polar lipids were found to be diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and unknown aminophospholipids. The cell wall peptidoglycan was found to contain meso-diaminopimelic acid. The DNA G+C content was determined to be 55.4 mol%. On the basis of its phenotypic characteristics, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and the value of DNA–DNA hybridization, strain 112^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus brassicae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 112^T (= ACCC 01125^T = DSM 24983^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Paenibacillus albilobatus</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from acidic soil on Jeju Island

A rod-shaped, white color colony with lobate architectures, strain h2^T was isolated from a moderately acidic soil on Jeju Island, Republic of Korea. Comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that the strain h2^T is closely related to Paenibacillus relictisesami DSM 25385^T (97.4%, 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Paenibacillus azoreducens KACC 11244^T (97.2%), and Paenibacillus cookii LMG 18419^T (97.0%). DNA-DNA hybridization indicated that the strain h2^T has relatively low levels of DNA-DNA relatedness with respect to P. relictisesami DSM 25385^T (10.2%) and P. azoreducens KACC 11244^T (13.7%). Additionally, the genomic DNA G + C content of h2^T is 51.5 mol%. The isolated strain grew at pH 4.0–9.0 (optimum, pH 6.0–7.0) and 0–5% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0%) and a temperature of 15–45°C (optimum 35°C). The quinones in the strain are MK-6 and MK-7, and the predominant fatty acid is C_15:0 anteiso (32.1%) followed by C_17:0 anteiso (26.5%), and C_16:0 iso (21.0%). Based on its phenotypic properties, genotypic distinctiveness, and chemotaxonomic features, strain h2^T is proposed as a novel species in the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus albilobatus sp. nov. is proposed (= KCCM 43269^T = JCM 32395^T = LMG 30408^T). The type strain of Paenibacillus albilobatus is h2^T.     

Isolation of Paenibacillus pinesoli sp. nov. from forest soil in Gyeonggi-Do,Korea

Using a new culture method for unculturable soil bacteria, strain NB5^T was isolated from forest soil at Kyonggi University, and characterized taxonomically on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence as well as phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics. The novel strain was a Gram- and catalase-positive, rod-shaped bacterium, which grew in the pH range 6.0–9.5 (optimum, 6.5–9.5) and at temperatures between 15°C and 45°C (optimum, 25–40°C). Growth was possible at 0–5% NaCl (optimum, 0% to 3%) in nutrient, Luria-Bertani, and trypticase soy broths (TSB), as well as R2A medium (with optimal growth in TSB). A phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that the novel strain was affiliated with the genus Paenibacillus and had 96.8% and 96.5% similarity to P. nanensis MX2-3^T and P. agaridevorans DSM 1355^T, respectively. The predominant menaquinone in NB5^T was MK-7; the major fatty acids were anteiso-C_15:0 and iso-C_16:0; and the DNA G+C content was 54.5 mol%. We propose this strain as a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, and suggest the name Paenibacillus pinesoli sp. nov. (type strain, KACC 17472^T=KEMB 9005-025^T=JCM 19203^T).     

Niabella terrae sp. nov. isolated from greenhouse soil

An orange-colored bacterial strain, ICM 1–15^T, was isolated from greenhouse soil. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of this strain showed the highest sequence similarity with Niabella ginsengisoli GR10-1^T (95.2%) and Niabella yanshanensis CCBAU 05354^T (95.0%) among the type strains. The strain ICM 1–15^T was a strictly aerobic, Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, non-motile, flexirubin pigment-producing, short rod-shaped bacterium. The strain grew at 15–35°C (optimum, 25°C), at a pH of 5.0–8.5 (optimum, pH 6.5), and in the presence of 0–3% NaCl (optimum, 1%). The DNA G+C content of strain ICM 1–15^T was 43.6 mol%. It contained MK-7 as the major isoprenoid quinone and iso-C_15:0 (38.9%), iso-C_15:1 G (20.3%), and iso-C_17:0 3-OH (12.9%) as the major fatty acids. On the basis of evidence from our polyphasic taxonomic study, we concluded that strain ICM 1–15^T should be classified within a novel species of the genus Niabella, for which the name Niabella terrae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is ICM 1–15^T (=KACC 17443^T =JCM 19502^T).     

