全球气候变化对我国西北地区农业的影响

在比较系统总结全球气候变化对我国西北地区农业影响的主要研究成果的基础上,揭示了我国西北地区现代气候变化对全球气候变暖响应的基本特征,阐述了现代气候变化对土壤水分、地表蒸发和作物气候生产力的影响规律;并且比较全面地概括了西北地区冬、春小麦、玉米、马铃薯、冬油菜、棉花、胡麻、牧草、葡萄等9种主要农作物的生长发育、病虫害、种植面积、气候产量以及畜牧业活动等对气候变化的响应特征,发现气候变化对农业生产过程的影响利弊皆存,而且不同农作物对气候变化的响应特征差异较大.研究对西北地区农业生产具有比较重要的科学指导意见.     

重金属在食用菌中的富集及对其生长代谢的影响

本文报导食用菌对重金属的吸收积累性能及重金属对食用菌生长代谢的影响。从供试的香菇、凤尾菇、金针菇及木耳等食用菌研究表明:对Hg、Pb、As、Ni、Cd、Cu、Zn等重金属均有不同程度的富集作用,其中对Hg的富集是极显著的,但对Pb则不明显。从福建省食用菌生产点采样测定结果看,子实体中的重金属含量均不超标。上述重金属对食用菌生长均有不同程度的不良影响,尤其以Hg和As为突出。对产量影响的顺序以香菇最大、凤尾菇次之、金针菇较弱。重金属在一定范围内对香菇抗坏血酸氧化酶活性有激活作用,对纤维素酶有抑制作用。     

有机酸对Pb、Cd的土壤化学行为和植株效应的影响

有机酸对Pb、Cd的络合作用将其对土壤吸附Pb、Cd的影响和植株效应差异的研究表明,柠檬酸、草酸与Pb、Cd络合能力的大小与重金属本身的性质有关,络合作用影响土壤对Pb、Cd的吸附量,柠檬酸降低土壤对Pb、Cd的吸附,草酸则增加土壤对Pb、Cd的吸附.水培试验表明,柠檬酸可减轻Pb对小麦、水稻幼苗的毒害.柠檬酸对Cd的植株外观毒性效应影响不显著,但能促使植株茎叶、根中Cd含量下降.Pb和Cd复合处理条件下,Cd存在促使水稻植株对Pb吸收量增加,Pb存在抑制水稻植株对Cd的吸收.     

5种湿地植物对土壤重金属的富集转运特征

选择芦苇、水葱、千屈菜、扁秆藨草、长苞香蒲5种湿地植物进行盆栽实验,比较它们对土壤中的5种重金属镉、铬、汞、铅、锌的富集特性,分析重金属在各植物体和土壤中的动态分布,以评价所测植物对土壤中重金属的综合富集能力,为利用植物修复金属污染土壤提供理论依据和技术支持。结果表明:(1)种植湿地植物对土壤重金属的富集效果显著高于无植物对照,且随着处理时间的延长,土壤中重金属镉、铬、汞、铅、锌的含量均呈下降趋势。(2)湿地植物对重金属镉、铬、汞、铅、锌的富集效果差异显著,其中水葱根部对重金属镉的富集系数最大,芦苇根部对重金属铬、汞、铅、锌的富集系数均最大,千屈菜、扁秆藨草和长苞香蒲根部对5种重金属的富集系数均较小;芦苇地上部分对金属镉的富集系数最大,千屈菜地上部分对金属铬、汞、铅的富集系数均最大,水葱地上部分对金属锌的富集系数最大。(3)5种湿地植物对重金属镉、铬、汞、铅、锌的转移系数差异显著,其中扁秆藨草对土壤中镉、铬、铅、锌的转移系数均为最大,对铬和锌的转移系数均大于1,长苞香蒲对铬的转移系数大于1,仅次于扁秆藨草。其他3种植物对5种重金属的转移系数均小于1。研究表明,5种湿地植物对重金属Cd、Cr、Hg、Pb、Zn都有富集和转移的能力,但不同植物对不同重金属的富集效果不同。     

