极濒危植物中华水韭休宁居群的遗传结构

采用超薄平板微型聚丙烯酰胺等电聚焦电泳方法对极濒危蕨类植物中华水韭(Isoetes sinensis)现存于安徽休宁的5个亚居群的等位酶多样性和遗传结构进行了研究。结果表明：中华水韭居群每位点平均等位基因数A=1．7,平均多态位点比率P=55．56％,平均预期杂合度He=0．201。居群中半数的多念位点表现为等位基因的“固定杂合”,5个亚居群的遗传多样性无显著差异,但都表现出严重偏离Hardy—Weinberg平衡的杂合子过昔;其遗传变异主要发生于亚居群内(94．27％),亚居群之间的遗传分化较小(Gsl=0．0573),亚居群间遗传一致度较高(I=0．960—0．999)。我们推断这可能是由于居群构建之初的奠基者效应或者原种群曾经历了较为严重的遗传瓶颈所导致;此外亚居群间便利的基因交流也可能起到了很大作用(Nm=4．5062)。取自休宁居群的75株样品由13个专一多位点基因型(18个位点等位酶基因型)组成,亚居群及个体间高度遗传均质。本文还就中华水韭休宁野生居群濒危的遗传因素进行了探讨,并提出了相应的保育策略。     

葫芦苏铁遗传多样性的等位酶分析

采用等位酶技术,分析了葫芦苏铁5个居群的遗传多样性。分析6个酶系统,共获得了13个基因位点, 结果表明:葫芦苏铁具有较高水平的遗传变异性,多态位点百分率(P)为56．9％,等位基因平均数A=1.62,等 位基因多样性指数Ho=0.105,He=0．164,居群杂合体过量的位点为50％。居群遗传结构分析表明,大部分 遗传变异(93．6％)存在于居群内(FST=0．064),居群间分化程度甚微。根据葫芦苏铁的居群遗传结构式样并 结合相关研究,提出了就地保护所有居群,迁地保护从东一、王下和水田三个大居群取样的保护策略。     

湖北海棠的等位酶变异和遗传多样性研究

采用超薄平板微型聚丙烯酰胺等电聚焦电泳方法对湖北海棠（Malus hupehensis)的9个野生居群和2个人工栽培居群的等位酶变异和遗传多样性进行了初步研究。通过对12个酶系统29个酶位点的检测,结果表明湖北海棠有25个酶位点的等位基因频率分布差异,,有10个居群发现稀有等位基因,并有11个（37．9％）重复位点;湖北海棠的遗传多样性水平很高,等位基因平均数A＝2．127,多态位点百分率P＝74．927,平均预期杂合度He=0.376;居群间的基因分化系数GST＝0．224。与其他苹果属植物相比,湖北海棠具有中等丰富的遗传变异水平。居群间的基因流仅为Nm=0.866,表明遗传漂变是影响居群遗传变异和遗传结构的一个重要因素。     

缙云山特有植物缙云黄芩的遗传多样性研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直平板电泳检测了重庆缙云山特有植物缙云黄芩7个居群70个个体的过氧化物酶、细胞色素氧化酶、超氧化物歧化酶、淀粉酶和酯酶5种等位酶,获得20个基因位点的资料,由此分析了其遗传分化水平。结果表明：缙云黄芩遗传多样性水平较高,多态位点比率P为45．7％,平均每个多态位点的等位基因数目A为1．46,平均预期杂合度He为0．205,平均观察杂合度Ho为0．352。缙云黄芩居群间遗传分化水平较高,Gst=0．401,居群间遗传一致度和遗传距离的平均值分别为0．741和0．300。缙云黄芩遗传多样性的40．1％来源于居群之间的基因差异,59．9％属于居群内的遗传分化,因而对缙云黄芩遗传多样性的保护,应保护其较多的居群。     

