生长素极性运输研究进展

生长素极性运输与植物生长发育密切相关并受许多因素调控,生长素极性运输机理方面已取得较大进展,但仍有一些亟待解决的问题.研究植物生长素极性运输的生理机制及其调控具有十分重要的意义.通过了解生长素在植物生长发育中的作用,进而阐述生长素极性运输机理方面的研究进展.     

肌动蛋白微丝与生长素浓度梯度分布

生长素参与植物生长发育的各个阶段,如胚胎发生、发育,营养器官发生与形态建成,极性与轴向的建立,维管组织分化,生殖器官的发育等。虽然生长素在植物的各组织器官和细胞中发挥着重要的作用,植物内源生长素的生物合成却是在特异的组织——细胞快速分裂的幼嫩组织中完成的,然后通过韧皮部或受严格控制的细胞—细胞运输系统运送至植物各个部分。生长素的极性运输导致其积累在某些局部组织和细胞内,形成特定梯度分布。生长素对植物生长发育众多方面的调节正是依赖于这一特性。该文综述了近年来有关植物生长发育过程中生长素浓度梯度的形成和相应的生理功能,以及细胞骨架中的微丝参与调控生长素极性运输的研究工作。     

生长素的极性运输及其在植物发育调控中的作用

生长素是已知的植物激素中唯一具有极性运输方式的激素。利用生长素极性运输抑制物和生长素极性运输突变体,使人们获得大量有关生长素及其极性运输在植物生长发育调控中具有重要作用的资料。与生长素极性运输有关的基因的克隆及其表达调控的研究将进而在分子水平上阐明其作用的机理。     

植物生长素的极性运输载体研究进展

生长素极性运输在植物生长发育中起重要的调控作用.植物细胞间的生长素极性运输主要通过生长素运输载体进行调控.该文对近年来有关生长素极性运输载体,包括输入载体AUX/LAX、输出载体PIN、尤其是新近发现的兼有输入和输出载体功能的MDR/PGP等蛋白家族,以及生长素极性运输中PIN与MDR/PGP蛋白间相互作用关系进行综述.     

中国科学家在生长素信号转导领域取得突破性研究进展

生长素(IAA)作为一种重要的植物激素, 参与调节植物生长发育的许多过程, 其作用机理长期以来备受人们的关注。最近, 中国科学家在生长素信号转导的分子机理研究领域取得了突破性进展。     

PIN蛋白在生长素极性运输中的作用

PIN蛋白是生长素流出栽体,它在细胞中的不对称分布决定细胞间生长素流方向.PIN蛋白网络系统决定生长素的极性运输,为植物体各部位的细胞提供了特异的位置和方向信息.从细胞水平上介绍PIN蛋白在生长素极性运输中的作用及对PIN蛋白功能调节的研究进展.     

生长素调控植物重力反应的分子机理研究

重力反应是植物对环境的一种适应现象。生长素参与植物环境适应与发育调控的过程,重力反应过程的核心之一是在重力反应器官形成生长素的浓度梯度,诱导下游基因的差异表达。生长素的合成、代谢、极性运输及信号转导在此过程中发挥了关键作用。该文以拟南芥和水稻的研究为基础,综述了近几年对生长素调控植株重力反应的分子机理的研究进展,并对该领域未来的研究进行展望。     

拟南芥突变体在生长素信号传导中的研究进展

近年来,在植物激素的信号传导研究上已取得突破性进展.生长素的信号传导通路研究除了在生长素结合蛋白(ABP)上有所进展外,在生长素应答基因(Aux IAA),生长素调节因子(ARF)以及感应突变体的研究上也取得较大进展.对生长素运输通路及PIN1蛋白的功能和其抑制剂的研究也使对生长素信号传导的认识更清楚.生长素应答基因(Aux IAA)是生长素处理后快速诱导的基因.Aux IAA蛋白具有组织特异性(例如SAU蛋白)可以用来研究外源激素对植物生长发育的影响.生长素调节因子(ARF)与生长素应答基因的启动子序列具有特异性结合,Aux IAA蛋白与生长素调节因子(ARF)相互作用,并引发一系列蛋白质降解.使用转基因的拟南芥突变体,能有效地研究生长素在植物体内的特异性分布.借助运输载体抑制剂,可以对生长素的极性运输有更深入的了解.已经证明PIN蛋白参与生长素运输并与肌动蛋白有关.而且生长素参与了赤霉素介导的植物伸长反应.     

植物非经典生长素信号转导通路解析

植物激素生长素参与调控植物生长发育的各个过程,包括胚胎发育、器官发生和向性运动等。植物通过协调生长素的合成代谢、极性运输以及信号转导来实现对不同生长发育过程的精准调控。生长素的功能依赖于其信号被感知后经由信号转导通路转换为下游复杂多样的反应。经典的生长素信号转导通路阐明了细胞核内从SCF~(TIR1/AFB)受体到Aux/IAA蛋白的泛素化降解最终通过ARF转录因子调控基因转录的完整生长素响应过程。该核内信号通路揭示了生长素转录调控生长发育的诸多分子机制,但植物生长发育调控过程中仍有许多生长素响应过程无法通过该经典信号通路解析。重点阐述生长素非经典信号通路的调控机制及其对植物生长发育的重要作用,并讨论和展望生长素非经典信号通路研究目前所面临的挑战以及研究前景。     

类黄酮调节生长素的极性运输(综述)

生长素在植物体内是通过极性运输方式输送的,这个运输过程是一个严格调控的过程.目前对其调控机理尚不了解.植物体内广泛存在的类黄酮类物质影响生长素运输,对生长素运输起负调控作用.     

