樟个木虱形态特征及生物学特性

樟个木虱Triozacamphorae是近年来上海地区香樟上发生的一种新害虫。作者对其形态和生物学特性进行了研究。樟个木虱在上海以 1年发生 2代为主 ,偶发 3代。樟个木虱以低龄若虫在叶片上越冬 ,3月下旬至 4月上旬越冬代羽化 ;第 1代开始于 3月下旬 ,羽化高峰在 6月份 ;第 2代开始于 5月下旬 ,并主要以该代若虫越冬 ;第 3代若虫偶发 ,开始于 7月上旬 ,以若虫越冬。樟个木虱第 1代若虫的平均发育历期为 5 0 72d,1～ 5龄若虫的历期分别为 :1 8 .3 1± 2 .2 1d ,1 4. 90± 9. 92d,6 .1 1± 2 . 2 0d,5 .80±3 . 61d ,5 60± 1 5 1d。成虫的寿命为 3～ 1 1d ,平均寿命为 6 41d。樟个木虱的产卵量为 3 9. 1粒 雌虫。2 4℃下 ,卵历期 5～ 7d不等 ,平均为 5. 3 4± 0 . 5 7d ,卵平均孵化率为 83 . 7%。樟个木虱低龄若虫中 3龄若虫最耐高温 ,其次为 2龄若虫 ,1龄若虫最不耐高温。     

柿绒粉蚧的发生规律及防治

柿绒粉蚧(柿绵蚧)Eriococcus kaki Kuwana在广西灌阳县1年发生6代,以若虫和成虫在树干裂皮缝、缝隙,1、2年生枝条轮痕、芽基、芽鳞片及干柿蒂上越冬,次年柿树萌芽期开始活动。第1代～第6代低龄若虫高峰期分别为3月下旬～4月上旬初、5月下旬末～6月上旬初、6月下旬末～7月上旬初、8月上旬～中旬初、9月上旬初～中旬初及10月中旬初～11月上旬初。卵期7～18d,若虫期22～136d,成虫期6～140d。柿芽萌动前用99.1%机油乳剂180倍液(敌死虫)或20%松脂酸钠(融杀蚧螨)150倍液清园喷杀,防治效果分别达88%、79.8%。第1代低龄若虫高峰期用40%毒死蜱乳油1000倍液加25%噻嗪酮(扑虱灵)可湿性粉剂1500倍液喷雾,防治效果99.6%,80%敌敌畏乳油800倍液加10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂2000倍液防治效果达99.1%,3%啶虫脒可湿性粉剂(3%金世纪)2500倍液防治效果99.5%。     

枸杞木虱啮小蜂寄生行为及生物学特性的研究

枸杞木虱啮小蜂Tetrastichussp .是枸杞木虱ParatriozasinicaYang&Li若虫的外寄生蜂 ,自然寄生率可达 86 5 %。在温度为 2 0～ 2 5℃的室内条件下 ,完成 1个世代需 1 4～ 2 0d。成虫寿命与取食有关 ,取食 1 5 %的蜂蜜水 ,雌性成虫寿命为 1 2～ 1 7d,雄性成虫为 4～ 6d。成蜂最喜欢在 3龄和 4龄若虫上产卵。自然种群消长与寄主虫口密度相关。每年 7月到 8月下旬该蜂寄生率高 ,9月份下降 ,1 0月份几乎不见。     

眼优角蚱生活史及其生物学特性

通过对越冬的眼优角蚱Eucriotettix oculatus(Bolivar,1898)成虫进行饲养,研究了眼优角蚱的生活史和生物学特性。结果表明:眼优角蚱主要取食幼嫩苔藓及腐殖质;雄性若虫为5龄,雌性若虫为6龄,末龄若虫龄期最长;雌性羽化时间比雄性推迟6 d左右;通常羽化后9 d开始交尾,交尾持续1～1.5 h;交尾24 h后开始产卵,1次产卵持续1.5 h左右;每头成虫可交尾2～3次,每次产1块卵,每块卵30～60粒,卵块形状大小不同;非越冬卵发育期平均为13 d;雄性和雌性若虫期分别为31～53 d和39～62 d。     