龙脑香科植物望天树的居群遗传结构及分化

运用“水平切片淀粉凝胶是泳等分析”方法,对国家一级珍稀濒危保护植物望天树（Parashorea chinensis)进行了遗传多样性和居群分化的研究,通过对分布于滇南,滇东南和桂西南的9个天然居群（中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园引种载培的2个人工居群作为对照）,11个酶系统16个等位酶位点的研究表明,望天树群体内遗传变异水平极低,多态位点比率P为6．25％－12．50％（平均为6．82％）,等位基因平均数A为1．06－1．13（平均为1．07）,平均期望杂合度He为0．032－0．054（平均为0．035）,平均观测杂合度Ho为0．063,所有居群Pgm-1位点的基因型均为杂合体,其余位点的基因型均为纯合体,居群间存在低水平的遗传分化,GST值为0．030,结果表明不同于其它热带植物的报道,望天树群体的遗传结构单一,一方面反映了群体内存在大量的内繁育（无融合生殖,近交）,另一方面也说明了在进化过程中该种曾经历了严重的瓶颈效应,遗传变异大量丧失。     

新疆阜康荒漠地区叉毛蓬居群的遗传结构和分化

应用RAPD技术,对新疆阜康荒漠地区叉毛蓬进行了居群遗传分析。结果表明：①用14个随机引物对5个叉毛蓬亚居群的98个个体进行了RAPD扩增,共检出3919条扩增片段,多态带3868条,总的多态位点百分率为98．7％;②Shannon多样性指数(HPOP／HSP＝0．6933)和Nei基因多样性指数(HS／HT＝0．6948)显示出大部分的遗传变异存在于叉毛蓬亚居群内,遗传分化系数(GST＝o．3052)表明亚居群问的分子变异占居群总遗传变异的30％以上;②5个叉毛蓬亚居群间的平均遗传距离为0．1817,变异范围从0．1258到0．2445,与同一物种亚种间遗传距离的变幅较一致(0．02—0．20),表明5个亚居群间产生了遗传分化;④叉毛蓬亚居群的基因流Nm＝1．138,低于一般广布种的基因流水平(Nm＝1．881),且远低于毛乌素沙地柠条的基因流(Nm＝5．9529),相对有限的基因流可能在叉毛蓬居群遗传分化的维持中起着作用。以上分析表明,尽管大部分的遗传多样性存在于叉毛蓬亚居群内,但5个亚居群间已有明显遗传分化的趋势。     

甘肃濒危植物秦艽的龙胆苦苷含量和遗传多样性的研究北大核心CSCD

通过对不同产地秦艽的含量和遗传多样性进行研究,为甘肃秦艽的就地保护提供理论依据。龙胆苦苷含量测定采用高效液相色谱法,遗传多样性和遗传结构进行研究采用等位酶分析技术。不同产地秦艽的有效成分龙胆苦苷的含量存在一定的差异,对秦艽的6个居群152株通过12个酶位点的分析表明,秦艽具有较低的遗传多样性。每位点平均等位基因数（A）为0．7694,多态位点百分率（P）为16．16,秦艽居群间的遗传分化系数（白t）为0．1247,说明其87．63％的遗传变异存在于居群问。通过对不同地区秦艽药材的有效成分含量和等位酶的分析,为保护野生品种、确保引种栽培秦艽药材的质量提供了科学依据。     

应用RAPD技术研究阿尔卑斯山黄花茅居群内的遗传分化

应用RAPD技术,沿一个海拔梯度研究了阿尔卑斯山黄花茅自然居群的遗传变异和分化。实验 表明,虽然在亚居群间有很少的亚居群独有遗传标记的存在,但通过RAPD资料的聚类分析、主因子分 析以及相关分析观察到遗传分化沿海拔梯度发生,而且亚居群间的遗传分化和它们的海拔高度(地理距 离)呈有意义的正相关。研究结果暗示,在阿尔卑斯山的高山-亚高山过渡区,亚居群间的海拔高度差别 可能导致黄花茅开花和生长物候期的变化,而后者限制了亚居群间的基因流,从而引起居群内的遗传分化。     