2016-2018年医院血培养病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的:分析2016-2018年医院血培养病原菌的分布及其耐药性。方法:对2016年1月至2018年12月遵义医科大学附属医院各科室送检的血标本进行培养、鉴定和药敏试验,并对主要病原菌的分布和药敏结果进行统计分析。结果:2016-2018年分别分离出病原菌1459、1647、1711株,其中革兰氏阴性杆菌分别为占57.78%、55.43%、54.24%,革兰氏阳性球菌分别占37.97%、39.34%、43.25%,真菌分别占4.25%、5.22%、2.51%。2016-2018年,大肠埃希菌对头孢呋辛、头孢曲松的耐药率逐年降低,对厄他培南耐药率呈明显的升高趋势;肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢呋辛、头孢曲松、头孢吡肟的耐药率逐年降低,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、氨苄西林/舒巴坦耐药率上升;凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对左氧氟沙星、苯唑西林、庆大霉素的耐药率明显降低,对环丙沙星、克林霉素的耐药率有明显的上升趋势;金黄色葡萄球菌对环丙沙星、克林霉素的耐药率明显升高,对左氧氟沙星的耐药率明显降低,对呋喃妥因、万古霉素、利奈唑胺、替加环素均不耐药;白色假丝酵母菌、热带假丝酵母菌对两性霉素B均不耐药,白色假丝酵母菌对氟康唑、伏立康唑不耐药,热带假丝酵母菌对氟康唑、伊曲康唑均高度耐药。结论:造成血流感染(BSI)的主要病原菌为革兰氏阴性杆菌,病原菌对常用的抗菌药物都有不同程度的耐药,临床应合理使用抗菌药物,以降低耐药性,并加强医院感染控制措施减少耐药菌的传播。     

9种农药对家蚕和蚯蚓的急性毒性

【背景】当前农药品种及其使用量日益增多,测试农药对环境生物的急性毒性成为农药环境安全监测的重要途径。【方法】采用食下毒叶法和药土法分别测定了甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、阿维菌素、氰氟虫腙、螺螨酯、螺虫乙脂、嘧菌酯、苯醚甲环唑、戊唑醇、2,4-D二甲胺盐等9种农药对家蚕和蚯蚓的急性毒性,并根据其毒性等级划分标准进行分级,评价其对环境的安全性。【结果】甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、阿维菌素、氰氟虫腙、螺螨酯、螺虫乙脂、嘧菌酯、苯醚甲环唑、戊唑醇和2,4-D二甲胺盐对家蚕的LC50(96 h)分别为2.05×10-3、8.59×10-4、2.79、250.48、11.52、272.18、2.50、1.93×10-2和534.47 a.i.mg·L-1,对蚯蚓的LC50(14 d)分别为11.05、6.29、100、100、100、100、99.13、115.31和100 a.i.mg·kg-1干土。其中,甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、阿维菌素和戊唑醇对家蚕"剧毒",氰氟虫腙、螺虫乙脂和苯醚甲环唑对家蚕"高毒",其余农药对家蚕均为"低毒";阿维菌素对蚯蚓为"中毒",其余农药对蚯蚓均为"低毒"。【结论与意义】9种农药对家蚕和蚯蚓的急性毒性存在差异,为农药的合理使用和环境保护提供了依据。     

硼、锌对平欧杂交榛光合生理、结实和果仁品质的影响

通过对黑龙江省东宁地区的4年生平欧杂交榛（Corylus heterophylla×Corylus avellana）联合施用不同浓度的硼（0.2%、0.3%、0.4%）、锌（0.3%、0.4%、0.5%）肥处理,研究两种微量元素对平欧杂交榛光合生理、结实、果仁和叶片营养状态的影响。研究结果表明：（1）硼、锌对净光合速率影响显著,其交互作用对净光合速率影响极显著。（2）硼对出仁率影响极显著,对果仁重影响显著,对单果重和座果率影响不显著。锌对单果重和果仁重影响极显著,对出仁率影响显著,对座果率影响不显著。硼、锌交互作用对出仁率影响显著,对单果重、果仁重和座果率影响不显著。（3）硼、锌和其交互作用对果仁脂肪酸含量、果仁蛋白质含量影响不显著。硼、锌和其交互作用对4年生平欧杂交榛的生理和结实影响明显,提高了平欧杂交榛叶片的净光合速率,同时对果仁重、出仁率和单果重有不同程度的促进作用。本地区4年生平欧杂交榛硼、锌叶面施肥的浓度分别以0.3%和0.4%为宜。     

