日本佳盾蜾蠃的生物学特性观察

日本佳盾蜾蠃Euodynerus nipanicus（Schulthess）是一种重要的独栖捕食性天敌昆虫,对我国南方林区鳞翅目蛾类害虫的控制具有一定作用。本文报道了日本佳盾蜾蠃的形态特征、生活史及幼虫和成虫的行为等生物学特性。该蜂在江西赣州地区 1 年发生 4 代,以滞育的老熟幼虫在巢管虫室内越冬,滞育期约 190 d。翌年的4月下旬成虫开始外出活动,主要包括交配、筑巢、产卵、捕食等行为。通过野外收集筑巢巢管,室内饲养观察等,发现该蜂的卵近似微弯的长圆柱形,长 2.912 ± 0.127 mm,卵期2-4 d,平均 2.5 ± 0.99 d;非越冬幼虫期 8. 1 ± 0. 99 d;预蛹期4.3 ± 0. 48 d;蛹期7. 4 ± 0.84 d;雌雄比约为 2. 95:1。本研究丰富了日本佳盾蜾蠃的生物学基础知识,为进一步利用该蜂防治南方林区鳞翅目蛾类害虫提供了依据。     

黄连木种子小蜂的生物学特性和发生规律

通过田间及室内饲养观察,黄连木种子小蜂EurytomaplotnikoviNikolskaya在河南省太行山区为1年发生1代,以老熟幼虫在被害果内过冬。翌年4月中旬开始化蛹,5月下旬至6月上旬为成虫羽化产卵的盛期。幼虫5月中旬开始孵化,在果内取食至8月中、下旬老熟越冬。成虫在果壳内停留4～5d,出壳后成虫寿命:雄虫3～7d,雌虫4～17d,产卵前期3.7d。平均产卵量35.4粒,卵期3～4d。幼虫共5龄,预蛹期4～5d,蛹期8～10d,蛹期发育过程中形态变化的阶段性分为4级。成虫交尾产卵的最适温度为23～25℃,化蛹、羽化较适宜的湿度为65%～70%。     

脐腹小蠹形态特征和生物学特性

脐腹小蠹Scolytus schevyrewi Seme.是榆树的一种重要蛀干害虫。本研究在宁夏盐池县通过室内观察和林间调查相结合,研究了脐腹小蠹的形态特征及其生活史、成虫寿命、习性、交尾行为等生物学特性。结果显示:脐腹小蠹虫在宁夏盐池县一年发生2代,以老熟幼虫或蛹越冬,老熟幼虫约占98.2%,蛹约占1.8%。越冬幼虫于5月上旬开始化蛹,5月中旬为化蛹盛期,5月下旬开始羽化,6月上旬为羽化盛期。第2代幼虫于6月底、7月初开始化蛹,7月下旬达羽化盛期,8月上旬羽化结束;脐腹小蠹雌成虫平均寿命为(27.14±3.74)d,雄成虫的平均寿命为(16.86±4.13)d,差异显著(P<0.05);此外,脐腹小蠹无滞育现象;脐腹小蠹的4种天敌,分别是榆小蠹长茧蜂Elachistocontrum sp.、虱形螨Pedieuloids ventricosus Newport、拟截斑郭公虫Thansimus sp.和蠼螋Labidura sp.。     

灰胸突鳃金龟生物学特性研究

灰胸突鳃金龟是沙区的重要地下害虫,以幼虫为害花生等作物的地下部分。室内饲养和田间观察表明:该虫1年多发生1代,以3龄和2龄幼虫越冬。幼虫期326.3天;蛹期24.4天。成虫羽化一般在5月下旬和6月上旬。雄成虫有较强的趋光性,雌成虫趋光性较弱,成虫寿命20天。每头雌虫产卵8～74粒,散产在5～10cm深的松温沙土中。室内饲养:卵历期平均18.45天,田间观察卵孵化盛期在7月上中旬。     