瑞士阿尔卑斯山欧洲落叶松居群的遗传变异和分化

应用等位酶分析技术,沿两个海拔梯度在瑞士阿尔卑斯山研究了欧洲落叶松（Larix decidua Mill.)居群内和居群间的遗传多态性,结果表明,多态性位点的比例为22.9%,平均每个位点的等位基因数为1.3,平均期望杂合度为0.095,遗传变异的5.8%存在于居群之间,平均遗传距离为0.006。几个有统计意义的基因频率差别在不同树龄类被发现,正在繁育系数值表明在瑞士阿尔卑斯山欧洲落叶松居群有相当的杂合体缺乏,在阿尔拜特（Ar-pette),海拔最高的亚居群与其他亚居群相比较显示最低的遗传多态性（如显示最低的我态性位点比例和最低的平均期望杂合度）和最大的遗传距离值,在最高亚居群和其他亚居群间的遗传差别暗示奠基效应可能是影响这个定样场所欧洲落叶松居群遗传分化的主要因素。     

新疆桑属植物栽培居群的遗传多样性研究

应用RAPD分子标记对新疆不同地区栽培的桑属植物2种3个分类群共11个居群进行了遗传多样性研究。结果表明,新疆桑属栽培植物中虽然存在较为丰富的遗传多样性,多态位点比率(PPB)为87．39％,Shannon多样性指数为0．3997,但在栽培居群内的遗传变异水平相对较低;在不同居群间遗传变异水平仔住很人差异,各居群的多态位点比率(PPB)为4．5％至45．95％,Shannon多样性指数为0．0312至0．2339;白桑(Morus alba L．)及其变种鞑靼桑(Morus alba L．var．tatarica)居群内的遗传变异水平远高于黑桑种(Morus nigra)。新疆桑属植物栽培居群内较低的遗传变异水平与其采用扦插等无性繁殖方式有关。分析全部的遗传变异显示,11个栽培居群之间的基因分化系数(Gst)为0．3541,其中桑及其变种9个居群间的基因分化系数为0．4597,黑桑种2个居群问的基因分化系数为0．4728。AMOVA分析表明,在全部遗传变异中,黑桑种和白桑种2个物种之间的遗传变异占59．16％,居群间遗传变异为17．46％。遗传距离和聚类分析也表明,黑桑种和白桑种及其变种鞑靼桑之间存在很大的遗传分化。     

Population genetic structure and differentiation of Anthoxanthum alpinum in the subalpine-alpine ecocline of Swiss Alps

Allozyme variation in 6 enzyme systems coding 10 loci was estimated for 18 subpopulations of Anthoxanthum alpinum from three altitudinal transects in two localities of the Swiss Alps. Mean proportions of polymorphic loci (95% criterion), average number of alleles per locus, and mean expected heterozygosity were 64.9%, 2.37 and 0. 252, respectively. Mean genetic distance among populations was 0.011, and 79% of the genetic variation resided within populations. Based on allozyme analysis, marginal subpopulations appeared to have similar level of genetic variability to central subpopulations. Relatively high genetic differentiation, low gene flow values and small neighbourhood sizes suggested that inbreeding followed by genetic drift was possible causes of lowgenetic variability in Arpette A. alpinum populations.     

大王马先蒿云南五个居群遗传变异研究

采用随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)分子标记方法,对大王马先蒿(PedicularisrexL.)分布在云南中甸、丽江、大理、武定和昆明的5个居群(其中中甸居群有3个亚居群)的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行了研究。结果表明,大王马先蒿居群具有较高的遗传多样性,多态位点百分率P、Shannon表型多样性指数I和Nei的基因多样性指数h分别为82.0%、0.361和0.240,遗传多样性水平与居群的地理分布范围相关;大王马先蒿居群间的遗传变异较高,遗传变异主要发生在居群之间,而不是居群内部;居群间遗传分化系数Gst为0.747,遗传分化明显,居群间基因交流较少。居群间的遗传距离与居群间的相对地理距离具有一定的相关性。对云南西北部中甸居群的3个亚居群的遗传多样性分析表明,居群的遗传多样性水平与海拔高度有一定的相关性。居群间遗传变异较高可能是由于大王马先蒿为短命多年生植物,繁育系统为混交型,且自交占较大比例等原因造成的。     

Genetic variation within and relatedness among wood and plains bison populations.