Virgibacillus albus sp. nov., a novel moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from Lop Nur salt lake in Xinjiang province, China

A Gram-positive, moderately halophilic, strictly aerobic bacterium, designated YIM 93624^T, was isolated from a salt lake in Xinjiang province of China and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Strain YIM 93624^T grew at 15–45 °C (optimum 25–30 °C), 1–17% (w/v) NaCl (optimum 5–10 %, w/v) and pH 4.0–9.0 (optimum pH 7.0). The predominant menaquinone was found to be MK-7. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C_15:0 and C_16:0. The polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, a glycolipid and two unidentified phospholipids. The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 37.9 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain YIM 93624^T was a member of the genus Virgibacillus and exhibited the highest similarity of 97.0 % to Virgibacillus koreensis KCTC 3823^T. However, the level of DNA–DNA relatedness between strain YIM 93624^T and V. koreensis KCTC 3823^T was 32.5 %. On the basis of phylogenetic, physiological and chemotaxonomic analysis data, the isolate is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Virgibacillus, for which the name Virgibacillus albus sp. nov., is proposed, with type strain of YIM 93624^T (=DSM 23711^T = JCM 17364^T).     

Paenibacillus beijingensis sp. nov., a novel nitrogen-fixing species isolated from jujube garden soil

A novel Gram-positive, rod-shaped, motile, spore-forming, nitrogen-fixing bacterium, designated strain 7188^T, was isolated from jujube rhizosphere soil in Beijing, China. The strain grew at 4–40 °C and pH 6–12, with an optimum of 30 °C and pH 7.0, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain 7188^T is a member of the genus Paenibacillus. Levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities between strain 7188^T and the type strains of all recognized members of the genus Paenibacillus were below 96 %. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C_15:0, anteiso-C_17:0 and C_16:0. The predominant menaquinone was MK-7. The DNA G+C content of strain 7188^T was 60.3 mol%. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and unknown aminophospholipids. The diamino acid in the cell wall peptidoglycan is meso-diaminopimelic acid. On the basis of these results, strain 7188^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus beijingensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 7188^T (=ACCC 03082^T = DSM 24997^T).     

Sphingobacterium pakistanensis sp. nov., a novel plant growth promoting rhizobacteria isolated from rhizosphere of Vigna mungo

The taxonomic status of a bacterium, strain NCCP-246^T, isolated from rhizosphere of Vigna mungo, was determined using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The strain NCCP-246^T can grow at 16–37 °C (optimum 32 °C), at pH ranges of 6–8 (optimum growth occurs at pH 7) and in 0–4 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based upon on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison revealed that strain NCCP-246^T belonged to genus Sphingobacterium. Strain NCCP-246^T showed highest similarity to the type strain of Sphingobacterium canadense CR11^T (97.67 %) and less than 97 % with other species of the genus. The DNA–DNA relatedness value of strain NCCP-246^T with S. canadense CR11^T and Sphingobacterium thalpophilum JCM 21153^T was 55 and 44.4 %, respectively. The chemotaxonomic data revealed the major menaquinone as MK-7 and dominant cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 [C_16:1 ω7c/C_16:1 ω6c] (37.07 %), iso-C_15:0 (28.03 %), C_16:0 (11.85 %), C_17:0 cyclo (8.84 %) and C_14:0 (2.42 %). The G+C content of the strain was 39.2 mol%. On the basis of DNA–DNA hybridization, phylogenetic analyses, physiological and, biochemical data, strain NCCP-246^T can be differentiated from the validly named members of genus Sphingobacterium and thus represents as a new species, for which the name, Sphingobacterium pakistanensis sp. nov. is proposed with the type strain NCCP-246^T (= JCM18974 ^T = KCTC 23914^T).     

Paenibacillus hordei sp. nov., isolated from naked barley in Korea

A Gram-staining positive, facultative aerobic bacterium, designated strain RH-N24^T, was isolated from naked barley in South Korea. Cells of the isolate were observed to be motile rods by means of peritrichous flagella and showed catalase-positive and oxidase-negative reactions. Growth of strain RH-N24^T was observed at 4–40 °C (optimum: 35–37 °C) and at pH 5.0–9.0 (optimum: pH 6.0–7.0). Chemotaxonomic data (major isoprenoid quinone: MK-7; DNA G + C content: 53.5 mol %; cell wall type: A1γ-meso-diaminopimelic acid; major fatty acids: anteiso-CB_15:0 and CB_16:0B) supported the affiliation of the isolate to the genus Paenibacillus. The major cellular polar lipids were identified as phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and two unidentified polar lipids. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences also supported the conclusion that strain RH-N24^T belonged to the genus Paenibacillus. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain RH-N24^T was most closely related to Paenibacillus hunanensis FeL05^T and Paenibacillus illinoisensis NRRL NRS-1356^T with similarities of 94.64 and 94.54 %, respectively. On the basis of phenotypic and molecular properties, strain RH-N24^T represents a novel species within the genus Paenibacillus for which the name Paenibacillus hordei sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RH-N24^T (=KACC 15511^T = JCM 17570^T).     

