一株以葡萄糖为底物产2,3-丁二醇微生物菌株的筛选及鉴定

从自然界中筛选出一批以葡萄糖为底物发酵产2,3-丁二醇的菌株,经初步发酵测定发酵液中2,3-丁二醇含量,其中菌株6-7的2,3-丁二醇产量最高达49.6g/L。对其进行常规生理生化鉴定实验,并结合16SrDNA序列分析,比对结果表明,菌株6-7与Bacillus subtilis strain BIHB332相似性达99%。在细菌分类学上属于枯草芽孢杆菌属,将其命名为Bacillussubtilis6-7。其特点是属于环境友好和食品安全型菌株,因此,利用Bacillus subtilis6-7生产2,3-丁二醇具有良好的工业应用价值。     

产河豚毒素(TTX)菌株ZY-23的分离与鉴定

从河豚卵巢中分离得到35株细菌,利用小鼠生物法检测获11株产河豚毒素(TTX)菌株,其中有6株菌产TTX含量达400ng/mL以上,对其中ZY-23菌株进行传统分类学方法鉴定,初步鉴定为液化沙雷氏菌(Serratia liquefaciens)。16SrRNA基因序列分析,ZY-23菌株与Serratiasp.Tp5的亲缘关系最近,相似度达99%。用荧光检测分析其发酵液,发现在423nm处与标准品具有相同的发射峰,初步证实发酵液含有TTX。     

泽普油田石油降解功能菌株的分离与鉴定

目的:在研究泽普油田产区菌株多态性的基础上,对石油降解功能菌株进行探讨。方法:通过稀释平板涂布法分离微生物;采用TLC和HPLC方法对分离菌株进行多糖成分鉴定,并进行16S rRNA和18S rRNA序列分析;采用溶血圈实验、排油圈法、石油黏度测定等方法,测定石油降解菌株降解能力。结果:分离菌株中有5株细菌和4株真菌,且菌株多糖的TLC分析结果与形态学鉴定结果基本相同;5株分离细菌中,2株细菌隶属于Bacillus属,3株细菌隶属于Enterobacter。另外4株真菌被鉴定为隶属于Penicillium属;分离菌株B2能降解石油。结论:泽普油田石油产区微生物的群落中存在一定丰度的细菌和真菌,含有B2的原油发酵液黏度为0.67±0.20 mPa.s.和原油在0.05水平上有显著性差异。推断B2对石油具有一定的降解能力。     

2,3-丁二醇代谢途径关键酶基因敲除对克雷伯氏菌发酵产1,3-丙二醇的影响

2,3-丁二醇是克雷伯氏菌发酵产1,3-丙二醇的主要副产物,为减少2,3-丁二醇的产生,利用Red重组技术对克雷伯氏菌2,3-丁二醇合成途径关键酶基因budC和budA进行了敲除。突变株发酵性能实验结果表明,所获得的两株突变株生长性能受到不同程度的影响;budC基因的缺失使菌株1,3-丙二醇产量提高了10%,2,3-丁二醇降低为原来的70%,而budA基因缺失则使菌株无2,3-丁二醇和1,3-丙二醇的产生,但乳酸、琥珀酸、乙醇和乙酸的产量较出发菌株都有明显增长。通过进一步对budC基因缺失菌株主要产物分析,推测在该菌中存在2,3-丁二醇回补途径,这一结果为低副产物克雷伯氏菌的改造提供了新依据。     

高产γ-氨基丁酸酵母菌株的亚硝基胍诱变选育

目的:探讨亚硝基胍诱变选育高产γ-氨基丁酸酵母菌株的方法。方法:使用亚硝基胍对酵母菌株进行诱变;采用含溴甲酚绿的YEPD培养基筛选突变菌,采用薄层层析法和比色法鉴定变异菌株发酵液中的γ-氨基丁酸及其含量;对突变菌株连续继代培养4代,测定各代发酵液中γ-氨基丁酸的含量,鉴定诱变菌株的遗传稳定性。结果:亚硝基胍诱变酵母的最佳浓度为1.0g.L-1,最佳诱变时间为15min;获得了5株突变菌株,菌落呈绿色;薄层层析法鉴定突变菌株都能产γ-氨基丁酸;诱变菌发酵液中的γ-氨基丁酸含量各异,但高于对照,且增长幅度很大;对突变菌株后代遗传稳定性进行了鉴定,结果表明突变菌株4遗传性较稳定。结论:采用1.0g.L-1的亚硝基胍溶液处理酵母菌15min,经筛选鉴定,获得了一株遗传稳定的高产γ-氨基丁酸的酵母菌株。     