福建主要烟区烟蚜抗药性

采用浸渍法测定了福建三明、南平和龙岩烟区的烟蚜种群对6种常用杀虫剂的抗性水平.结果表明:与相对敏感种群相比,福建南平、三明和龙岩三个烟区烟蚜种群对灭多威的抗性倍数为11.68、5.60和3.69倍;对辛硫磷的抗性倍数分别为2.08、6.04和4.21倍;对吡虫啉的抗性倍数分别为2.72、2.70和5.89倍;对氰戊菊酯的抗性倍数分别为1.20、15.21和2.02倍;对高效氯氟氰菊酯的抗性倍数分别为1.74、14.87和1.19倍;对啶虫脒的抗性倍数分别为35.03、4.57和9.26倍.     

广西大新县锰矿区植物重金属污染的调查研究

调查分析了广西大新县锰矿污染的部分土壤及9种优势耐性植物对Mn、Zn、Ni的富集和吸收能力。其中,蜈蚣草对Mn、Zn、Ni有较强的吸收能力;五节芒、野茼蒿、酸模叶蓼、加拿大蓬对Mn的吸收较强;蔓生莠竹、马唐、海芋对Zn吸收较强;而五节芒、加拿大蓬对Ni亦有较强的吸收能力。虽然这些植物对三种重金属的吸收均未达到超富集植物的要求,但作为污染土壤上的优势耐受性植物仍具有一定的意义。     

令箭荷花紫色素稳定性的研究

研究了酸度、热、光、淀粉、糖、抗坏血酸、苯甲酸钠、金属离子对令箭荷花紫色素稳定性的影响。结果表明：该色素在酸性、中性稳定;光、热对色素有一定的降解作用;淀粉、糖、抗坏血酸、Na＋、Zn2＋对色素无不良影响;苯甲酸钠、Fe3＋、Cu2＋对色素有一定影响。     

贵州罗甸纳水上石炭统(宾夕法尼亚亚系)地层的再研究

本文详细描述了贵州罗甸纳水上石炭统(宾夕法尼亚亚系)剖面的生物地层和年代地层,其牙形刺序列自上而下可详细划分为：Streptognathodus isolatus, S. wabaunsensis, S. tenuialveus, S. firmus, Idiognathodus nashuiensis , Streptognathodus simulator, S. guizhouensis , S. gracilis-S, excelsus , S. cancellosus , S. clavatulus , S. nodocarinatus , Idiognathodus podolskensis , Mesogondolella clarki -Idiognathodus robustus , Diplognathodus ophanus-D, ellesmerensis, Idiognathoides ouachitensis, Streptognathodus expansus, Idiognathoides sulcatus parva, Idiognathodus primulus-Neognathodus bassleri, Idiognathodus primulus-Neognathodus symmetricus, Neognathodus symmetricus, Idiognathoides corrugatus-I, pacificus, I. sinuatus, I. sulcatus sulcatus, Declinognathodus noduli ferus 和 Gnathodus bilineatus bollandensis 等带。 Declinognathodus noduliferus 和 Streptognathodus isolatus 的首次出现分别代表上石炭统(宾夕法尼亚亚系)和二叠系的开始。根据牙形刺和有孔虫的序列,罗甸纳水剖面的上石炭统(宾夕法尼亚亚系)地层自下而上可划分为罗苏阶(Luosuan)、滑石板阶(Huashibanian)、达拉阶(Dalaan)和马平阶(Mapingian),并可与俄罗斯的巴什基尔阶(Bashkirian)、莫斯科阶(Moscovian)、卡西莫夫阶(Kasimovian)和格舍尔阶(Gzhelian),北美的莫罗阶(Morrowan)、阿托克阶(Atokan)、得梅因阶(Desmoinesian)、密苏里阶(Missourian)和弗吉尔阶(Virgilian)进行对比。另外,本文也详细讨论了剖面中的石炭系中间界线及石炭-二叠系界线。     