陕西秦岭蝎蛉的生物学观察

2004～2005年,在陕西省南部米仓山黎坪国家森林公园研究了秦岭蝎蛉Panorpa qinlingensis Chou et Ran的年生活史和生物学习性,通过饲养,成功获得卵、幼虫、蛹等虫态。结果表明,秦岭蝎蛉在米仓山1年发生2代,以预蛹在土室里越冬,5月中旬始见越冬代成虫,5月中旬末～6月上句为越冬代成虫羽化盛期,7月下旬～8月中句为第1代成虫羽化盛期,成虫在室内可存活35～60d。羽化近1周后开始交尾,交尾4～8d后开始产卵,单雌产卵量35～180粒,卵期5～9d;幼虫蝴型,共4龄。历期38～50d;蛹为强颚离蛹,蛹期8—18d。记述了主要生物学习性。     

Observations of the biological characteristics of Holcocerus vicarius Walker

结合田间观察和室内试验,对榆木蠹蛾Holcocerus vicarius Walker的生物学特性进行了较为系统的研究.结果表明,榆木蠹蛾在宁夏3年发生1代,幼虫主要危害枝干和根颈部,幼虫在蛀道内越冬,5月下旬老熟幼虫在被害树周围5～10cm深的沙土内分散化蛹,蛹期(21±5)d.6月初成虫开始出现,有2个羽化高峰,分别为6月中旬和7月下旬,成虫羽化当晚即可交尾,交尾当天或第2天产卵,每雌蛾产卵最多达720粒,卵期(17±5)d,孵化率为72％～88％.未交尾雌雄成虫寿命为5～6d,交尾后雌雄成虫寿命缩短为3～5d.初孵幼虫于6月中旬始见,10月下旬幼虫开始越冬.幼虫孵化后,先危害韧皮部,常10多条聚集在一起,稍大一点即蛀入木质部.本研究为制定切实可行的榆木蠹蛾有效防治提供理论依据.     

不同温度对麦蛾茧蜂实验种群生长发育的影响

在15,20,25和30℃4个温度梯度下,测定了麦蛾茧蜂Habrobracon hebetor(Say)成蜂寿命、生殖力、发育历期等生物学参数。结果表明,在实验温度范围内,卵期在15℃最长,为(9.50±1.39)d;幼虫发育历期在20℃最长,为(6.60±1.41)d;蛹期在15℃最长,为(23.71±2.63)d。雌蜂的寿命在15℃时最长,为(50.15±6.9)d;30℃时最短,为(9.20±3.12)d雄蜂的寿命在15℃时最长,为(11.45±3.52)d;30℃时最短为(5.90±1.62)d。产卵量在25℃最大,为(208.50±40.12)粒;羽化数、羽化率在30℃最高,分别为(23.60±9.33)%和(35.87±13.87)%;温度变化对麦蛾茧蜂雌成蜂生物学参数具有显著影响。     

大叶黄杨尺蠖(Abraxas miranda Butler)的研究

一、大叶黄杨尺蠖(Abraxas miranda Butler)是重要的园林害虫之一,为害卫矛科的两种植物,即:大叶黄杨与爬行卫矛。在中国分布于江苏、浙江、贵州及东北等地。 二、大叶黄杨尺蠖在上海一年发生三代,但在室内饲育可完成四代,以蛹在土中越冬。第一代成虫自4月上旬开始羽化,幼虫自4月下旬开始为害,至5月下旬进入蛹期。第二代成虫自6月上旬开始羽化,幼虫自6月中旬开始为害、直至8月下旬进入蛹期。第三代成虫自8月中旬开始羽化、幼虫自9月上旬开始至11月中旬进入蛹期。 三、根据室内饲养,成虫的寿命第一代雄虫平均7.8天,雌虫平均9.6天;第二代雄虫平均11天,雌虫平均15.4天;第三代雄虫平均9天,雌虫平均10天;第四代雄虫平均12天,雌虫平均14.5天。卵期第一代为14.5天,第二代8.6天,第三代9天,第四代12天。幼虫期第一代平均34.9天,第二代平均23.4天,第三代平均25天,第四代平均58天。蛹期第一代平均11.4天,第二代平均45.8天,第三代平均15.9天,第四代为越冬蛹。 四、成虫飞行力很弱,白天栖息在大叶黄杨树下或附近草丛中,晚上活动,趋光性不强。成虫羽化多在下午3—5时,羽化后即可交尾,一般交尾时间为6—7小时,最长可达11小时,交尾后7小时即行产卵,每一雌蛾可产卵360余粒。 五、幼虫共五龄,羽化后3、4小时就开始取食,受     