一株产γ-氨基丁酸的戊糖片球菌分离鉴定及药敏分析

目的 从健康人肠道微生物群中分离功能菌株。方法 从健康人粪便中分离肠道菌株,进行形态学观察、生理生化鉴定和16S rDNA测序分析,并对分离的菌株进行耐药特性评估,利用ELISA试剂盒测定发酵液中γ-氨基丁酸的含量。结果 本研究分离得到菌株为革兰阳性球菌,生理生化反应初步判断为片球菌属,16S rDNA测序鉴定为戊糖片球菌（Pediococcus pentosaceus）,该菌株命名为P. pentosaceus WMU002。该菌株对氨苄西林、亚胺培南、头孢曲松、头孢噻肟、大环内酯类红霉素、克林霉素和哌拉西林敏感,对丁胺卡那、新生霉素、头孢西丁和甲氧嘧啶耐药。24 h发酵液γ-氨基丁酸含量为4.12μmol/L。结论 从健康人肠道中分离获得的1株产γ-氨基丁酸的P. pentosaceus WMU002菌株可作为人体益生菌制剂候选菌株。     

产γ -氨基丁酸乳酸菌的筛选及鉴定

从泡菜汁样品中初步筛选得到6株乳酸菌,采用纸层析和分光光度法对含1％谷氨酸的GYP发酵液中GABA含量分析,复筛得到一株产量较高的3#菌株,培养3d其GABA含量可达8.006 g/L.经形态学、生理生化特性分析及16S rDNA鉴定,所筛乳酸菌株为乳酸肠球菌.     

一株北里孢菌株的分离鉴定及其对松材线虫的致病性

【目的】筛选、鉴定出对松材线虫杀灭活性较高的放线菌菌株,并确定生防菌株的毒力因子。【方法】采用平板活性测试及代谢杀虫活性检测方法进行筛选,采用形态学及16S rDNA序列分析等进行鉴定。对发酵液中的活性物质稳定性分析后,利用醇沉、萃取、层析、气相色谱/质谱分析等方法分离纯化出杀虫毒力因子。【结果】从河南南阳宝天曼的腐木及枯枝落叶样品中共分离获得了79株放线菌,从中筛选出对松材线虫有灭活作用的放线菌6株,其中分离株C620菌株对松材线虫的灭活性最高:该菌株的发酵液处理松材线虫48、60 h后线虫的死亡率分别达到60.0%、81.5%。结合该菌株的形态学、生理学特征及16S rDNA序列分析等结果将其归为北里孢菌属中的一个种,菌株编号Kitasatospora sp.strain C620。该菌株的发酵液中杀线虫活性物质的热稳定性、光稳定性及耐储藏性均较强,在中性偏碱性环境较稳定;经pH纸电泳层析初步确定该物质属于碱性水溶性物质。对菌株C620发酵液分离纯化,得到活性化合物为1-苯基-3-(2-吡啶)-5-吡唑啉酮。【结论】获得一株松材线虫高效生防菌Kitasatospora sp.strain C620,其活性物质为1-苯基-3-(2-吡啶)-5-吡唑啉酮。     

一株以甘油为底物产二羟丙酮(DHA)微生物菌种的筛选及鉴定

甘油为微生物可利用的理想碳源,从自然界筛选出21株以甘油为唯一碳源产二羟丙酮（DHA）的菌株,经初步发酵测定发酵液中DHA含量,其中菌株6-8DHA产量最高达6.4g／L。对其进行常规生理生化鉴定实验,并结合16S rDNA基因分析,比对结果表明,菌株6-8与Acinetobacter sp.相似性最高,达99．7％,在细菌分类学上属于假单胞茵目莫拉茵科不动杆菌属。将其命名为Acinetobactersp.6-8。     

