国产省藤属植物的花粉形态学

对国产棕榈科省藤属(Calamius L.)15种植物的花粉进行了光学和扫描电镜观察,其中12种为首次报道。省藤属的花粉均为两沟型花粉,外壁覆盖层多为网状纹饰(大喙省藤C．macrorrhynchus)或具穿孔(华南省藤C.rhabdocladus)。首次发现省藤属花粉的外壁纹饰存在穿孔和外壁疣状突起的类型(阔叶鸡藤C.pulchellus)以及皱波状突起的类型(长鞭省藤C.flagellum)。花粉的大小、形状、外壁纹饰、外壁是否有突起,外壁厚度和网状纹饰网眼的大小,对于省藤属的种级分类有较大的意义。     

钩叶藤属和省藤属导管分子的比较研究

本文描述３种钩叶藤属（Ｐｌｅｃｔｏｃｏｍｉａ）植物茎的后生木质部导管分子,并与省藤属（Ｃａｌａｍｕｓ）比较分析。钩叶藤属的导管分子大部分具单穿孔板．类似省藤属,但具复穿孔板导管分子的比量和横隔数目以及导管分子长度均比省藤属大．讨论了导管分子特化同两属天然分布植被区的关系。     

山小橘属 (芸香科) 花粉形态及其系统学意义

利用扫描电镜（SEM）对芸香科山小橘属（Glycosmis）12个分类群16个样品的花粉形态特征（包括花粉大小、萌发孔及外壁纹饰等）进行了观察研究,其中光叶山小橘（G.craibii var. glabra）、长果山小橘（G.erythrocarpa）、锈毛山小橘（G.esquirolii）、长叶山小橘（G.longifolia）、亮叶山小橘（G.lucida）、海南山小橘（G.montana）、少花山小橘（G.oligantha）、小花山小橘（G.parviflora）和华山小橘（G.pseudoracemos）等9个分类群的花粉形态为首次报道。结果表明,国产山小橘属植物的花粉均为单粒花粉,近球形或长球形,花粉大小范围为(15.90~23.92)×(14.56~22.00)μm,极面观为圆形、三裂圆形或近三角形,极轴与赤道轴比值（P/E）范围为1.03~1.31,均为3孔沟;根据花粉外壁纹饰可以将国产种类划分为条网状、复条网状、条纹-穿孔纹饰以及孔穴状纹饰等四种类型,其中小花山小橘不同来源花粉的外壁纹饰差异较大,至少存在5种类型：(1) 极面穴状,赤面条网状或穿孔,(2) 极面穴状,赤面均匀分布圆形穿孔,(3) 具复条网状,(4) 条网状兼具不规则小穿孔,(5) 条网状兼近圆形穿孔纹饰。研究发现山小橘属植物的花粉形态特征具有较高的多样性,为该属植物的分类及系统学研究提供了可用的孢粉学资料。     

中国菟丝子属植物花粉的扫描电镜观察

本文作者用扫描电镜(SEM)对国产菟丝子属(Cuscuta L.)10种植物的花粉形态进行了观察。具3沟萌发孔的花粉为本属基本类型。根据萌发孔的数目,外壁纹饰等特征,该属花粉可划分为三个类型:(1)具3沟,外壁具穿孔,表面散生小刺状突起;(2)具3—5沟,外壁具网状纹饰,网脊上散生小刺状突起;(3)具3—6沟,外壁具小刺状突起,穿孔偶见。本文观察结果与刘炳仑等曾报道过光学显微镜(LM)下的结果不完全一致。最后,对菟丝子属的花粉形态的演化趋势以及属内亚属间关系进行了讨论。     

海南岛甘什岭热带低地雨林棕榈藤空间点格局分析

以海南岛甘什岭热带低地雨林白藤(Calamus tetradactylus)、大白藤(C.faberii)、华南省藤(C.rhabdocladus)、黄藤(Daemonorops margaritae)和小钩叶藤(Plectocomia microstachys)5种棕榈藤种群为研究对象,采用点格局分析方法对棕榈藤种内和种间空间分布格局及相互关系进行分析。结果表明:(1)海南岛甘什岭热带低地雨林棕榈藤种群的空间格局与空间尺度有着密切的关系,在小尺度上,5种棕榈藤种群都更倾向于聚集分布,随着尺度的增长,各棕榈藤种群主要趋向于随机分布,形成不同的空间分布格局。(2)各藤种间的空间关联情况在整体尺度上表现出明显负关联的是白藤和黄藤、白藤和大白藤,这可能是因为它们对生存空间及养分的需求相同或相似,存在明显的竞争关系。(3)华南省藤和大白藤在整体尺度上表现出明显正关联,这可能是由于它们在生长过程中相互庇护,用于抵御动物捕食和热带雨林内多变的外部环境。(4)黄藤和小钩叶藤以及白藤和小钩叶藤呈现出明显不相关,这说明它们对环境和生存空间的依赖没有冲突性,能做到和平共存。     