There are two recognized subspecies of bison, wood (Bison bison athabascae) and plains (Bison bison bison) bison. The establishment of most bison populations from a small number of individuals has raised concerns about their genetic variation. To this end, 11 bison populations were surveyed with 11 microsatellite loci in order to calculate genetic variation and genetic distances. Mean number of alleles ranged between 3.18 at Antelope Island State Park (Utah) and 6.55 at Wood Buffalo National Park (Alberta and Northwest Territories). Mean heterozygosity ranged from 0.295 at Antelope Island State Park to 0.669 at Custer State Park (South Dakota). The amount of genetic variability present in the bison populations as measured by mean number of alleles and overall probability of identity was found to correlate with the number of founders for all sampled populations. The G-test for heterogeneity revealed some evidence for the existence of subpopulations at Wood Buffalo National Park, however very small genetic distances between these subpopulations suggest that nuclear material from the plains bison introduced into Wood Buffalo National Park has diffused throughout the park. Genetic distances between the sampled populations were generally larger between than within the two bison subspecies.     

GENETIC VARIABILITY OF GELIDIUM CANARIENSIS (RHODOPHYTA) DETERMINED BY ISOZYME ELECTROPHORESIS1

The populations of Gelidium canariensis (Grunow) Seoane-Camba from the Canary Islands were analyzed for genetic variability by isozyme electrophoresis in 1989 and 1990. Each population was divided into sporophytic and gametophytic subpopulations. Twenty-three to 27 putative alleles corresponding to 22 gene loci were analyzed. Sev-enteen loci were monomorphic in all six subpopulations, and five were polymorphic in at least one subpopulation. Significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were found. The amount of genetic variability (percentage of polymorphic loci, mean number of alleles per locus, and average gene diversity) of haploid subpopulations was lower than that of diploid subpopulations. No correlation between genetic distance and geographical distance was found. Low genetic differentiation between sporophytic and gametophytic subpopulations of the same locality was obsewed in two populations. The low genetic diversity and genetic differentiation suggest that the genetic structure of the populations of G. canariensis from the Canary Islands is due to a combination of founder effects and the predominance of asexual reproduction. Initial differences in gene frequencies may have persisted because of insufficient time to reach a higher level of differentiation.     

Genetic analysis of scattered populations of the Indian eri silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini Donovan: Differentiation of subpopulations

Deforestation and exploitation has led to the fragmentation of habitats and scattering of populations of the economically important eri silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini, in north-east India. Genetic analysis of 15 eri populations, using ISSR markers, showed 98% inter-population, and 23% to 58% intra-population polymorphism. Nei's genetic distance between populations increased significantly with altitude (R(2) = 0.71) and geographic distance (R(2) = 0.78). On the dendrogram, the lower and upper Assam populations were clustered separately, with intermediate grouping of those from Barpathar and Chuchuyimlang, consistent with geographical distribution. The Nei's gene diversity index was 0.350 in total populations and 0.121 in subpopulations. The genetic differentiation estimate (Gst) was 0.276 among scattered populations. Neutrality tests showed deviation of 118 loci from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The number of loci that deviated from neutrality increased with altitude (R(2) = 0.63). Test of linkage disequilibrium showed greater contribution of variance among eri subpopulations to total variance. D('2)IS exceeded D('2)ST, showed significant contribution of random genetic drift to the increase in variance of disequilibrium in subpopulations. In the Lakhimpur population, the peripheral part was separated from the core by a genetic distance of 0.260. Patchy habitats promoted low genetic variability, high linkage disequilibrium and colonization by new subpopulations. Increased gene flow and habitat-area expansion are required to maintain higher genetic variability and conservation of the original S. c. ricini gene pool.     

Genetic Variation of Major Histocompatibility Complex and Microsatellite Loci: A Comparison in Bighorn Sheep

Examining and comparing genetic variation for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and microsatellite (MS) loci in the same individuals provides an opportunity to understand the forces influencing genetic variation. We examined five MHC and three MS loci in 235 bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) from 14 populations and found that both types of loci were highly variable and were in Hardy-Weinberg proportions. Mean F(ST) values for both markers were very similar and MHC and MS genetic variability was predominantly distributed within rather than among populations. However, analyses of genetic distances and tree topologies revealed different spatial patterns of variation for the two types of loci. Collectively, these results indicated that neutral forces substantially influenced MS and MHC variation, and they provided limited evidence for selection acting on the MHC.     