柿长绵粉蚧的生物学特性及药剂防效

柿长绵粉蚧Phenacoccus pergandei Cockrell是近年来严重危害柿树的重要害虫。该虫在河南省郑州地区1年发生1代,以3龄若虫在枝条上和树皮缝中越冬。每年3月上旬越冬若虫开始为害,4月中旬雌成虫继续为害。4月下旬开始产卵,卵期约20d。5月上旬卵开始孵化,5月中旬为卵孵化盛期。幼虫有3个龄期,以3龄若虫于10月下旬开始越冬。7种药剂对柿长绵粉蚧的田间药效试验结果表明,40%杀扑磷乳油1000倍液、3%高渗苯氧威乳油1000倍液、25%噻嗪酮可湿性粉剂2000倍液对柿长绵粉蚧具有良好的防效,药后7d和药后15d的防效均达90%以上。     

弯齿琵甲生物学特性的研究

弯齿琵甲BlapsfemoralisFischer Waldheim在宁夏银川2年发生1代。以成虫和不同龄期的幼虫越冬,3月下旬至1 0月上旬产卵,卵期1 2～1 5d ;幼虫一般为1 1龄,幼虫期3 2 0～490d ;越冬幼虫于次年6月下旬至9月上旬化蛹,蛹前期1 2～1 8d,蛹期1 8～2 5d;羽化成虫经2 0 0～2 60d性成熟开始交配产卵。食性杂,不喜光,活动有明显的节律性。成虫具有利用防御腺进行自卫的特性,防御腺分泌物可为医学提供天然的药物。幼虫各项营养成分较高,是一种很有开发价值的资源昆虫。     

喙尾琵甲（鞘翅目：拟步甲科）形态记述及生物学特性观察

记述了喙尾琵甲Blaps rhynchopetera Fairmaire各虫态特征,观察了其生物学特性.实验种群1月下旬至12月上旬产卵,卵期为8～15 d;幼虫期141～213 d,共9～13龄,第9龄以后,龄期较长;蛹前期8～14 d;蛹期12～24 d.成虫羽化24～92 d后性成熟,开始交配产卵活动,成虫期超过18个月.自然种群在昆明和曲靖1年发生1～1.5代,世代重叠严重;以不同龄期幼虫和成虫越冬,越冬幼虫于次年4月上旬开始化蛹,新羽化成虫于4月下旬至12月上旬交配产卵,成虫全年都能活动、产卵.该虫为夜出型、暂栖性土壤昆虫,喜潮湿阴暗的环境.成虫具有夜出习性、防御性和群聚性.     

新疆葡萄斑叶蝉若虫的发育起点温度和有效积温

室内饲养观察表明 ,5月 1日从吐鲁番地区田间采集的葡萄斑叶蝉ZyginaapicalisNawa越冬代成虫存活时间长 ,室内饲养仍然可存活 45d以上 ;在适宜温度下 ,单雌繁殖后代 5 0～ 60头 ;在 1 9～ 3 1℃ 5个温度处理中 ,若虫发育历期在 1 2 6～ 2 1 1d之间 ;2 2～ 2 8℃是发育的适温范围 ,以 2 8℃为最佳发育温度。若虫发育起点温度为 5 2 ,有效积温为 3 0 7 1日·度。     

小叶女贞新害虫黄环绢须野螟生物学特性

黄环绢须野螟Palpitaannulata(Fabricius)是小叶女贞(LigustrumquihouiCarr.)上新出现的一种害虫,严重危害小叶女贞叶片,造成植株枯萎、死亡,同时也危害金叶女贞(L.vicaryi)。该虫在湖南省衡阳地区1年发生3代,以蛹在土中越冬。越冬代成虫和第1、2代成虫分别于4月下旬、5月下旬和6月下旬出现。成虫产卵于嫩梢顶端叶片上,卵期3d,幼虫期9～12d。5月上旬和6月上旬分别是第1代和第2代幼虫盛发期,危害最重。越冬代成虫羽化期喷药是防治该虫的关键,在成虫期和幼虫期分别用40%氧化乐果乳油、50%辛硫磷乳油1000～1200倍或25%溴氰菊酯乳油2500～3000倍稀释液喷洒寄主叶面,可控制该虫危害。     