哈尔滨地区大猿叶虫发育历期与生物学特性

在哈尔滨对白菜上的大猿叶虫Colaphellus bowringi Baly的生活史和生物学习性进行观察研究。结果表明,大猿叶虫在哈尔滨地区绝大多数个体1年发生1代,少部分个体1年发生2代。主要以成虫入土在2～27cm土层中滞育越冬。越冬成虫翌年4月下旬开始出土活动。第1代发生在5上旬至7月上旬,第2代发生于6月中旬至7月中旬。所有成虫在7月下旬以后均滞育越冬。在25℃条件下,雌虫产卵期为6～55d,平均为30.95d,单雌平均产卵量为454.9粒。在25℃各虫态的发育历期为:卵(4.46±0.33)d,幼虫(8.22±0.26)d,蛹(4.17±0.22)d。各虫态发育起点温度卵为10.80℃,幼虫为10.95℃,蛹为9.79℃;有效积温卵为64.82日.度,幼虫为117.37日.度,蛹为64.36日.度。     

樟个木虱形态特征及生物学特性

樟个木虱Triozacamphorae是近年来上海地区香樟上发生的一种新害虫。作者对其形态和生物学特性进行了研究。樟个木虱在上海以 1年发生 2代为主 ,偶发 3代。樟个木虱以低龄若虫在叶片上越冬 ,3月下旬至 4月上旬越冬代羽化 ;第 1代开始于 3月下旬 ,羽化高峰在 6月份 ;第 2代开始于 5月下旬 ,并主要以该代若虫越冬 ;第 3代若虫偶发 ,开始于 7月上旬 ,以若虫越冬。樟个木虱第 1代若虫的平均发育历期为 5 0 72d,1～ 5龄若虫的历期分别为 :1 8 .3 1± 2 .2 1d ,1 4. 90± 9. 92d,6 .1 1± 2 . 2 0d,5 .80±3 . 61d ,5 60± 1 5 1d。成虫的寿命为 3～ 1 1d ,平均寿命为 6 41d。樟个木虱的产卵量为 3 9. 1粒 雌虫。2 4℃下 ,卵历期 5～ 7d不等 ,平均为 5. 3 4± 0 . 5 7d ,卵平均孵化率为 83 . 7%。樟个木虱低龄若虫中 3龄若虫最耐高温 ,其次为 2龄若虫 ,1龄若虫最不耐高温。     

长木蜂的筑巢和采粉贮粮行为

【目的】通过研究长木蜂Xylocopa tranquebarorum筑巢和贮粮行为, 为进一步查明独栖性蜂类行为特点、开发新的蜂类资源提供依据。【方法】采用目测和拍照等方法对长木蜂的整个筑巢过程进行了连续观察, 用游标卡尺对巢口大小进行测量, 采用室内解剖巢室对长木蜂贮蜂粮的大小和数量进行观测。【结果】长木蜂主要在竹子上筑巢, 偶尔也发现在芦苇上筑巢。最喜欢选择竹节直径1.2～2.5 cm的孝顺竹Bambusa multiplex和刚竹属 Phyllostachys的竹种上筑巢。其筑巢过程为：雌蜂寻找合适的筑巢地点, 咬巢口, 清理巢室, 采集花粉蜜制作蜂粮, 在蜂粮上产卵, 制作巢室隔板。筑巢地点主要位于离旧巢1 m以内的位置。雌蜂啃咬巢口平均用时（292±29）min, 制作一块蜂粮需采集粉蜜22～40次, 采集粉蜜平均用时（17.31±0.52）min/次, 携粉蜜回巢滞留时间平均为（16.45±1.08）min/次;巢中卸落粉蜜平均用时为（15.29±1.03）min/次, 一生贮蜂粮平均6块左右;蜂粮近长方形, 长12～18 mm, 宽6～10 mm, 平均重量（0.7140±0.0269）g。【结论】长木蜂雌蜂不同个体之间筑巢行为相似, 而采集粉蜜的次数和贮蜂粮所用时间均有显著差异。     

