红火蚁入侵对香蕉园节肢动物群落的负面效应研究

为了探索红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren入侵对南方典型旱作生态系统-香蕉种植园节肢动物群落的生态学效应,本文采用定点系统调查、采样的方法,收集、记录了红火蚁严重发生的高、中和低杂草覆盖度香蕉园香蕉植株上、杂草上、地表节肢动物种类、个体数量,并比较了节肢动物群落动态变化、多样性主要参数与红火蚁未发生区之间的差异。研究结果表明在红火蚁入侵区,高、中覆盖度类型区域香蕉植株上物种数有所增加,低覆盖类型物种数减少;高覆盖度类型区域香蕉植株上节肢动物个体总数增加,而中、低覆盖度类型均呈下降趋势,其中低覆盖度下降幅最大,为38.01%。与无红火蚁区域相比,红火蚁入侵区高、中和低杂草覆盖度区域香蕉植株上节肢动物群落特征参数变化不大。与对照区域相比,入侵区高、中、低杂草覆盖度区域杂草上节肢动物群落物种数降幅均大于30%,个体总数降幅均大于50%,丰富度指数降低了20%,而优势度指数分别增加了25%、37.5%、62.5%;入侵区地表节肢动物群落物种数降幅均近30%,个体总数降幅均在34%以上,丰富度指数降低了20%,高、中、低覆盖度区域地表节肢动物群落优势度指数分别上升了46.15%、61.54%、38.46%。红火蚁入侵对高、中、低杂草覆盖度香蕉园香蕉植株上节肢动物群落的负面影响较小,而对杂草和地表节肢动物群落有显著负面影响,改变了这些地方节肢动物群落的特征和结构。     

红火蚁入侵对玉米地蜘蛛类群多样性的影响

采用陷阱法和目测法系统研究了红火蚁入侵玉米地对蜘蛛类群多样性的影响.期间共调查到蜘蛛8科16种,其中红火蚁发生区有6科10种,药防区4科5种,对照区8科11种;蜘蛛种类以游猎型为主,隶属于猫蛛科和跳蛛科,优势种包括斜纹猫蛛、乔氏蚁蛛和蚁蛛.在红火蚁发生区,从玉米心叶后期开始红火蚁种群数量不断增加,在玉米抽穗开花期达到最大,为225头,之后缓慢降低,相应的猫蛛属蜘蛛种群数量则逐渐降低,降幅达79.2％;而蚁蛛属蜘蛛的种群数量变化不大.随着玉米植株的生长,红火蚁发生区和药防区的蜘蛛种类、多样性指数和均匀度指数逐渐降低,生态优势度指数却不断升高,而对照区相关指标则相反.表明红火蚁入侵显著改变了玉米地蜘蛛的类群结构.     

非作物植被对玉米地节肢动物群落的影响

本文从玉米地中、玉米地周围、周围大尺度这三个层次范围综述了非作物植被对玉米地节肢动物群落的影响。在不同尺度上,非作物植被对玉米地节肢动物群落影响的形式不同。在玉米地中,杂草等覆盖物能够增加天敌种类和数量,减少害虫的危害,但是杂草等覆盖物的存在同时也可能有利于害虫的发生;在玉米地周围,非作物植被可以为天敌提供栖息、越冬、捕食等场所,可以作为天敌"库"的场所;在周围大尺度上,非作物植被与作物的种植面积的比例影响着玉米地中节肢动物群落的动态,某些节肢动物可能对某一特定范围内的植被组成有响应。本文还浅析了非作物植被影响玉米地节肢动物群落的机理,并对相关问题进行了讨论。     

红火蚁及其与蚜虫互作对绿豆植株上昆虫访花的影响

红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren是一种重要的入侵物种,它对农业生产的影响是其危害的表现之一。为了揭示红火蚁入侵及其与蚜虫互作对绿豆Vigna radiata植株上访花昆虫的影响,本研究采用田间试验调查了红火蚁的入侵及其与蚜虫互作对绿豆植株上访花昆虫的影响。结果表明:当无蚜虫存在时,在红火蚁入侵区与对照区内,绿豆植株上的主要访花昆虫种类数差异不显著,在入侵区内,小黑蝇日观察数量降低了68.1%;当有蚜虫存在时,与对照区相比,绿豆植株的访花昆虫种类数显著降低了20.4%;小黑蝇日观察数量降低了60.2%,爪哇摇蚊的日观察量比对照区减少了61.5%。因此,研究结果明确了红火蚁与蚜虫互惠对绿豆植株上访花昆虫产生一定的影响。     