上海地区悬铃木方翅网蝽的生活史及发生情况

观察悬铃木方翅网蝽Corythucha ciliata(Say)在上海的生活史和生活习性,并对其在上海的发生情况进行调查。悬铃木方翅网蝽在上海1年发生5代,第5代成虫于10月中下旬主要在悬铃木主干和支干的树皮下越冬,4月上旬越冬成虫上树为害,4月下旬开始产卵,5月上旬始见第1代若虫,第1代若虫期17～18d,世代历期约30d,7～8月间世代重叠现象明显。悬铃木方翅网蝽在上海11个区均有发生,株被害率最高的4条道路分别为徐汇区龙华西路、肇嘉浜路、松江区人民北路及长宁区延安西路,为害率达100%。为害程度最严重的的3条道路分别为松江区人民北路、长宁区延安西路和水城南路,虫情指数分别达95.6%、76.7%和72.2%。     

Growth and development of Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae): effect of host age

The tiny parasitoid wasp, Encarsia formosa, has been used successfully to control greenhouse whiteflies (GHWFs) in greenhouses in many countries throughout the world. Therefore, there has been considerable interest in developing methods for artificially rearing this wasp. However, little information is available concerning the regulation of its development including the host-parasitoid interactions that are required for the parasitoid to complete its life cycle. Here we confirm that parasitoid developmental rates differ significantly based upon the host instar parasitized. Development was faster when 3rd and 4th instar GHWFs were offered for parasitization than when 1st or 2nd instars were used. Our results show that it is primarily the embryo and the first two parasitoid instars that exhibit prolonged developmental times when 1st and 2nd instar whiteflies are parasitized. Although percent emergence was not affected by host age at the time of parasitization, adult longevity as well as adult emergence pattern varied greatly depending upon the instar parasitized. When 3rd and 4th instar GHWFs were selected for oviposition, adult wasps lived significantly longer than when 1st or 2nd instars were used; also, there was a sharp emergence peak on the 2nd day after emergence was first observed (reduced or absent when 1st or 2nd instar GHWFs were parasitized) and the emergence period was reduced from between 8 and 11 days to 5 days. In general, the younger the host instar parasitized, the less synchronous was parasitoid development. Previous reports that E. formosa will not molt to the 2nd instar until the host has reached its 4th instar were not confirmed. When 1st instar host nymphs were parasitized, 2nd instar parasitoids were detected in 3rd instar hosts. Importantly, however, no matter which instar was parasitized, the parasitoid never molted to its last instar until the host had reached Stage 5 of its last instar, a stage in which host pharate adult formation has been initiated. It appears, then, that a condition(s) associated with host pharate adult formation is required for the parasitoid's final larval molt. Results reported here should facilitate the development of in vitro rearing systems for E. formosa.     

绿步甲的形态特征及其生物学特性

记述绿步甲Carabus(Coptolabrus)smaragdinus Fischervon Waldheim各虫态的形态特征及其生物学特性。在山东嘉祥,该虫1年发生2代,以成虫在土壤中越冬。成虫在4月至10月活动,分别与7月上旬、9月中旬产卵。卵期平均为8d;幼虫共2龄,历期分别为4d,13～15d;预蛹期约为15d;蛹期为7～8d。成、幼虫以蜗牛和多种鳞翅目昆虫为食。     

Laboratory studies of the biology and food requirements ofMacrorhaphis acuta [Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Macrorhaphis acuta were bred in the laboratory (25°C) and fed on larvae ofAscotis selenaria reciprocaria. The incubation period was 8.4 days and the mean hatch was 94.4%. There were 5 nymphal instars which occupied 3.3, 5.0, 5.6, 6.6 and 12.0 days, respectively, from the lst to the 5th. Each nymph consumed an average of 22.8 host larvae to complete development. Adults had a mean longevity of 74.9 days and each consumed an average of 67.5 host larvae. Significant reduction was noted in pupation of 5th instar host larvae sucked by adult predators for periods ranging from 4 to 10 mn. The food requirements of 3rd, 4th, and 5th instar nymphs fed on 3rd instar host larvae were also investigated. The conversion ratio varied with the weight of food consumed during the instar and later instars were more efficient than earlier ones. Predatory value did not vary significantly with successive instars.     