Bacillus hunanensis sp. nov., a slightly halophilic bacterium isolated from non-saline forest soil

A novel Gram-stain-positive, slightly halophilic, catalase- and oxidase-positive, endospore-forming, motile, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain JSM 081003^T, was isolated from non-saline forest soil in Hunan Province, China. Growth occurred with 0.5?C15% (w/v) NaCl (optimum 2?C4%) at pH 6.5?C10.5 (optimum pH 7.5?C8.5) and at 5?C40°C (optimum 30°C). meso-Diaminopimelic acid was present in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15:0, anteiso-C15:0 and iso-C14:0. Strain JSM 081003^T contained MK-7 as the predominant respiratory quinone, and diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol as the major polar lipids. The genomic DNA G + C content of strain JSM 081003^T was 40.9 mol%. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons revealed that strain JSM 081003^T should be assigned to the genus Bacillus, and was related most closely to the type strains of Bacillus lehensis (sequence similarity 99.6%), Bacillus oshimensis (99.4%) and Bacillus patagoniensis (96.6%); lower than 96.0% sequence similarity was observed with other Bacillus species. The combination of phylogenetic analysis, DNA?CDNA relatedness values, phenotypic characteristics and chemotaxonomic data supports the view that strain JSM 081003^T represents a new species of the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus hunanensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JSM 081003^T (= DSM 23008^T = KCTC 13711^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Deinococcus knuensis</Emphasis> sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from river water

Strain 16F3H^T, a Gram-negative, aerobic, non-motile, and oval-shaped bacterium, was isolated from river water collected from the Han River in South Korea. Growth of strain 16F3H^T was observed at 10–42 °C (optimum at 25–30 °C), but no growth occurred at 4 °C. The strain is able to grow at pH 4–10 (optimum at pH 7–8) and tolerates up to 4% NaCl (w/v), with optimum growth at 0.5% NaCl. The isolate was found to be resistant to UV irradiation. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, it is closely related to ‘Deinococcus seoulensis’ 16F1E (98.8%), Deinococcus aquaticus PB314^T (98.1%) and Deinococcus caeni Ho-08^T (98.0%). The level of DNA–DNA homology between the novel strain and the three related strains was 57.4, 41.2, and 35.8%, respectively. Chemotaxonomic data revealed that strain 16F3H^T possesses MK-8 as the predominant respiratory quinone, an unidentified phosphoglycolipid as the major polar lipid, and C_15:1 ω6c and C_16:1 ω7c as the major fatty acids. The DNA G + C content was determined to be 65.7 mol%. Based on polyphasic evidence, strain 16F3H^T (=KCTC 33794^T = JCM 31406^T) should be classified as the type strain of a novel Deinococcus species, for which the name Deinococcus knuensis sp. nov. is proposed.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Deinococcus seoulensis</Emphasis> sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from sediment at Han River in Seoul,Republic of Korea

Strain 16F1E^T was isolated from a 3-kGy-irradiated sediment sample collected at Han River in Seoul, Republic of Korea. Cells of this strain were observed to be Gram-positive, pililike structure, and short rod shape, and colonies were red in color. The strain showed the highest degree of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Deinococcus aquaticus PB314^T (98.8%), Deinococcus depolymerans TDMA-24^T (98.1%), Deinococcus caeni Ho-08^T (98.0%), and Deinococcus grandis DSM 3963^T (97.0%). 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis identified this strain as a member of the genus Deinococcus (Family: Deinococcaceae). The genomic DNA G+C content of strain 16F1ET was 66.9 mol%. The low levels of DNA-DNA hybridization (< 56.2%) with the species mentioned above identified strain 16F1E^T as a novel Deinococcus species. Its oxidase and catalase activities as well as the production of acid from glucose were positive. Growth of the strain was observed at 10–37°C (optimum: 20–30°C) and pH 4–10 (optimum: pH 7–8). The cells tolerated less than 5% NaCl and had low resistance to gamma radiation (D₁₀ < 4 kGy). Strain 16F1ET possessed the following chemotaxonomic characteristics: C_16:0, C_15:1ω6c, and C_16:1ω7c as the major fatty acids; phosphoglycolipid as the predominant polar lipid; and menaquinone-8 as the predominant respiratory isoprenoid quinone. Based on the polyphasic evidence, as well as the phylogenetic, genotypic, phenotypic, and chemotaxonomic characterization results, strain 16F1E^T (=KCTC 33793^T =JCM 31404^T) is proposed to represent the type strain of a novel species, Deinococcus seoulensis sp. nov.     