红火蚁入侵对人为干扰区蚂蚁群落结构及多样性的影响

【目的】研究红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren入侵人为干扰区域后对本地蚂蚁群落建立及物种多样性的影响,为有效控制红火蚁进一步扩散蔓延提供科学依据。【方法】以广州市花都区花东镇保良村安置区为典型案例,调查研究了安置区外围(非人为干扰区)、安置区(人为干扰区)内的楼房区、草坪绿化地、荒地3种生境的蚂蚁种类和数量,分析其群落结构及多样性指数。【结果】(1)安置区外围诱集到25种蚂蚁,以黑头酸臭蚁Tapinoma melanocephalum Fabricius、褐大头蚁Pheidole megacephala Fabricius为优势种,而在安置内仅诱集到13种,红火蚁占绝对优势;红火蚁入侵定殖显著降低了安置区内蚂蚁种群的多样性、均匀度和丰富度,而优势度及优势集中性指数却显著升高,其对安置区外围的农业生态系统影响较小。(2)安置区内草坪绿化地、荒地生境中红火蚁的比例占90%以上,而在楼房区中红火蚁的比例仅为29.11%;红火蚁在草坪绿化地、荒地的优势种占绝对优势,其优势度指数、优势集中性指数与楼房区差异极显著;在安置区内,红火蚁在人类极少活动的荒地发生较重,偶尔活动的草坪区发生次之,经常活动的楼房区极少发生。【结论】入侵红火蚁与本地蚂蚁在人为干扰区共同定殖时,红火蚁入侵显著降低了人为干扰区内的蚂蚁群落多样性,但其红火蚁的发生程度与人类日常活动呈反比。     

转植酸酶基因玉米对田间节肢动物群落多样性的影响

【背景】节肢动物群落是农田生态系统的重要组成部分,转基因作物的种植对节肢动物群落结构及多样性的影响是环境安全评价的重要内容之一。转植酸酶基因玉米是我国首例获得生产应用安全证书的转基因粮食作物。【方法】以转植酸酶基因玉米10TPY005、非转基因亲本玉米蠡玉35和当地常规品种郑单958为试验材料,在大田种植条件下,采用直接观察法定期调查了玉米田间主要节肢动物的种类和发生数量,通过分析比较3个玉米品种田间节肢动物群落、天敌亚群落和害虫亚群落的多样性指数、均匀性指数以及优势集中性指数,研究了转植酸酶基因玉米对田间节肢动物群落多样性的影响。【结果】在各个调查时间,转植酸酶基因玉米10TPY005与亲本玉米蠡玉35相比,各群落指数均不存在显著性差异;随着玉米生育期的延长,各群落指数的变化趋势也基本一致。【结论与意义】转植酸酶基因玉米的短期种植,对田间节肢动物群落多样性没有明显影响。     

红火蚁对荔枝园无脊椎动物群落多样性及稳定性的影响

对红火蚁发生区和对照区荔枝园无脊椎动物群落多样性的研究表明:红火蚁发生区的荔枝园树冠、地面植被、地表及土壤中的无脊椎动物群落的物种数和个体数都较对照区出现了明显的下降,群落结构特征也发生了明显的变化,群落及各亚群落的物种多样性﹑物种丰富度减小,优势度﹑优势集中性上升,群落由稳定走向波动,群落可侵入性进一步增强。在荔枝树冠,受红火蚁捕食或其它作用影响而明显减少的害虫种类主要是一些鳞翅目幼虫,天敌主要包括广斧螳Hierodulapatellifera(Serville)、锥盾菱猎蝽Isyndus reticulatesSt、中华草蛉Chrysopa sinica Tieder、平腹小蜂Anastatus japonicus、斜纹猫蛛Oxyopessertatus(L.Koch)及白条锯足蛛Runciniaal bostriata Boes.et Str.等。在地面植被上,受红火蚁影响的害虫种类主要是一些鳞翅目夜蛾科的幼虫,天敌种类主要包括中华大刀螳Tenodera aridifolia sinensis、丽眼斑螳Creobroter gemmata(Stoll)、中华草蛉Chrysopasinica Tieder、线纹猫蛛Oxyope slineatipes(L.Koch)及草皮逍遥蛛Philodromus cespitum(Walckenaer)等。但值得注意的是,在红火蚁轻度发生区,地面植被上的四斑月瓢虫Chilomenes quadriplaglata Swartz和六斑月瓢虫Menochilus sexmaculata Fabricius的种群数量却出现增加。在荔枝园地表及土壤中的无脊椎动物中,以步甲﹑隐翅甲等作为生物指示物反映环境条件变化的物种受影响下降明显。但在红火蚁轻度发生区,一些种类(如独角仙Xylotrupes gideon L幼虫)与红火蚁存在互利共生的关系,其数量非但没有减少,反而有所增加,这在一定程度上增加了对荔枝园有害生物防治的难度。相关分析的研究表明,红火蚁种群数量与荔枝园无脊椎动物群落各特征指数存在一定的相关关系,其中与重度发生区地表及土壤无脊椎动物群落各特征指数高度相关。红火蚁发生区无脊椎动物群落多样性的主成分分析表明,影响荔枝园树冠和地面植被无脊椎动物群落多样性的主要成分都是优势集中性,而影响荔枝园地表及土壤无脊椎动物群落多样性的主成分却是均匀度。     