Population subdivision and gene flow among wild orangutans

Genetic variability among populations of orangutans from Borneo and Sumatra was assessed using seven SSR loci. Most SSR loci were highly polymorphic and their allele frequencies exhibited substantial variation across subpopulations. While significant genetic subdivision was observed among the island populations, genetic distance did not increase with geographic distance and sufficient gene flow persists to prevent marked genetic subdivision. Since it is unlikely that the Bornean Orangutans dispersed naturally among locations separated by such formidable geographic barriers, human assistance might already have altered their genetic structure. Our data suggests that there may be at least two subspecific clades of orangutans within Borneo while Central Kalimantan animals may have become more genetically related to animals in Sumatra due to human intervention.     

高山红景天（Rhodiola sachalinensis）遗传变异及其濒危机制的探讨

采用淀粉凝胶电泳手段,等位酶分析技术对分布于黑龙江大海林林业局高山红景天天然分布区内３个亚种群及吉林长白山１个亚种群的９种酶系统１８个位点进行了遗传分析,结果表明种群内存在一定的遗传变异（从态位点百分比为３０．５５％,等位基因平均数为１．３３３）但不是很丰富,主要是该种类狭窄的分布区致使生境单一及人为破坏其本身的生物学特性长期的进化过程中相互适应相互选择的结果。在黑龙江的分布区内各亚种群之间一致度     

Genetic differentiation of pedunculate oak Quercus robur L. in the European part of Russia based on RAPD markers

Using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA markers (RAPD), genetic variation and differentiation in four populations of pedunculate oak Quercus robur L. were examined. The populations occupy a large part of the Quercus robur range in the European Russia (Voronezh and Novgorod oblasts; Republics of Mordovia and Bashkortostan). With each of six random primers (A02, A09, A17, B01, B08, B11), 96 DNA samples were analyzed by PCR. In all, 48 putative polymorphic RAPD loci were detected. We failed to reveal population-specific DNA fragments for any primer although the frequencies of 14 fragments were significantly different among populations. The oak populations studied exhibited high variability: 73-90% of genes were polymorphic and the effective allele number was about 1.4. The total genetic variation varied from 0.202 (Vor) to 0.245 (Nov), which corresponded to the estimates for populations of this species from Central and Western Europe. The populations examined showed low among-population differentiation (GST = 0.098); gene flow Nem was 4.61. The proportion of among-population variation of the RAPD loci studied accounted for 7% of the total variability; more than 93% of the total variability was explained by individual and within--population variation.     

Genetic relationships among marine and freshwater populations of the European three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) revealed by microsatellites

To assess the population genetic structure of the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, variability at 18 microsatellite loci was examined in 1724 individuals from 74 locations covering most of the species distribution range in Europe. The results revealed high overall degree of differentiation (F(ST) = 0.21) but contrasting level of divergence and genetic variability between habitat types. Marine populations were genetically relatively uniform even across great geographical distances as compared to substantial differentiation among freshwater populations. Analysis of molecular variance indicated low but significant (2.7%) variation in allele frequencies between geographical regions, but a negligible effect of habitat type (0.2%). The phylogenetic pattern was not explained by habitat type, but a weak signal of populations clustering according to geographical or water system origin was found. The results support the view that three-spined stickleback marine ancestors colonized northern European fresh waters during the postglacial marine submergence c. 10,000 years ago, whereas in the Mediterranean region colonization probably dates back to the Pleistocene. The independent origins of river and lake populations indicate that they originate from multiple colonizations rather than sharing common ancestry. In the continuous marine environment, the low degree of differentiation among populations can be explained by gene flow among subpopulations and large effective population size buffering divergence in neutral markers. In contrast, among postglacially established freshwater populations differentiation appears to be driven by genetic drift and isolation. The stepwise mutations appear to have contributed to the population differentiation in the southern part of the three-spined stickleback distribution range.