塞威氏苹果Malus sieversii（Ldb.）Roem花粉形态的研究

对采自75个不同居群的塞威氏苹果（Malus sieversii (Ldb.)Roem）的花粉形态进行了观察。结果表明：塞威氏苹果花粉萌发孔为三孔沟类型,外壁具条纹状纹饰,条纹间常具小穴或穿孔。根据外壁纹饰的差异将塞威氏苹果花粉划分为六个类型。同时根据花粉资料,探讨了塞威氏苹果的某些分类学和系统学问题。     

中国紫草科破布木属花粉形态和外壁超微结构

为了深入探讨紫草科（Boraginaceae）的分类问题,用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察了该科破布木属（CordiaL.) 10种植物的花粉形态和外壁超微结构。发现该属花粉具三孔、三孔沟、三拟孔沟和三合沟4种萌发孔类型。外壁表面具微刺状纹饰、刺状纹饰、网状纹饰和不规则的条纹网状纹状。破布木属的花粉特征表明,该属花粉在紫草科中既是独特的分类群,又是比较原始的属种。     

中国鸡矢藤属花粉形态

用扫描电子显微镜对中国鸡矢藤属(Paederia L.)6种1变种植物的花粉进行观察。结果表明:鸡矢藤属植物的花粉均为单粒,辐射对称,小型或中型,极面观3-裂圆形至钝三角形,赤道面观呈长圆球形或近长球形,具3个萌发沟,无内萌发孔。外壁纹饰网状、细网状或穿孔状,孔边缘具小刺状突起或无。臭鸡矢藤(P.foetida)和白毛鸡矢藤(P.pertomentosa)具有花粉二型现象,其中白毛鸡矢藤(P.pertomentosa)是首次报道。花粉二型现象与花柱二型现象可能没有直接的关联性,与前人的观点一致。推测鸡矢藤属外壁纹饰的可能演化趋势为:穿孔、网状、细网状→粗网状;网眼内无棒状突起→网眼内有棒状突起。鸡矢藤属花粉的外壁纹饰变化较大,且无内萌发孔,是茜草科花粉过渡类型的特征。     

大戟科叶下珠属花粉形态的研究

对叶下珠属Phyllanthus Linn.13种植物花粉进行了光学显微镜和扫描电镜的观察。研究表明,本属花粉虽然在大小、形状和外壁纹饰等方面有不同程度的差异,但差异最大的还是在于萌发孔类型上。可以把本属花粉分为3孔沟,4－5孔沟,多孔沟,散沟（沟短而纺锤形或近圆形）和散孔等类型。这些萌发孔类型虽然与李秉滔在中国植物志第44卷中所划分的组不很吻合,但或多或少有一定的相关性,并且对于属下的分类具有一定的意义。在外壁纹饰方面,均为网状纹饰,可分为具粗网眼,细网眼和中等网眼等几种类型。但纹饰类型在组间或种间的差异不大明显。     

中国荞麦属花粉形态及花被片和果实微形态特征的研究

研究了中国荞麦属Fagopyrum　Mill.的花粉形态、花被片和果实微形态特征。根据沟膜的有无,花粉可以明显地区分为具沟膜者和不具沟膜者2类。透射电镜下显示,荞麦F. esculentum Moench的花粉外壁分化成两个明显的层次,即外壁外层和外壁内层。其外壁外层由覆盖层及柱状层组成,无基层。对花被片腹面的扫描电镜观察表明,根据细胞形状和表面纹饰,这些种类的花被片可分为3类。对果实表面的扫描电镜观察表明,这些种类的果实纹饰也可分为3类。根据上述结果,讨论了荞麦属的种间关系及花粉形态、花被片和果实一些微观性状的演化趋势。荞麦属的花粉形态极为一致,其外壁纹饰均为细网状,萌发孔为三孔沟,这支持将荞麦属从蓼属中分出独立成属的观点。本文还根据花粉形态特征及花被片和果实微形态特征讨论了国产荞麦属的种间关系,探讨了一些特征的演化趋势。     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.