红火蚁入侵对广东多种生境中蚂蚁类群的影响

采用陷阱法和诱饵诱集法研究了深圳红火蚁发生区和未发生区蚂蚁的类群多样性和相似性.结果表明:草坪和荒草地红火蚁发生区域的蚂蚁物种数明显减少,且草坪中蚂蚁种类减少的程度(6种)大于荒草地 (3种).红火蚁入侵后荔枝园、荒草地和草坪的蚂蚁优势种发生了明显改变,红火蚁替代了原来的优势蚂蚁种类,在数量上占据了主导地位,在荒草地和草坪这种优势种的改变更为明显.对蚂蚁类群指数的分析表明:红火蚁入侵荒草地和草坪后蚂蚁类群的多样性、均匀度降低,优势度明显增大;而荔枝园中蚂蚁类群多样性指数、均匀度指数均增大,优势度指数降低.荔枝园、荒草地和草坪的红火蚁发生区和未发生区蚂蚁类群相似性系数不同,分别为0.6316、0.5882和0.2941.     

不同邻作玉米田节肢动物群落特征及稳定性

【目的】为明确不同邻作模式玉米田节肢动物群落特征及群落稳定性。【方法】采用诱集和目测法对邻作咖啡、水稻、李树及单作的玉米田节肢动物群落进行系统调查,分析不同邻作环境对玉米田节肢动物群落特征及稳定性的影响。【结果】共调查到节肢动物294种,隶属于4纲12目87科,与单作玉米田相比,邻作玉米田节肢动物群落的丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数均较高,优势集中性指数较低,不同邻作玉米田丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度度指数大小依次为:玉咖玉稻玉李单作。不同邻作模式玉米田中的稳定指数N_n/N_p、N_d/N_p、S_n/S_p和S_d/S_p的值的大小顺序为:玉咖玉稻玉李单作,稳定指数d_s/d_m值的顺序依次为:玉咖玉稻玉李单作,与咖啡邻作玉米田节肢动物群落稳定性在调查的邻作模式中最高,单作玉米田的稳定性最低。【结论】邻作能够增加玉米田节肢动物群落的多样性指数和稳定性,且玉米与咖啡邻作模式是最能够增加玉米田节肢动物群落稳定性和多样性指数的邻作模式。     

转Cry1Ac基因抗虫玉米Bt-799对田间节肢动物群落多样性的影响

【目的】安全评价是转基因品种研发的重要保障,为明确转基因玉米Bt-799在生物多样性影响方面的安全性,并为其在吉林春玉米区种植提供安全保证,开展了转基因玉米Bt-799对田间节肢动物群落多样性影响的研究。【方法】综合利用直接观察法和地面陷阱法,以多样性指数、均匀度指数、优势度指数等参数以及主要种群动态作为评价指标,系统研究转基因玉米Bt-799对田间节肢动物群落多样性的影响。【结果】转基因玉米Bt-799较之对应的非转基因对照郑58在田间节肢动物群落结构参数、主要种群动态等方面均无显著差异。【结论】转Cry1Ac基因玉米Bt-799在吉林省种植,不会对田间节肢动物群落多样性造成显著不良影响。     

The effects of phytase transgenic maize on the community components and diversity of arthropods

It is important to understand the effect of phytase transgenic (PT) maize on arthropod communities in natural ecosystems. In this study, a 2-year survey of arthropod community biodiversity in fields of PT maize (0 7 8) and non-genetically modified (RA119, non-GM) maize was performed using sweep-net sampling on the stems and leaves of the maize plants. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the individual number of herbivorous, predatory, neutral and parasitic groups in PT maize and non-GM maize. The species number of herbivorous group in PT maize was significantly lower than that in non-GM maize in 2013 (p < 0.05). The proportions of different arthropod groups were almost identical in the PT maize and non-GM maize in terms of both species and individual number. Moreover, there was no significant difference in the Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H'), evenness index (J), dominance index (D), richness (S), and species abundance (N) between the two types of maize. The similarity coefficient of the arthropod community suggested that the arthropod community composition of PT maize was similar to that of non-GM maize. Furthermore, PT maize had no significant effect on the relative stability of the arthropod community. These results indicated that despite the presence of a relatively minor difference in arthropod community between the PT maize and non-GM maize, the PT maize had little effect on arthropod community biodiversity.     