1株产α-糖苷酶抑制剂放线菌的筛选与鉴定

利用酶的催化特性从520株土壤分离放线菌中筛选对α-淀粉酶和α-蔗糖酶均具有抑制作用的产α-糖苷酶抑制剂菌株,并对其进行菌株归属鉴定。试验结果表明:从土壤分离放线菌中筛选到对α-淀粉酶酶活力抑制率在75%以上的菌株45株,从这45株放线菌中筛选到1株对α-蔗糖酶抑制率在40%以上的菌株。通过对其进行形态学观察、生理生化特性鉴别,并结合16S rRNA基因序列分析,初步判定该菌株为天蓝色链霉菌Streptomyces coelicolo。     

Enhanced Production of 2,3-Butanediol by Klebsiella pneumoniae Grown on High Sugar Concentrations in the Presence of Acetic Acid

The bioconversion of sugars present in wood hemicellulose to 2,3-butanediol (hereafter referred to as butanediol) by Klebsiella pneumoniae grown on high initial concentrations (up to 10%) of sugars was investigated. Initial fermentation studies with a chemically defined medium suggested that sugar levels in excess of 2% could not be utlized even when a higher inoculum size (5 to 10%) was used. The addition of nutrient supplements, viz., yeast extract, urea, ammonium sulfate, and trace elements resulted in a 10 to 50% increase in butanediol yields, although sugar utilization remained incomplete. The concentration of end products normally found at the termination of fermentation was shown to be noninhibitory to growth and substrate utilization. Acetic acid was inhibitory at concentrations above 1%, although growth and butanediol yield were stimulated in cultures supplemented with lower levels of acetic acid. The efficient utilization of 4% substrate concentrations of d-glucose and d-xylose was achieved, resulting in butanediol yields of 19.6 and 22.0 g/liter, respectively.     

Effects of eccentric exercise on microcirculation and microvascular oxygen pressures in rat spinotrapezius muscle.

A single bout of eccentric exercise results in muscle damage, but it is not known whether this is correlated with microcirculatory dysfunction. We tested the following hypotheses in the spinotrapezius muscle of rats either 1 (DH-1; n = 6) or 3 (DH-3; n = 6) days after a downhill run to exhaustion (90-120 min; -14 degrees grade): 1) in resting muscle, capillary hemodynamics would be impaired, and 2) at the onset of subsequent acute concentric contractions, the decrease of microvascular O(2) pressure (Pmv(o(2))), which reflects the dynamic balance between O(2) delivery and O(2) utilization, would be accelerated compared with control (Con, n = 6) rats. In contrast to Con muscles, intravital microscopy observations revealed the presence of sarcomere disruptions in DH-1 and DH-3 and increased capillary diameter in DH-3 (Con: 5.2 +/- 0.1; DH-1: 5.1 +/- 0.1; DH-3: 5.6 +/- 0.1 mum; both P < 0.05 vs. DH-3). At rest, there was a significant reduction in the percentage of capillaries that sustained continuous red blood cell (RBC) flux in both DH running groups (Con: 90.0 +/- 2.1; DH-1: 66.4 +/- 5.2; DH-3: 72.9 +/- 4.1%, both P < 0.05 vs. Con). Capillary tube hematocrit was elevated in DH-1 but reduced in DH-3 (Con: 22 +/- 2; DH-1: 28 +/- 1; DH-3: 16 +/- 1%; all P < 0.05). Although capillary RBC flux did not differ between groups (P > 0.05), RBC velocity was lower in DH-1 compared with Con (Con: 324 +/- 43; DH-1: 212 +/- 30; DH-3: 266 +/- 45 mum/s; P < 0.05 DH-1 vs. Con). Baseline Pmv(O(2)) before contractions was not different between groups (P > 0.05), but the time constant of the exponential fall to contracting Pmv(O(2)) values was accelerated in the DH running groups (Con: 14.7 +/- 1.4; DH-1: 8.9 +/- 1.4; DH-3: 8.7 +/- 1.4 s, both P < 0.05 vs. Con). These findings are consistent with the presence of substantial microvascular dysfunction after downhill eccentric running, which slows the exercise hyperemic response at the onset of contractions and reduces the Pmv(O(2)) available to drive blood-muscle O(2) delivery.     