Molecular and cellular aspects of auxin-transport-mediated development

The plant hormone auxin is frequently observed to be asymmetrically distributed across adjacent cells during crucial stages of growth and development. These auxin gradients depend on polar transport and regulate a wide variety of processes, including embryogenesis, organogenesis, vascular tissue differentiation, root meristem maintenance and tropic growth. Auxin can mediate such a perplexing array of developmental processes by acting as a general trigger for the change in developmental program in cells where it accumulates and by providing vectorial information to the tissues by its polar intercellular flow. In recent years, a wealth of molecular data on the mechanism of auxin transport and its regulation has been generated, providing significant insights into the action of this versatile coordinative signal.     

Subcellular trafficking of PIN auxin efflux carriers in auxin transport

The directional transport of the plant hormone auxin is a unique process mediating a wide variety of developmental processes. Auxin movement between cells depends on AUX1/LAX, PGP and PIN protein families that mediate auxin transport across the plasma membrane. The directionality of auxin flow within tissues is largely determined by polar, subcellular localization of PIN auxin efflux carriers. PIN proteins undergo rapid subcellular dynamics that is important for the process of auxin transport and its directionality. Furthermore, various environmental and endogenous signals can modulate trafficking and polarity of PIN proteins and by this mechanism change auxin distribution. Thus, the subcellular dynamics of auxin transport proteins represents an important interface between cellular processes and development of the whole plant. This review summarizes our recent contributions to the field of PIN trafficking and auxin transport regulation.     

Mathematical model of auxin distribution in the plant root

Auxin regulation of plant growth and development is mediated by controlled distribution of this hormone and dose-dependent mechanisms of its action. A mathematical model is proposed, which describes auxin distribution in the cell array along the root longitudinal axis in Arabidopsis thaliana. The model qualitatively simulates auxin distribution over the longitudinal axis in intact roots, changes in this distribution at decreased auxin transport rates, and restoration of the auxin distribution pattern with subsequent establishment of new root meristem in the course of root regeneration after the ablation of its tip. The model shows the presence of different auxin distribution patterns over the longitudinal root axis and suggests possible scenarios for root growth and lateral root formation. Biological interpretation of different regimes of model behavior is presented.     

Ion channels meet auxin action

The regulation of cell division and elongation in plants is accomplished by the action of different phytohormones. Auxin as one of these growth regulators is known to stimulate cell elongation growth in the aerial parts of the plant. Here, auxin enhances cell enlargement by increasing the extensibility of the cell wall and by facilitating the uptake of osmolytes such as potassium ions into the cell. Starting in the late 1990s, the auxin regulation of ion channels mediating K+ import into the cell has been studied in great detail. In this article we will focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying the modulation of K+ transport by auxin and present a model to explain how the regulation of K+ channels is involved in auxin-induced cell elongation growth.     

Genetic approach towards the identification of auxin–cytokinin crosstalk components involved in root development

Phytohormones are important plant growth regulators that control many developmental processes, such as cell division, cell differentiation, organogenesis and morphogenesis. They regulate a multitude of apparently unrelated physiological processes, often with overlapping roles, and they mutually modulate their effects. These features imply important synergistic and antagonistic interactions between the various plant hormones. Auxin and cytokinin are central hormones involved in the regulation of plant growth and development, including processes determining root architecture, such as root pole establishment during early embryogenesis, root meristem maintenance and lateral root organogenesis. Thus, to control root development both pathways put special demands on the mechanisms that balance their activities and mediate their interactions. Here, we summarize recent knowledge on the role of auxin and cytokinin in the regulation of root architecture with special focus on lateral root organogenesis, discuss the latest findings on the molecular mechanisms of their interactions, and present forward genetic screen as a tool to identify novel molecular components of the auxin and cytokinin crosstalk.     

Genetic approach towards the identification of auxin-cytokinin crosstalk components involved in root development

Phytohormones are important plant growth regulators that control many developmental processes, such as cell division, cell differentiation, organogenesis and morphogenesis. They regulate a multitude of apparently unrelated physiological processes, often with overlapping roles, and they mutually modulate their effects. These features imply important synergistic and antagonistic interactions between the various plant hormones. Auxin and cytokinin are central hormones involved in the regulation of plant growth and development, including processes determining root architecture, such as root pole establishment during early embryogenesis, root meristem maintenance and lateral root organogenesis. Thus, to control root development both pathways put special demands on the mechanisms that balance their activities and mediate their interactions. Here, we summarize recent knowledge on the role of auxin and cytokinin in the regulation of root architecture with special focus on lateral root organogenesis, discuss the latest findings on the molecular mechanisms of their interactions, and present forward genetic screen as a tool to identify novel molecular components of the auxin and cytokinin crosstalk.     

A Role for Auxin in Flower Development

Auxin has long been implicated in many aspects of plant growth and development including flower development. However, the exact roles of auxin in flower development have not been well defined until the recent identification of auxin biosynthesis mutants. Auxin is necessary for the inltiation of floral primordia, and the disruption of auxin biosynthesis, polar auxin transport or auxin signaling leads to the failure of flower formation. Auxin also plays an essential role in specifying the number and Identity of floral organs. Further analysis of the relationship between the auxin pathways and the known flower development genes will provide critical information regarding mechanisms of organogenesis and pattern formation in plants.