不同邻作作物对玉米田节肢动物多样性的影响

为探明不同邻作对云南普洱地区玉米田节肢动物多样性的影响.采用目测法和粘虫板等多种诱集法对邻作咖啡、水稻、李树及单作的玉米田节肢动物群落进行系统调查,分析不同邻作作物对玉米田节肢动物群落的影响.结果表明:不同邻作玉米田天敌亚群落主要为双翅目和膜翅目,其中玉米单作田赤池信息量准则(AIC)值最低为-16.858,最优模型为Y=-10.312-1.639D+2.629PC2(Y为物种多样性,D为调查总个体数,PC2代表以天敌亚群落个体数为主的主成分2),节肢动物总个体数和天敌亚群落个体数与节肢动物群落多样性相关,邻作能够增加玉米田节肢动物群落多样性,其中邻作咖啡玉米田节肢动物多样性指数最高为4.082.影响玉米田节肢动物群落的主要主成份因子有天敌亚群落和中性亚群落.天敌亚群落个体数对玉米田节肢动物多样性影响最大,邻作能不同程度增加玉米田节肢动物群落多样性,邻作咖啡最佳.研究结果可为利用邻作种植模式调节玉米田节肢动物多样性提供依据.     

Imported fire ants near the edge of their range: disturbance and moisture determine prevalence and impact of an invasive social insect

1.?Habitat disturbance and species invasions interact in natural systems, making it difficult to isolate the primary cause of ecosystem degradation. A general understanding requires case studies of how disturbance and invasion interact across a variety of ecosystem - invasive species combinations. 2.?Dramatic losses in ant diversity followed the invasion of central Texas by red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta). However, recent manipulative studies in Florida revealed no effect on ant diversity following the removal of S.?invicta from a disturbed pasture habitat, but moderate loss of diversity associated with their introduction into undisturbed habitat and no invasion occurred without disturbance. Thus, the importance of S.?invicta in driving diversity loss and its ability to invade undisturbed systems is unresolved. 3.?We examine the distribution and abundance of a large monogyne S.?invicta population and its association with the co-occurring ant assemblage at a site in south Texas close to the aridity tolerance limit of S.?invicta. 4.?We document that moisture modulates S.?invicta densities. Further, soil disturbing habitat manipulations greatly increase S.?invicta population densities. However, S.?invicta penetrates all habitats regardless of soil disturbance history. In contrast, controlled burns depress S.?invicta densities. 5.?In habitats where S.?invicta is prevalent, it completely replaces native fire ants. However, S.?invicta impacts native ants as a whole less strongly. Intriguingly, native ants responded distinctly to S.?invicta in different environments. In wet, undisturbed environments, high S.?invicta abundance disrupts the spatial structure of the ant assemblage by increasing clumping and is associated with reduced species density, while in dry-disturbed habitats, sites with high S.?invicta abundance possess high numbers of native species. Analyses of co-occurrence indicate that reduced species density in wet-undisturbed sites arises from negative species interactions between native ants and S.?invicta. However, these same data suggest that the high native species density of abundant S.?invicta sites in dry-disturbed environments does not result from facilitation. 6.?Monogyne S.?invicta populations play different roles in different environments, driving ant diversity loss in some, but being largely symptomatic of habitat disturbance in others.     

转基因玉米对田间节肢动物群落多样性的影响

通过对转基因耐除草剂(EPSPS)抗虫(Cry1Ab)玉米转化体‘DBN9936’、受体玉米‘DBN318’、常规玉米‘先玉335’和喷施除草剂的转化体‘DBN9936’玉米田中节肢动物种类及数量的调查, 评价转基因玉米对田间节肢动物群落多样性的影响。2015年和2017年我们采用直接观察法、陷阱调查法和剖秆法对田间节肢动物进行调查, 采用聚类分析、物种累积曲线等方法对数据进行分析, 并比较了4个处理玉米田节肢动物群落的Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、优势集中性指数和群落相似性指数的差异及其随时间变化的规律。调查期间共记录节肢动物20目80科; 转化体玉米‘DBN9936’ (2015: 10.3 ± 2.6头, 2017: 3.3 ± 1.7头)和喷施除草剂的转化体玉米‘DBN9936’ (2015: 6.0 ± 1.5头, 2017: 17.0 ± 0.6头)上鳞翅目昆虫的数量明显低于受体‘DBN318’ (2015: 20.0 ± 3.2头, 2017: 24.0 ± 6.0头)和‘先玉335’ (2015: 21.0 ± 8.9头, 2017: 26.7 ± 2.0头); 物种累积曲线呈典型的抛物线, 各类玉米田间总体物种丰富度差异较小; 玉米生育期节肢动物调查结果累计数量的功能团组成及其丰富度、多样性、均匀度、优势集中性间均无明显的差异, 各类指数随时间变化的动态趋于一致, 群落间相似性程度较高。转基因玉米‘DBN9936’对鳞翅目害虫有明显的抗性, 对非靶标节肢动物无显著的影响, 对田间节肢动物的群落多样性、均匀度、丰富度、优势集中性等没有明显的影响。     