Paenibacillus quercus sp. nov., isolated from rhizosphere of Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata

A Gram-positive, spore-forming, rod-shaped and motile bacterium, designated strain 1-25^T, was isolated from the rhizosphere of Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata in Taibai Mountain, Shaanxi Province, China. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain 1-25^T belongs to the genus Paenibacillus. Strain 1-25^T was found to be closely related to Paenibacillus harenae and Paenibacillus castaneae with 96.0 and 95.9 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, respectively. The strain was observed to grow optimally at 28 °C and pH 7.5. The major isoprenoid quinone was found to be menaquinone-7. The dominant cellular fatty acids were identified as anteiso-C_15:0 and iso-C_15:0. The diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan was found to be meso-diaminopimelic acid. The DNA G+C content was determined to be 41.6 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic characteristics and molecular properties, strain 1-25^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus quercus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 1-25^T (=CCTCC AB2013265^T = KCTC 33194^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Salicibibacter kimchii</Emphasis> gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately halophilic and alkalitolerant bacterium in the family Bacillaceae,isolated from kimchi

A moderately halophilic and alkalitolerant bacterial strain NKC1-1^T was isolated from commercial kimchi in Korea. Strain NKC1-1^T was Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-motile, and contained diaminopimelic acid-type murein. Cell growth was observed in a medium containing 0–25% (w/v) NaCl (optimal at 10% [w/v]), at 20–40°C (optimal at 37°C) and pH 6.5–10.0 (optimal at pH 9.0). The major isoprenoid quinone of the isolate was menaquinone-7, and the major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol and unidentified phospholipids. Cell membrane of the strain contained iso-C_17:0 and anteiso-C_15:0 as the major fatty acids. Its DNA G + C content was 45.2 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis indicated the strain to be most closely related to Geomicrobium halophilum with 92.7–92.9% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. Based on polyphasic taxonomic evaluation with phenotypic, phylogenetic, and chemotaxonomic analyses, the strain represents a novel species in a new genus, for which the name Salicibibacter kimchii gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed (= CECT 9537^T; KCCM 43276^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Deinococcus sedimenti</Emphasis> sp. nov. isolated from river sediment

A novel Gram-positive, oval-shaped, non-motile bacterium designated strain 16F1L^T was isolated from sediment collected from the Han River in Seoul, Republic of Korea. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence (1,448 bp), this strain was identified as a member of the genus Deinococcus that belongs to the class Deinococci. Similarities in the 16S rRNA gene sequence were shown with Deinococcus daejeonensis MJ27^T (99.0%), D. grandis DSM 3963^T (98.1%), D. radiotolerans C1^T (97.5%), and D. caeni Ho-08^T (97.2%). Strain 16F1L^T was classified as a different genomic species from closely related Deinococcus members, based on less than 70% DNA-DNA relatedness. Genomic DNA G+C content of strain 16F1L^T was 67.2 mol%. Strain 16F1L^T was found to grow at temperatures of 10–37°C (optimum 25°C) and pH 7–8 (optimum pH 7) on R2A medium, and was catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. Strain 16F1L^T showed resistance to gamma radiation (D₁₀ > 2 kGy). In addition, this strain had the following chemotaxonomic characteristics: the major fatty acids were C_15:1ω6c and C_16:1ω7c; the polar lipid profile contained phosphoglycolipids, unknown aminophospholipids, an unknown aminoglycolipid, unknown aminolipids, an unknown glycolipid, an unknown phospholipid, and an unknown polar lipid; the major quinone was MK-8. Phylogenetic, genotypic, phenotypic, and chemotaxonomic characteristics indicated that strain 16F1L^T represents a novel species within the genus Deinococcus, for which the name Deinococcus sedimenti sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 16F1L^T (=KCTC 33796^T =JCM 31405^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Nocardioides suum</Emphasis> sp. nov. isolated from the air environment in an indoor pig farm