Timing and ecdysteroid regulation of the molt in last instar greenhouse whiteflies (Trialeurodes vaporariorum)

A system of markers has been devised to track the development of 3rd and 4th instar/pharate adult greenhouse whiteflies. Instars were identified based on measurements of body width and body length. Depending upon the host plant, the product of the two measurements was exceptionally useful in distinguishing between instars. Body depth was used to divide the 3rd instar into eight stages and body depth and color and appearance of the developing adult eye were used to divide the 4th instar/pharate adult into nine stages. Under conditions of L:D 16:8 and a temperature of 26±2°C, the body depth of 3rd instars reared on greenbean increased from 0.025 (stage 1) to 0.2 mm (stage 8) and the instar duration was approximately 3 days. The body depth of 4th instars increased from approximately 0.1±0.02 (Stage 1) to 0.3±0.03 mm (Stage 5) and then remained constant or decreased slightly during adult development. Ecdysteroid titers peaked at approximately 120 fg/μg protein during Stages 3 through 6 of the 4th instar. Based on an external examination of developing 4th instars and the fluctuations in ecdysteroid titer, it appears that adult development is initiated in Stage 4 or 5 4th instars. Results from histological studies support this view. In Stage 4 nymphs, a subtle change was observed in the corneagenous cells of the eye. However, most Stage 4 4th instars possessed wing development characteristic of earlier, immature stages. In all Stage 5 insects, wing development had been initiated and the corneagenous cells had become quite distinct. In Stage 6 whiteflies, the wing buds were deeply folded and by Stage 7, spines were observed on the new cuticle, indicating that the adult cuticle was well-formed by this stage. Our study is the first to investigate the timing and regulation of the molt, to monitor ecdysteroid titers in precisely staged 4th instar whiteflies and to examine the internal anatomical changes associated with metamorphosis in these tiny homopteran insects.     

黑紫蛱蝶生物学特性的研究

黑紫蛱蝶Sasainia funebris(Leech)一年发生1代,11月份以四龄幼虫在寄主植物枝条上越冬．翌年4月越冬幼虫眠起．6月化蛹,7月中旬为成虫羽化盛期。各虫态历期：卵6．5—7天,幼虫共6龄,计300天左右,蛹12—13天,成虫10—13天。同时,还记述了该蝶各虫态的形态特征、生活习性和天敌情况等。     

Developmental interaction between suboptimal instars of Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) and its parasitoid Microplitis rufiventris (Hymenoptera:Braconidae)

Relative effects of parasitism by Microplitis rufiventris on the development of the third instar Spodoptera littoralis (preferable, optimal host) with the development of penultimate (5th) and last (6th) instars (suboptimal hosts) were investigated. Newly molted 6th instar hosts were more acceptable for parasitization by the wasp female than older hosts. In singly parasitized 3rd instar hosts, 82.0 +/- 3.9% of the parasitoid eggs developed to full-grown instar wasp larvae. However, parasitoid eggs deposited singly in 73.9 +/- 3.3% of 5th and 100% of 6th instar hosts failed to develop. Superparasitization in the 3rd instar hosts reduced the production of pseudoparasitized larvae and, conversely, all parasitized hosts yielded viable parasitoid offspring. In suboptimal hosts, the development interaction between the parasitoid and its host larvae was highly influenced by the age of hosts at parasitism, load of deposited eggs, and other parasitoid factors. The latter factors, e.g., mainly calyx fluid particles, might be involved in establishing parasitoid eggs in the suboptimal hosts. In the last two host instars, superparasitization significantly increased the number of parasitoid larvae successfully reaching their final instar. Variation in host quality, e.g., physiological status, might be attributed, in part, to the partial breakdown of the solitary habit observed in the earlier instars. More parasitoid eggs developed to mature parasitoid larvae in hosts superparasitized as 6th instar than parasitoid eggs laid in 5th instar hosts. Superparasitization significantly lengthened the developmental period of 5th and 6th host instars and inhibited their development to the pupal stage. Studying parasitoid development in suboptimal instars of its habitual host provided physiological insight, as shown here. The results may have implication for biological control and in vitro mass rearing programs with solitary parasitoids.     