Native ant responses to Solenopsis invicta buren reduction using broadcast baits

A pilot study was conducted to investigate the impact of Solenopsis invicta management with an insect growth regulator bait (s-methoprene) on native ant species and to determine the responses of these species to S. invicta reduction. This invasive species alters the diversity and structure of different trophic levels of arthropod assemblages. Despite advances in S. invicta management using biological control agents, poison baits remain as the primary tool for effective fire ant management. However, the effect of these products on native ants is relatively unknown. Understanding these effects is critical to the development of S. invicta management strategies that include conservation of native ants. Native ants compete with S. invicta to some degree and can bolster efforts to release and establish exotic biological control agents to more effectively manage S. invicta. The study was carried out in Mumford, TX. Two treatments were used: a bait treatment that reduced S. invicta densities and a control. The treatments were randomly assigned to 1.33-ha blocks, replicated four times, and periodically inspected using complementary sampling techniques (pitfall traps, baited vials, manual collections, and nest surveys). Sixteen ant species were found among the two treatments. After S. invicta reduction, significant increases in densities of several other ant species were observed. Species within the assemblage shifted from the dominance by S. invicta to the dominance of the native pyramid ant, Dorymyrmex flavus McCook, which showed the most significant increase in bait treated blocks and was found to persist at densities significantly higher than the control for >2 yr after the last bait treatment. A temporary change in diversity was observed, indicating that use of a poison bait for S. invicta management benefited numerous resident species in the ant assemblage.     

茶园间作不同绿肥对节肢动物群落结构和多样性的影响

【目的】研究在茶园中合理间作绿肥对茶园节肢动物群落结构和多样性的影响。【方法】本文在茶园中分别设间作铺地木兰+罗顿豆、圆叶决明+白三叶、白三叶+平托花生3种不同绿肥组合处理,并设不间作绿肥、常规除草的茶园为对照。【结果】间作不同绿肥均能提高茶园节肢动物群落的物种丰富度和群落多样性,提高茶园捕食性天敌昆虫、蜘蛛和寄生性天敌在茶园冠层群落的比率;不同处理茶园冠层节肢动物Shannon-wiener多样性指数(H)、Simpson指数(D)和均匀度指数变化趋势基本一致;茶冠层的节肢动物群落多样性指数在4类不同处理茶园间差异显著;间作绿肥增加了茶园的生物多样性,4类不同处理茶园茶冠层群落相似性系数在0.741~0.892之间,表明4类不同处理茶园冠层群落在物种组成上有较高的相似性。4类不同处理茶园害虫与天敌两类群功能团的丰盛度之间成显著的正相关,表明天敌对害虫的空间数量跟随效应强,主要表现为二者数量间的相互作用。灰色关联度分析表明在4类不同处理茶园中的群落节肢动物物种数/个体数、天敌物种数/害虫物种数、害虫丰富度与多样性指数和均匀度指数的关联系数较高,反应了群落的多样性和稳定性。【结论】间作增强了茶园群落的生物多样性,提高害虫天敌的种类和个体数,有利有效发挥天敌对有害生物的生态控制。     

Biogeographic effects of red fire ant invasion

The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta , was accidentally introduced to North America over 60 years ago and has spread throughout the southeastern United States. We document the biogeographic consequences of this invasion. We censused ground-foraging ant communities on a 2000 km transect from Florida through New York that passed through invaded and intact biotas. Native ant species density peaks at mid-latitudes in the eastern United States, and the location of this peak corresponds to the range limit of S. invicta . In uninvaded sites, ant species co-occur less often than expected by chance. In the presence of S. invicta , community structure converges to a random pattern. Our results suggest that the effects of S. invicta on native ant communities are pervasive: not only does the presence of S. invicta reduce species density at local scales, it alters the co-occurrence patterns of surviving species at a biogeographic scale.