长木蜂蜂粮酿制过程中pH值和花粉活力的测定

测定手采新鲜的芍药花粉、芍药长木蜂Xylocopa tranquebarorum（Swederus）花粉和不同酿制时间蜂粮样品的平均pH值,结果分别是6．19、5．92和4．05（40日龄蜂粮）。随着酿制时间的延长,蜂粮的pH值下降,2日龄蜂粮到3日龄蜂粮的pH值从5．57降至4．82,下降速率明显。经测定,紫藤长木蜂花粉和不同日龄蜂粮样品中紫藤花粉的纯度均在98％以上;芍药长木蜂花粉和不同日龄蜂粮样品中芍药花粉的纯度均在93％以上;测定紫藤花粉的长木蜂蜂粮和芍药花粉的长木蜂蜂粮中的花粉活力。结果表明,在1日龄蜂粮中花粉活力基本丧失,3日龄后均失去萌发力,并且不同的花粉蜂粮其花粉活力表现一致。     

Effects of nectar robbing on pollinator behavior and plant reproductive success of Pitcairnia angustifolia (Bromeliaceae)

Nectar robbers may have direct and indirect effects on plant reproductive success but the presence of nectar robbing is not proof of negative fitness effects. We combined census data and field experiments to disentangle the complex effects of nectar robbing on nectar production rates, pollinator behavior, pollen export, and female reproductive success of Pitcairnia angustifolia. Under natural conditions flowers were visited by four different animal species including a robber‐like pollinator and a secondary robber. Natural levels of nectar robbing ranged from 40 to 100%. Natural variation in nectar robbing was not associated with fruit set in any year whereas seed set was weakly positively associated for 1 year only. Artificial nectar robbing did not increase nectar production or concentration, did not affect the behavior of long‐billed hummingbirds, and when faced with artificially robbed flowers, these visitors behaved as secondary nectar robbers. The number of stigmas within a patch that received pollen dye analogs and the average distance traveled by these analogs were not significantly different between robbing treatments (robbed flowers versus unrobbed flowers), but the maximum distance traveled by these pollen analogs was higher when nectar robbing was not prevented. Overall, the proportion of robbed flowers on an inflorescence had a neutral effect to a weak positive effect on the reproduction of individual plants (i.e. positive association between nectar robbing and fruit set in 2002) even when it clearly changed the behavior of its most efficient pollinator potentially increasing the frequency of nectar robbing within a plant.     

西方蜜蜂和兰州熊蜂在设施桃园的访花偏好性比较

【目的】为了比较西方蜜蜂 Apis mellifera 和兰州熊蜂 Bombus lantschouensis 在设施桃园内对不同时期桃花的访花偏好性、以及这种偏好性与花粉活力和采集花粉花蜜之间的关系。【方法】记录2种蜂在温室桃园内访问早期花、中期花和晚期花的比例,测定桃花不同时期的花粉活力以及2种蜂携带的花粉活力,观察2种蜂采集花蜜和采集花粉的成功率,统计2种蜂访花过程中桃花所处的枝条数及植株数。【结果】桃花不同时期的花粉活力差异显著,早期花花药未开裂,花粉未释放,中期花花粉活力（58.3%）显著高于晚期花花粉活力（34.2%）（P<0.01）;西方蜜蜂更加偏好访问中期花,对中期花的访问率高达75.3%,显著高于兰州熊蜂对中期花的访问率（49.2%）（P<0.01）;西方蜜蜂携带的花粉活力（92.1%）显著高于兰州熊蜂携带的花粉活力（72.9%）,但是西方蜜蜂采集花粉和采集花蜜的成功率均低于兰州熊蜂（P<0.01）;在访问一定数量的桃花过程中,兰州熊蜂在设施桃园内访问的枝条数和植株数较多,分布范围较广（P<0.01）。【结论】和兰州熊蜂相比,西方蜜蜂对活力花粉的辨别能力更强,更加偏好访问花粉活力较高的花朵,这种偏好性导致其采集花粉花蜜的成功率降低。     

Nectar replenishment and pollen receipt interact in their effects on seed production of Penstemon roseus

