镉对克氏原螯虾肝胰腺抗氧化系统的影响

采用毒性试验方法,研究了不同浓度Cd2+(1.72、3.44、6.89、13.77和27.55mg·L-1)对克氏原螯虾肝胰腺抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT、GSH-PX)和抗氧化物质(GSH、Vc)的影响.结果表明:超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性受低浓度Cd2+诱导和高浓度Cd2+抑制,且受抑制程度与Cd2+浓度呈正相关.过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性总体表现为先激活后下降,且在第3天达最大值,CAT活性对低浓度Cd2+(≤6.89 mg·L-1)暴露敏感,而高浓度Cd2+对其影响较小.谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活性对Cd2+浓度敏感,当Cd2+≤6.89 mg · L-1时,GSH-PX活性先升高后下降,更高浓度下GSH-PX活性在暴露后第1天即表现出抑制作用.还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量在Cd2+≤6.89 mg·L-1时始终被诱导,且均在第1天达最大值,而高浓度Cd2+(≥13.77 mg·L-1)对GSH含量影响不明显.维生素C(Vc)对Cd2+胁迫敏感,各处理组Vc含量在第1天均显著下降,且下降程度与Cd2+浓度呈正相关,之后具有一定的合成恢复能力.抗氧化酶和非酶抗氧化物质在抵御Cd2+胁迫反应中共同发挥作用,且大多表现出明显的时间和剂量效应性.GSH-PX和Vc可以作为Cd2+污染的潜在生物指示物.     

铜胁迫对竹叶眼子菜叶片生理指标和超微结构的影响

通过溶液培养试验,研究了不同Cu2 浓度(0、2、4、6和8 mg.L-1)胁迫对沉水植物竹叶眼子菜叶片叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、保护酶活性、活性氧产生以及细胞超微结构的影响.结果表明:随着Cu2 浓度的增加,竹叶眼子菜叶片总叶绿素、类胡萝卜素和可溶性蛋白含量逐渐下降;超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶逐渐下降,而过氧化氢酶则呈先升后降趋势;超氧阴离子产生速率、过氧化氢、丙二醛和可溶性糖含量均呈上升趋势;不连续聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)显示,Cu2 处理后,引起分子量为60.9、18.8、15.7、22.3和30.0 kDa多肽的表达量减少或消失;电镜观察发现,Cu2 对叶片细胞器的超微结构特别是叶绿体、线粒体和细胞核造成严重损伤;Cu2 对竹叶眼子菜的致死浓度范围在2~4 mg.L-1.     

低氧-复氧胁迫对鲢抗氧化酶活性及Cu/Zn-SOD和Mn-SOD基因表达的影响

为探究低氧-复氧胁迫对鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)抗氧化酶活性及Cu/Zn-SOD和Mn-SOD基因表达的影响, 对鲢进行急性低氧、持续低氧及复氧实验, 进而分析血清、心脏和肝脏中不同抗氧化酶和SODs基因表达的变化特征。结果表明: 在急性低氧胁迫后, 血清中总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活性随着氧浓度的降低均呈上升趋势, 但超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性呈先升后降的趋势。在持续低氧胁迫后, 血清中T-AOC和GSH-PX活性随着低氧胁迫时间的增加显著升高(P<0.05); 心脏中SOD活性显著高于常氧水平(P<0.05), 但Cu/Zn-SOD和Mn-SOD基因表达在低氧胁迫24h时显著低于常氧水平(P<0.05); 肝脏中SOD活性在低氧胁迫24h时显著高于常氧水平(P<0.05), 且Cu/Zn-SOD和Mn-SOD基因表达在低氧胁迫24h时也显著高于常氧水平(P<0.05)。复氧后, 血清、心脏和肝脏中T-AOC、SOD、CAT和GSH-PX活性均能恢复至常氧水平, 且心脏和肝脏中Cu/Zn-SOD和Mn-SOD基因表达的也能恢复至常氧水平, 但肝脏中Mn-SOD基因表达恢复至常氧水平较在心脏中所需时间更少。因而, 鲢可以通过调节抗氧化酶的活性来保护自身免受氧化应激造成的损伤。研究为解析低氧胁迫下鲢抗氧化应激机制提供了基础。     

Combined effects of hypoxia and excess Mn2+ on oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes in tomato seedlings