The nymphal-adult molt of the silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia argentifolii): Timing,regulation, and progress

The developmental progress of silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia argentifolii) 3rd instars and 4th instar/pharate adults was monitored using a tracking system that had been designed to identify synchronous individuals in another species of whitefly, the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum. When reared on greenbean under conditions of LD 16:8 and a temperature of 26 +/- 2 degrees C, the body depth of 3rd instar SLWFs increased from approximately 0.04 mm (Stage 2) to 0.175-0.2 mm (Stage 7-8) and the body depth of the 4th instar increased from approximately 0.1 mm (Stage 1) to 0.25-0.30 mm (Stage 4-5). The durations of the 3rd instar and the 4th instar/pharate adult were approximately 3 and 7 days, respectively. Examination of coronal sections of 4th instars revealed that adult eye and wing development are initiated during Stage 6, the stage in which an external examination showed that the eye has begun to undergo pigment diffusion. Ecdysteroid titers peaked at approximately 400 fg/ micro g protein during stages 4 through 6A of the 4th instar, i.e., just prior to and upon the initiation of the pharate adult stage. Although adult development is initiated later in the SLWF than in the GHWF (adult eye and wing development begin in Stages 4 and 5, respectively, in GHWFs), the same rapidity of metamorphosis is observed in both species. Within approximately 24 h, the simple bi-layered wing bud developed into a deeply folded wing of nearly adult proportions and within an additional 12-24 h, the nymphal eye and wing bud had been replaced by the well-differentiated eye and wing of the adult whitefly. Our study is the first to describe the regulation, timing, and progress of the nymphal-adult molt and of the structural changes that accompany nymphal-adult metamorphosis in the SLWF.     

Life cycle details of Solenopotes capillatus (Anoplura: Linognathidae)

The duration of immature life stages and the preoviposition period of Solenopotes capillatus Enderlein (Anoplura: Linognathidae) were determined by daily observation in vivo of individual specimens. The duration of the egg and nymphal stages was obtained by daily observation of eggs deposited by females transferred to normal predilection sites of uninfested cattle. The preoviposition period was determined by transferring third instars to uninfested cattle and then recording the period from adult eclosion to first oviposition. The egg stage required 11-13 d. Both first and second instars required 3-4 d, and third instars, based on observations of females, required 5-6 d. The preoviposition period was 2 d. Between 27 and 29 d was required for completion of the cycle (egg to egg). The size (length) of unmounted specimens, in millimeters, was egg 0.70; first instar 0.69; second instar, 0.82; third instar, 1.06; adult female, 1.50; and adult male, 1.08.     

中华花翅跳小蜂生物学特性和种群动态的研究

中华花翅跳小蜂Microterys sinicus Jiang是白蜡虫成虫产卵期的主要天敌。该蜂成虫喜在自然光下活动,取食和交配都在寄主树上进行。中华花翅跳小蜂每雌平均怀卵量34.39粒,产卵前期2～3天。产卵量、产卵率和产卵天数与温度密切相关,27℃时产卵量和产卵率最高。30℃时产卵天数最少。21～27℃卵孵化率达80%以上。幼虫共5龄。每头跳小蜂幼虫平均取食蜡虫卵数分别为：1龄14.6粒,2龄29.8粒,3龄69.4粒,4龄126.9粒。5龄幼虫不取食。全代发育起点温度和有效积温分别为11.84℃和574.32日·度。补充营养能显著延长成虫寿命和产卵天数,提高雌虫产卵量。中华花翅跳小蜂成虫在田间有两个高峰期,分别发生在4月上中旬和5月中下旬。每粒虫囊内跳小蜂幼虫数与白蜡虫健卵百分率呈负指数关系,拟合方程为：Y=96.0829Exp(-0.1872x)。