Resource supply and pollen delivery are often thought to equally limit seed production in animal-pollinated plants. At equilibrium, plants should show no response to experimental pollen supplementation because resources limit seed set above the current level of pollen attraction, while experimental reduction in pollen deposition below the equilibrium level would reduce seed set. The predicted equilibrium may be disrupted, however, if plants expend additional energy to replenish removed nectar. We investigated the combined effects of nectar removal and pollen delivery on female reproductive success of Penstemon roseus (Plantaginaceae), a hummingbird-pollinated plant that replenishes removed nectar. We first documented that the frequency of experimental nectar removal was correlated with total nectar secretion; and increased frequency of nectar removal resulted in increased female reproductive costs to the plant. Trade-offs between investing resources in nectar and investing resources in seeds were then investigated in two contrasting natural populations by removing nectar from flowers at increasing frequencies while simultaneously hand-pollinating flowers with increasing amounts of pollen. Seed set was lowest at low levels of pollen deposition, highest at medium-sized pollen loads, and intermediate when pollen loads were highest. At both sites, the frequency of nectar removal and pollen deposition had an interactive effect on seed production, in that intermediate levels of nectar removal result in the absolute highest seed set, but only at intermediate pollen loads. At high pollen loads, seed set was higher following little to no nectar removal, and at low pollen loads, all rates of nectar removal affected fecundity equally. Seed mass responded to nectar removal and pollination differently than did seed set. High levels of nectar removal and pollen delivery both lowered seed mass, with little interaction between main effects. Our findings are among the first to demonstrate that nectar replenishment costs and pollination intensity jointly affect seed production. This conflict between nectar replenishment costs and pollen-limiting factors results in trade-offs between pollinator attraction and seed provisioning. Thus, resource allocation towards nectar production should more often be considered in future studies of pollen limitation.     

Field energetics and the estimation of pollen and nectar intake in the marsupial honey possum, Tarsipes rostratus, in heathland habitats of South-Western Australia

A method is described, based on the simultaneous turnover of both stable (¹⁸O) and radioactive isotopes (³H and ²²Na), whereby the daily nectar and pollen intake of free-ranging marsupial honey possums (Tarsipes rostratus) may be estimated. The field metabolic rate is measured using doubly labelled water and nectar intake is estimated independently from the measured water and sodium fluxes. The method assumes that free-water intake is negligible (but may be accounted for if not the case), that virtually all dietary sodium is derived from nectar rather than from pollen, and that the animals are in energetic balance over the period of measurement. These assumptions have been tested and found to be robust, except during periods of heavy rain when significant intakes of free-water were recorded. Leaching experiments with pollen grains suggest that less than 10% of the sodium ingested by honey possums is derived from pollen and calculations thus assumed a 90%:10% split between nectar and pollen. Nectar intake averaged 5.9 ± 0.6 ml · day⁻¹ and regressing nectar intake on daily change in body mass predicts an intake of approximately 7 ml · day⁻¹ nectar to maintain balance for a 9 g honey possum. Estimates of pollen intake averaged 660 ± 156 mg · day⁻¹ and a similar regression analysis of the data predicts that a daily intake of approximately 1 g pollen would be needed to maintain mass balance of honey possums. Estimated nectar and pollen intakes did not differ significantly between males and females, but nectar intake was higher in winter compared with dry periods of the year. The sugar content of nectar falls during winter, however, and the overall energy derived from nectar thus remains roughly constant. Estimates of pollen and nectar intake for individual animals were not significantly correlated, suggesting that honey possums forage selectively for these two food items. Accepted: 19 August 1999     

Bee diversity on nectarful and nectarless honey mesquites

Nectar production has been proposed as an adaptation to attract pollinators that benefit from this resource. Energetic investments may be expensive, so some species such as Prosopis glandulosa have developed a dimorphic system of nectar production, which is expected to affect floral visitor behaviour and then plant fitness. We quantified bee diversity during a 2 year period in a population of the honey mesquite in order to determine changes in bee diversity due to the presence of nectar, bee preferences to collect either nectar of pollen, and to determine between year variations of bee faunas. Floral visitors were captured at three different times of the day during the flowering seasons of 1994 and 1995, in a population of Prosopis glandulosa which has a 1:1 proportion of nectar: nectarless individuals. Pollinators were clearly distinct between nectar morphs, bee species diversity and relative abundance of visits were significantly greater on nectarful than on nectarless plants, with species on nectarless individuals being a subset of those in the nectarful morph. Our results suggest differences in the function of floral rewards (i.e., nectar and pollen) to attract floral visitors. For the Chihuahuan arid environment, mesquite provides floral rewards with ease, quantity and quality for close to 10% of all bee fauna making them important components of these communities.     