Determination of Steam-Volatile Organic Acids in Fermentation Media by Gas-Liquid Chromatography

Five gas chromatographic liquid phases (25% Carbowax 20 M plus 4% H₃PO₄, 17.5% dioctyl sebacate plus 7.5% sebacic acid, 17.5% dioctyl sebacate plus 7.5% docosanoic acid, 5% Tween 80, and 20% LAC-296 [poly (diethylene glycol adipate)] plus 2% H₃PO₄) were studied with respect to their utility in the separation and quantitation of steam-volatile organic acids commonly produced in fermentation. Optimal operating conditions and column stability for routine analysis were established. An Aerograph Hy-Fi gas chromatograph was used for all work, except the studies with Tween 80 in which an Aerograph A-90-C was employed. Chromatographic traces are presented of volatile fatty acid analyses with each of the liquid phases. Complete separation of all isomers of the fatty acids from C₂ to C₅ was accomplished by the Carbowax 20 M plus H₃PO₄, dioctyl sebacate plus sebacic acid, and dioctyl sebacate plus docosanoic acid columns. The latter two liquid phases were extremely unstable and proved to be unsatisfactory for analysis of aqueous samples. A column of Carbowax 20 M + H₃PO₄ separated steam-volatile organic acids completely. The volatile fatty acid isomers were separated by 5% Tween 80 somewhat less completely, and the peak shapes were not as sharp and symmetrical as that desired for good quantitative work. LAC-296 (20%) plus 2% H₃PO₄ proved to be the most satisfactory of the liquid phases for routine analysis of deproteinated in vitro rumen fermentation media. The column has been used for routine analysis of rumen fermentation fluid and in vitro rumen incubation fluid. All the organic acids from C₂ to C₅, except isobutyric, could be quantitated with this column. Stability of the column with the aqueous solutions was extremely good. The standard deviation of the analysis of each volatile acid component in a fermentation fluid was less than 0.5 molar per cent. The short-chain organic acids (C₂ to C₅) were shown to be extremely stable in aqueous solution for as long as 6 months after preparation for gas chromatographic analysis by protein precipitation with metaphosphoric acid-H₂SO₄ and refrigeration at 4 C in stoppered tubes.     

生物氧化产碱去除半纤维素水解物中的有机酸

盔形毕赤酵母Pichia galeiforms B-10对半纤维素水解物中的有机酸具有良好的降解活性,影响它脱酸活性的最主要因素是水解物初始pH。将半纤维素水解物初始pH值调节至5.0以上而无需其他处理,Pichia galeiforms B-10便可发挥良好的脱酸发酵性能。Pichia galeiforms B-10代谢有机酸盐可产生碱性物质,使水解液pH升高。在pH值5.0的条件下,只要调节补酸(补加低pH值水解物)的速率与代谢耗酸速率相平衡,发酵体系即可始终处于有利于酵母快速代谢有机酸的高pH环境。这种生物氧化产碱连续脱酸发酵方式,可有效降低中和半纤维素水解物的外加用碱量,具有降低成本,减少新污染物的优势。     

Organic and inorganic nitrogen source effects on the metabolism of Clostridium acetobytulicum

Summary The effects of organic and inorganic nitrogen combinations on cell growth, solvent production and nitrogen utilization by Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 was studied in batch fermentations. Fermentations in media with 10 mM glutamic acid, as the organic nitrogen source, and 0 mM to 10 mM ammonium chloride, as the inorganic nitrogen source had a solvent yield of 0.8 to 1.08 mmol solvent/mmol glucose used, with a slow fermentation rate (2 mmol solvent/l h^-1). When media contained 20 mM or 30 mM glutamic acid as well as 2.5 to 7.5 mM ammonium chloride the fermentation rate increased (5.5 mmol/l h^-1) while the solvent yield remained constant (0.86 to 0.96 mmol solvent/mmol glucose used). Total solvent production was higher in media containing 20 mM or 30 mM glutamic acid than with 10 mM glutamic acid.     