Taxonomic notes on water bloom forming Microcystis species (Cyanophyta) from China—An example from samples of the Dianchi Lake

Ten common species of Microcystis, based on the examination of water samples from the Dianchi Lake, Yunnan, China, were morphologically described, and their taxonomy was also discussed. They are Microcystis aeruginosa, M. botrys, M. firma, M. flos-aquae, M. ichthyoblabe, M. novacekii, M. pseudofilamentosa, M. smithii, M. viridis and M. wesenbergii. Taxonomic status of other Microcystis species reported in China was also evaluated. Key words Cyanophyta, Microcystis, morphology, taxonomy, China.     

中国靴耳属分类研究概况

对已报道的我国Crepidotus属种类进行了全面汇总,并概述了其分类研究现状。文献调查结果表明:国内已报道的该属种类名称共31个,包括30个种和1个变种,分布于全国26个省区。已报道的全部记录中,28个分类单元引证了标本,其余3个记录缺乏标本引证;7个记录的描述与国外权威描述存在差异,另有4个记录的报道未提供形态描述。淡紫靴耳不是Crepidotus属的成员,已被组合到其他属中。笔者接受"靴耳属"为Crepidotus属的汉语学名,并以此为属主名对属下的分类单元进行了全面修订。     

Materials for Chinese Phyllanthoideae

The present paper is part of taxonomic study on Chinese Phyllanthoideae. Included in it are two new varieties, Leptopus esquirolii var. villosus and Drypetes hainanensis var. longistipitata, one new combination, Glochidion triandrum var. siamense, and seven new records in China: Drypetes salicifolia, D. hoaensis. Actephila subsessilis, Glochidion khasicum, G. nubigennum, Bridelia spiosa and B. poilanei. In addition, seventeen taxon names are newly reduced: Liodendron formosanum = Drypetes formosana, Liodendron matsumurae = Drypetes matsumurae, D. longipes = D. indica, Antidesma paxii = A. acidum, A. hiiranense, A. filipes and A. pentandrum var. hiiranense = A. japonicum, A. calvescens = A. montanum, A. microphyllum = A. venosum, Breynia stipitata var. formosana and B. jormosana = B. vitis-idaea, Glochidion zeylanicum var. tomentosum = G. hirsutum, G. rubidulum = G. thomsonii, G. acuminatum = G. triandrum, G. fagifolium and Phyllanthus fagifolius = Glochidion sphaerogynum, Bridelia penangiena = B. insulana, B. henryana = B. tomentosa. All the types are kept in SCBl and PE.     

Notulae de Ranunculaceis sinensibus (ⅩⅩⅢ)