A bacterial strain PBT33-2^T was isolated from the air environment in an indoor pig farm. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain PBT33-2^T belonged to the genus Nocardioides in the phylum Actinobacteria, and was most closely related to Nocardioides daphnia D287^T in a maximum-likelihood and neighbor-joining phylogenetic trees. Strain PBT33-2^T shared 95.3% sequence identity with N. daphnia D287^T. However, the highest sequence similarity was shown with N. sediminis MSL-01^T (96.0%). It had less than 96.0% sequence identities with other type species of the genus Nocardioides. Strain PBT-33-2^T grew at 15–45°C (optimum 20–35°C), pH 5.0–11.0 (optimum pH 7.0) and 0–4.0% (w/v) NaCl (optimum 0%). The major fatty acid and quinone were iso-C_16:0 and MK-8, and the DNA G+C content of strain PBT33-2^T was 69.3 mol%. On the basis of poly-phasic results, strain PBT33-2^T represents a novel species of the genus Nocardioides, for which the name Nocardioides suum sp. nov. is proposed. Its type strain is PBT33-2^T (=KCTC 39558^T =DSM 102833^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Anoxybacillus sediminis</Emphasis> sp. nov., a novel moderately thermophilic bacterium isolated from a hot spring

A Gram-stain positive, moderately thermophilic, aerobic, spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium, designated YIM 73012^T, was isolated from a sediment sample collected from a hot spring located in Tibet, China, and was characterized by using a polyphasic taxonomy approach. The strain is oxidase positive and catalase negative. Growth occurred at 37–65 °C (optimum, 45–50 °C), at pH 6.0–8.5 (optimum, pH 7.0–7.5) and with 0.5–3.5% NaCl (optimum, 0.5–1.0%, w/v). The major fatty acids were iso-C_15:0, iso-C_16:0 and C_16:0. The major polar lipids comprised of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The cell wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid. The respiratory quinone was MK-7. The G+C content of genomic DNA was 43.6 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the strain YIM 73012^T forms a distinct lineage with respect to the genus Anoxybacillus in the family Bacillaceae. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence identities the closely related phylogenetic neighbours are Anoxybacillus caldiproteolyticus DSM 15730^T (96.7%) and Saccharococcus thermophilus DSM 4749^T (96.6%). Strain YIM 73012^T was distinguishable from the closely related reference strains by the differences in phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic characteristics, and represents a novel species of the genus Anoxybacillus, for which the name Anoxybacillus sp. nov. is proposed. The type species is Anoxybacillus sediminis sp. nov., with the type strain YIM 73012^T (=?KCTC 33884^T?=?DSM 103835^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Virgibacillus kimchii</Emphasis> sp. nov., a halophilic bacterium isolated from kimchi

A Gram-stain-positive, halophilic, rod-shaped, non-motile, spore forming bacterium, strain NKC1-2^T, was isolated from kimchi, a Korean fermented food. Comparative analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence demonstrated that the isolated strain was a species of the genus Virgibacillus. Strain NKC1-2^T exhibited high level of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with the type strains of Virgibacillus xinjiangensis SL6-1^T (96.9%), V. sediminis YIM kkny3^T (96.8%), and V. salarius SA-Vb1^T (96.7%). The isolate grew at pH 6.5–10.0 (optimum, pH 8.5–9.0), 0.0–25.0% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 10–15% NaCl), and 15–50°C (optimum, 37°C). The major menaquinone in the strain was menaquinone-7, and the main peptidoglycan of the strain was meso-diaminopimelic acid. The predominant fatty acids of the strain were iso-C_14:0, anteisio-C_15:0, iso- C_15:0, and iso-C_16:0 (other components were < 10.0%). The polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. The genomic DNA G + C content of NKC1-2^T was 42.5 mol%. On the basis of these findings, strain NKC1-2^T is proposed as a novel species in the genus Virgibacillus, for which the name Virgibacillus kimchii sp. nov. is proposed (=KACC 19404^T =JCM 32284^T). The type strain of Virgibacillus kimchii is NKC1-2T.