Nectar alkaloids decrease pollination and female reproduction in a native plant

The evolution of floral traits may be shaped by a community of floral visitors that affect plant fitness, including pollinators and floral antagonists. The role of nectar in attracting pollinators has been extensively studied, but its effects on floral antagonists are less understood. Furthermore, the composition of non-sugar nectar components, such as secondary compounds, may affect plant reproduction via changes in both pollinator and floral antagonist behavior. We manipulated the nectar alkaloid gelsemine in wild plants of the native perennial vine Gelsemium sempervirens. We crossed nectar gelsemine manipulations with a hand-pollination treatment, allowing us to determine the effect of both the trait and the interaction on plant female reproduction. We measured pollen deposition, pollen removal, and nectar robbing to assess whether gelsemine altered the behavior of mutualists and antagonists. High nectar gelsemine reduced conspecific pollen receipt by nearly half and also reduced the proportion of conspecific pollen grains received, but had no effect on nectar robbing. Although high nectar gelsemine reduced pollen removal, an estimate of male reproduction, by one-third, this effect was not statistically significant. Fruit set was limited by pollen receipt. However, this effect varied across sites such that the sites that were most pollen-limited were also the sites where nectar alkaloids had the least effect on pollen receipt, resulting in no significant effect of nectar alkaloids on fruit set. Finally, high nectar gelsemine significantly reduced seed weight; however, this effect was mediated by a mechanism other than pollen limitation. Taken together, our work suggests that nectar alkaloids are more costly than beneficial in our system, and that relatively small-scale spatial variation in trait effects and interactions could determine the selective impacts of traits such as nectar composition.     

Nectar consumption of warblers after long-distance flights during spring migration

The consumption of nectar by European passerines has been reported only occasionally. In this study we investigated the occurrence and significance of nectar consumption of small passerine birds on spring migration after crossing the Mediterranean Sea. On Ventotene Island in the Tyrrhenian Sea, four migrating species of Sylvia warblers [Garden Warbler S. borin , Subalpine Warbler S. cantillans , Whitethroat S. communis , Blackcap S. atricapilld ) regularly foraged on the two most common flowering species at that time of year, Brassica fruticulosa (Cruciferae) and giant fennel Ferula communis (Umbelliferae), while other species visited flowers only occasionally or not at all. Feeding behaviour, pollen traces on the head, and the examination of pollen and sugar remains in droppings indicated that nectar was the main target of the Sylvia warblers, rather than pollen or insects on the flowers. This was confirmed by food choice experiments indicating a clear preference by Garden Warblers and Whitethroats for nectar from artificial flowers over mealworms. Although conclusive experiments are not available, we hypothesize that nectar might be a diet easy to obtain and to absorb for birds after a long-distance flight in which they have incurred a depletion of energy stores and a reduction of the digestive tract.     

Correlation between octopaminergic signalling and foraging task specialisation in honeybees

Regulation of pollen and nectar foraging in honeybees is linked to differences in the sensitivity to the reward. Octopamine (OA) participates in the processing of reward-related information in the bee brain, being a candidate to mediate and modulate the division of labour among pollen and nectar foragers. Here we tested the hypothesis that OA affects the resource preferences of foragers. We first investigated whether oral administration of OA is involved in the transition from nectar to pollen foraging. We quantified the percentage of OA-treated bees that switched from a sucrose solution to a pollen feeder when the sugar concentration was decreased experimentally. We also evaluated if feeding the colonies sucrose solution containing OA increases the rate of bees collecting pollen. Finally, we quantified OA and tyramine (TYR) receptor genes expression of pollen and nectar foragers in different parts of the brain, as a putative mechanism that affects the decision-making process regarding the resource type collected. Adding OA in the food modified the probability that foragers switch from nectar to pollen collection. The proportion of pollen foragers also increased after feeding colonies with OA-containing food. Furthermore, the expression level of the AmoctαR1 was upregulated in foragers arriving at pollen sources compared with those arriving at sugar-water feeders. Using age-matched pollen and nectar foragers that returned to the hive, we detected an upregulated expression of a TYR receptor gene in the suboesophageal ganglia. These findings support our prediction that OA signalling affects the decision in honeybee foragers to collect pollen or nectar.