(1) In this paper, differences among the five genera constituting the tribe Cimi cifugeae of the family Ranunculaceae are discussed. Beesia, the first genus, with compound cymes and flowers bearing neither petals nor staminodes, is different from the other four genera with simple or compound racemes and flowers bearing either petals or staminodes, and may occupy a primitive position within the tribe. As to the other four genera, Souliea is characterized by the stem without basal leaf but with 2～5 sheath-like cataphylls, the sepals being deciduous but not caducous, moderate in size and petaloid, the petals being much smaller than sepals, but pink in color and more or less petaloid, the pollen grains being pan tocolpate or pantoporate, the carpels being 1～3 per flower, when mature forming dry linear follicles conspicuously reticulate on the surface and dehiscent along the ventral suture, and the seeds being reticulate-foveolate on the surface. These diagnostic characters indicate clear ly that Souliea might have deviated from the lineage formed by the next three genera, i. e. Anemopsis, Cimicifuga, and Actaea, which have their own well-recognizable diagnostic characters. Anemopsis is characterized by the normally developed basal leaf, the racemose inflorescence with sparse and few long pedicellate flowers, the sepals 7～10 in number, mod erate in size, and petaloid, the petals slightly smaller than sepals, the tricolpate pollen grains, the carpels 2～4 per flower, stalked, when mature forming dry oblong follicles with transverse veins on the surface, and the seeds with scaly membranous wings. Cimicifuga is distinguished by the normally developed basal leaf, the caducous, small, often sepaloid sepa ls, the organs of the second floral whorl sometimes with empty sterile anthers being stamin odes not petals, the tricolpate pollen grains, the carpels 1～8 per flower, when mature form ing dry oblong or ovoid follicles with transverse veins on the surface, and the seeds usually with scaly membranous wings. The last genus Actaea is different by the basal leaf trans formed into a small scale, the caducous, small, often sepaloid sepals, the organs of the sec ond floral whorl being clawed petals, the pollen grains with 3(4～6) colpi, carpel 1 per flow er, when mature forming a fleshy indehiscent berry smooth on the surface and without any veins, the seeds roughish or slightly rugose, neither foveolate nor winged on the surface, and the advanced most asymmetric karyotype. According to the diagnostic characters given above, we believe that Beesia, Souliea, Anemopsis, Cimicifuga, and Actaea do represent five independent genera, and the treatment of the tribe Cimicifugeae including these five genera in it by Hutchinson (1923), Janchen (1949) and some other authors, has precisely shown the taxonomic diversity within the tribe. We are therefore unable to accept the treatment published by Compton et al. (1998) to lump the two genera, Souliea and Cimicifuga, into the genus Actaea. (2) Compton et al. (1998, 1997) found out that the Chinese plants previously identified by various authors as Cimicifuga foetida L., in which the terminal and lateral racemes of the compound raceme flower more or less simultaneously, differ from the true C. foetida L. in northern Asia, in which the terminal raceme of the compound raceme flowers before the lateral ones, and thus restored the species name Cimicifuga mairei Lévl. , which was formerly reduced to the synonymy of C. foetida L. , for the Chinese plants. After examining the specimens collected from Siberia and from Southwest China we failed to find out any other differences in both vegetative and reproductive organs between the plants of the two regions, and we consider that it is better to treat the populations in Southwest and Central China as a geographical variety of Cimicifuga foetida L. A new combination, Cimicifuga foetida L. var. mairei (Lévl.) W. T. Wang & Zh. Wang, is thus made. (3) 3 species of Delphinium, 1 species and 1 variety of Clematis are described as new.     

Neutrino intergalactic communication,metal life,and viruses: Part 1 quo vadis ex machina

At one spectrum extreme, Astrobiology conjectures that for exoplanets with Goldilocks conditions, terrestrial-like life is inevitable. Moreover, it is envisaged that via panspermia, terrestrial-like life and its precursors are transferred among galaxies, stars, and within solar systems via transiting comets, asteroids, and planetoids. In addition, expelled stars, which have solar systems, it is inferred, transfer life as well. However, at the other extreme, we propose a paradigm shift that on some planets, subject to non- Goldilocks conditions, metal machine life could arise, ab initio, and evolve viruses, intelligence, and civilizations, conjointly. Accordingly, intelligent mechanized civilizations could readily and efficiently commence space exploration. Furthermore, as a counter paradigm shift, such civilizations could experiment and produce non-metallic life, based on carbon and other non-metal elements, under suitable conditions, related to Goldilocks life. Even a single example of validated interstellar or intergalactic communication received on the Earth would support the existence of life elsewhere. However, the communication platform should not be restricted to electromagnetic radiation. Other platforms should be included as well - one such example, which would require sophisticated technology, is neutrino communication. This is the case for any advanced civilization, be it metal-machine based, biological-based, and carbon-based. In sum, civilizations based on machine life, would be highly productive due to the longevity and hardiness of machine life. However, significant caveats are raised in this brief report, because possibly dissimilar psychologies and intelligence may lead to conflicts between metal machine life and biological life, inter-paradigm conflict.     