枇杷果肉有机酸组分及有机酸在果实内的分布

用高效离子交换色谱（HPIC）测定了枇杷（Eriobotrya japonica Lindk）18个品种（小毛枇杷、夹脚、卓南1号、解放钟、富阳、森尾早生、华宝2号、香钟10号、白花、土肥、多宝2号、乌躬白、洛阳青、茂木、早钟6号、白梨、塘头4号和长红3号）的成熟果肉和2个品种（解放钟和早钟6号果）成熟果实不同组织有机酸含量。结果表明,成熟果肉中均含有苹果酸、奎尼酸、柠檬酸、异柠檬酸、α-酮戊二酸、富马酸、草酰乙酸、酒石酸8种有机酸,有的还含有微量的阿魏酸、顺乌头酸和B一香豆酸。大多数品种果肉中苹果酸含量最高,平均含量为4399mg kg^-1 FW,占总酸的62．7％;其次是奎尼酸,其平均含量为2042mgkg—FW,占总酸的29．1％。品种之间可滴定酸和有机酸含量差异很大。通过对果肉可滴定酸进行聚类分析,可把18个枇杷品种分为五个组群：极高酸（小毛枇杷）、高酸（夹脚、卓南1号、解放钟和富阳）、中酸（森尾早生、华宝2号、香钟10号、白花、土肥和多宝2号）、低酸（乌躬白、洛阳青、茂木和早钟6号）和极低酸（白梨、塘头4号和长红3号）。解放钟和早钟6号果肉和果皮的总酸含量及可滴定酸均无显著差异,但果皮和果肉的总酸含量和可滴定酸均大大高于种子。相似于果肉,果皮和种子的主要有机酸也是苹果酸和奎尼酸。果皮中苹果酸含量远高于奎尼酸,但种子中苹果酸含量比奎尼酸稍低。此外,种子中苹果酸和奎尼酸比果肉和果皮中的低得多。     

Modulation of Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol Fermentation by Carbon Monoxide and Organic Acids

Metabolic modulation of acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation by Clostridium acetobutylicum with carbon monoxide (CO) and organic acids is described. CO, which is a known inhibitor of hydrogenase, was found to be effective in the concentration range of dissolved CO corresponding to a CO partial pressure of 0.1 to 0.2 atm. Metabolic modulation by CO was particularly effective when organic acids such as acetic and butyric acids were added to the fermentation as electron sinks. The uptake of organic acids was enhanced, and increases in butyric acid uptake by 50 to 200% over control were observed. Hydrogen production could be reduced by 50% and the ratio of solvents could be controlled by CO modulation and organic acid addition. Acetone production could be eliminated if desired. Butanol yield could be increased by 10 to 15%. Total solvent yield could be increased 1 to 3% and the electron efficiency to acetone-butanol-ethanol solvents could be increased from 73 to 78% for controls to 80 to 85% for CO- and organic acid-modulated fermentations. Based on these results, the dynamic nature of electron flow in this fermentation has been elucidated and mechanisms for metabolic control have been hypothesized.     

Metabolism of adrenic acid to vasodilatory 1alpha,1beta-dihomo-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids by bovine coronary arteries

Adrenic acid (docosatetraenoic acid), an abundant fatty acid in the vasculature, is produced by a two-carbon chain elongation of arachidonic acid. Despite its abundance and similarity to arachidonic acid, little is known about its role in the regulation of vascular tone. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometric analysis of bovine coronary artery and endothelial cell lysates revealed arachidonic acid concentrations of 2.06 +/- 0.01 and 6.18 +/- 0.60 microg/mg protein and adrenic acid concentrations of 0.29 +/- 0.01 and 1.56 +/- 0.16 microg/mg protein, respectively. In bovine coronary arterial rings preconstricted with the thromboxane mimetic U-46619, adrenic acid (10(-9)-10(-5) M) induced concentration-related relaxations (maximal relaxation = 83 +/- 4%) that were similar to arachidonic acid relaxations. Adrenic acid relaxations were blocked by endothelium removal and the K(+) channel inhibitor, iberiotoxin (100 nM), and inhibited by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin (10 microM, maximal relaxation = 53 +/- 4%), and the cytochrome P-450 inhibitor, miconazole (10 microM, maximal relaxation = 52 +/- 5%). Reverse-phase HPLC and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry isolated and identified numerous adrenic acid metabolites from coronary arteries including dihomo (DH)-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and DH-prostaglandins. DH-EET [16,17-, 13,14-, 10,11-, and 7,8- (10(-9)-10(-5) M)] induced similar concentration-related relaxations (maximal relaxations averaged 83 +/- 3%). Adrenic acid (10(-6) M) and DH-16,17-EET (10(-6) M) hyperpolarized coronary arterial smooth muscle. DH-16,17-EET (10(-8)-10(-6) M) activated iberiotoxin-sensitive, whole cell K(+) currents of isolated smooth muscle cells. Thus, in bovine coronary arteries, adrenic acid causes endothelium-dependent relaxations that are mediated by cyclooxygenase and cytochrome P-450 metabolites. The adrenic acid metabolite, DH-16,17-EET, activates smooth muscle K(+) channels to cause hyperpolarization and relaxation. Our results suggest a role of adrenic acid metabolites, specifically, DH-EETs as endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors in the coronary circulation.     

Tandem repeat structure of rhamnose-binding lectin from catfish (Silurus asotus) eggs

The primary structure of catfish (Silurus asotus) egg lectin (SAL) was determined. SAL cDNA contained 1448-bp nucleotides and 308 amino acid residues, deduced from open reading frame. The SAL mature protein composed of 285-amino acid residues was followed by a predicted signal sequence having 23 residues. The mRNA of SAL was found to be expressed in eggs, but not in liver. SAL is composed of three tandem repeat domain structures divided into exactly 95 amino acid residues each, and all cysteine positions of each domain were completely conserved. Sequence homologies between the three domains, termed D1 (1-95), D2 (96-190) and D3 (191-285), were as follows; D1-D2, 28%; D2-D3, 33%; D1-D3, 43%. Two conserved peptide motifs, -(AN)YGR(TD)S(T)XCS(TGR)P- and -DPCX(G)T(Y)KY(L)-, appear to exist at the N- and C-terminal regions of each domain, respectively. The kinetic parameters of SAL obtained by measuring surface plasmon resonance were as follows: K(a) (M(-1)) for neohesperidosyl-BSA, 7. 1 x 10(6); for melibiosyl-BSA, 4.9 x 10(6); and for lactosyl-BSA, 5. 2 x 10(5). These results show that RBLs including SAL comprise a family of alpha-galactosyl binding lectins having characteristic tandem repeat domain structures.     

6-BA对缺磷白羽扇豆排根形成和有机酸分泌的影响

缺磷条件下白羽扇豆能够形成排根,并增加有机酸分泌.但上述过程的调节机制尚不清楚.该文的结果表明,使用外源6-BA不影响缺磷白羽扇豆的生长和磷在体内的分配,但明显抑制了根簇的形成和有机酸分泌.经低浓度6-BA(10-8 mol/L)处理后转移至不含6-BA的缺磷营养液中继续培养的植株,其根簇形成和有机酸分泌得到恢复,甚至超过未经6-BA处理的缺磷植株;但高浓度6-BA(10-7 mol/L)对根簇形成和有机酸分泌的抑制作用不可恢复.对6-BA影响缺磷的白羽扇豆排根形成和有机酸分泌的可能机制进行了讨论.