下毛目纤毛虫的系统修订Ⅱ. 尾柱亚目(纤毛动物门)

对尾柱亚目 Urostylina Jankowski, 1979 中的各科、属进行了重新修订.该亚目的特征为:腹面具典型的中腹棘毛或在个体发生时出现中腹棘毛.修订后的尾柱亚目共4科19属:尾柱虫科 Urostylidae 左、右缘棘毛多列或至少有一侧缘棘毛为多列;全列虫科 Holostichidae 左、右缘棘毛各一列,具典型中腹棘列毛或复合中腹棘毛列;伪小双虫科 Pseudoamphisiellidae 仅具两列发生学意义上的中腹棘毛列,两者相互间宽位分离;帕森虫科 Patteroniellidae 中腹棘毛列不甚明确,数目少,且近于散布.此外, 给出了各科及属的检索表, 并附各属纤毛图式, 对部分属进行了讨论.     

Importance of biological and abiotic factors for geochemical cycling in a freshwater eutrophic lake

Here we report the results of a comprehensive biogeochemical monitoring of Rostherne Mere in 1998, including changes in dissolved oxygen, organic carbon and nitrogen, nitrate/nitrite, ammonia, Al, Na, S, K, Mg, Ca, Si, Fe, Mn, orthophosphate, particulate N & P, suspended solids, temperature, pH, chlorophyll-a and zooplankton. The results demonstrated the major influence of primary producers on the overall geochemical cycling of N, P and Si, and suggested that the significance of zooplankton might have been previously underestimated. For major anions and cations, however, the influence of biota on lake water concentrations appeared to be negligible, reflecting the fact that these chemicals were present far in excess of plankton requirements. Thus changes in concentrations of Ca, K, Na, Mg and S were rather limited and must have reflected changes in hydrological and meteorological parameters. K, however, demonstrated a transitional pattern, reflecting some influence of biological uptake. During the stratification period, the slow processes of bacterial decomposition in the hypolimnion gradually released chemicals contained in the materials accumulated in the bottom layer, remarkably increasing the concentrations of dissolved compounds of those elements present in amounts comparable with the pool stored in the sedimenting detritus (e.g. orthophosphate P, ammonia N, Si and DOC). The decomposition also resulted in a drop in the redox potential, followed by partial denitrification and chemical release from the sediments. The hypolimnion of the Mere was confirmed to remain at the stage of Mn release, characterised by accumulation of DOC, orthophosphates, ammonia and initial stages of denitrification. High levels of P released from the sediments during the stratification period suggest that the lake’s recovery after sewage diversion might be further delayed.     

Solid-phase Chemistry: A Useful Tool to Discover Modulators of Protein Interactions

The Solid phase synthesis (SPS) concept, first developed for biopolymers, has spread in every field where organic synthesis is involved. While the potential of the solid-phase method was obvious in 1959 to its discoverer, Prof. R. B. Merrifield, it was unpredictable its dominance in peptide synthesis and especially in combinatorial chemistry, an area not yet conceived. SPS paved the way for solid-phase combinatorial approaches (extensively reviewed in (Choong, I. C. and Ellman, J. A.: 1996, Annu. Rep. Med. Chem. 31, 309–318; Obrecht, D. and Villalgordo, J. M.: 1998, Solid-supported Combinatorial and Parallel Synthesis of Small-Molecular-Weight Compound Libraries. Pergamon Press Ltd., Oxford, UK; Chabala, J. C.: 1995, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 6, 632–639; Kamal, A., Reddy, K. L., Devaiah, V., Shankaraiah, N., Reddy, D. R.: 2006, Mini Rev. Med. Chem. 6, 53–69; Whitehead, D. M., McKeown, S. C., Routledge, A.: 2005, Comb. Chem. HTS 8, 361–371; Nefzi, A., Ostresh, J. M., Houghten, R. A.: 1997, Chem. Rev. 97, 449–472; Gordon, E. M., Gallop, M. A., Patel, D. V.: 1996, Acc. Chem. Res. 29, 144–154)) as many laboratories and companies focused on the development of technologies and chemistry suitable to this new methodology. This resulted in the spectacular outburst of combinatorial chemistry, which profoundly changed the approach for new drug discovery. Combinatorial chemistry is currently considered a valid approach for a wide range of biomedical applications, such as, target validation and drug discovery.