Effects of high level of Mn²⁺ on the changes in ROS generation, root cell viability, antioxidant enzyme activities, and related gene expression in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L., cv. Zhongza 9) seedlings were studied under normoxic and hypoxia conditions. Mn²⁺ concentrations, ranged between 10 and 200 ??M, led to significantly higher activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APOD), glutathione reductase (GR), and also ascorbic acid (AsA) content in leaves and roots, improved root cell viability, and decreased O ₂ ^·? accumulation compared with the higher Mn²⁺ level under hypoxia stress, which indicated that low Mn²⁺ could eliminate the active oxygen and protect the membrane lipid from the hypoxia hurt. When the concentration of Mn²⁺ reached 400?C600 ??M under hypoxia stress, the activities of SOD, POD, APOD, and GR and AsA content were decreased remarkably. In contrast, the MDA content was increased at the higher Mn²⁺ concentration. A number of antioxidant-related genes showed high expression at the lower level of Mn²⁺. The expression levels of SOD, POD, CAT, APOD, and GR genes were 7.95, 5.27, 3.18, 5.54, and 8.81 times compared to control, respectively. These results illustrated that the appropriate amount of Mn²⁺ could alleviate the detrimental effects of hypoxia stress, but reversely, the high level of Mn²⁺ just aggravated the existing damage to the tomato seedlings.     

外源α-萘乙酸对花期长期干旱大豆叶片抗氧化系统的影响

以不同耐旱型品种‘南农99-6’和‘科丰1号’大豆为材料,2012年在南京农业大学牌楼试验站进行为期110 d的盆栽试验,研究大豆花期叶面喷施α-萘乙酸(NAA)对长期干旱条件下大豆植株抗氧化系统的影响.结果表明: 干旱胁迫显著降低了大豆地上部干物质量,叶片中丙二醛(MDA)含量及活性氧(ROS)水平显著升高,同时,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（MDHAR）、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)活性,还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量及AsA/DHA(双脱氢抗坏血酸)和GSH/GSSG(氧化型谷胱甘肽)比值显著升高,其中‘科丰1号’大豆的抗氧化能力更高,从而维持较低的ROS水平和MDA含量.NAA可显著提高叶片中的APX、POD、CAT、MDHAR活性及AsA/DHA、GSH/GSSG比值,其中‘科丰1号’大豆叶片的脱氢抗坏血栓还原酶（DHAR）活性和AsA含量极显著增加.     

Peroxidase and catalase activity in leaves of Halimione portulacoides exposed to salinity

The effect of high NaCl concentrations on the activity of catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) and malate dehydrogenase (NAD⁺-linked; EC 1.1.1.37) from leaves of Halimione portulacoides (L.) Aellen was studied. The plants were exposed to high salinity during growth and enzyme activity was measured either in the absence or in the presence of various concentrations of NaCl. Increasing salinity in vitro induced three types of effects: (1) an increase in activity (peroxidase); (2) a decrease in activity (catalase); (3) stimulation by low salt concentration but inhibition by higher concentrations (malate dehydrogenase). Salinity in vivo induced a marked decrease in catalase and malate dehydrogenase activities. However, peroxidase in vivo showed an optimum curve of activity vs external NaCl concentration, with an optimum at ca 1 M NaCl. Exposure of plants to salinity induced changes in the properties of the enzyme proteins: they precipitated at a higher (NH₄)₂SO₄ concentration, were eluted later during Sephadex G-200 filtration, and showed a shift in the maximal, minimal and optimal temperatures. These data are interpreted as evidence for conformational changes in the enzymes due to prolonged exposure to high salinity stress; such changes could be disruption into monomers (catalase and malate dehydrogenase), or changes in molecular shape (in the peroxidase).     

Hydrogen Sulfide Promotes Wheat Seed Germination and Alleviates Oxidative Damage against Copper Stress

With the enhancement of copper (Cu) stress, the germination percentage of wheat seeds decreased gradually. Pretreatment with sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) donor alleviated the inhibitory effect of Cu stress in a dose-dependent manner; whereas little visible symptom was observed in germinating seeds and radicle tips cultured in NaHs solutions. It was verified that H2S or HS- rather than other sulfur-containing components derived from NaHs attribute to the potential role in promoting seed germination against Cu stress. Further studies showed that NaHS could promote amylase and esterase activities, reduce Cu-induced disturbance of plasma membrane integrity in the radicle tips, and sustain lower levels of malondialdehyde and H2O2 in germinating seeds. Furthermore, NaHs pretreatment increased activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase and decreased that of lipoxygenase, but showed no significant effect on ascorbate peroxidase. Alternatively, NaHs prevented uptake of Cu and promoted the accumulation of free amino acids in seeds exposed to Cu. In addition, a rapid accumulation of endogenous H2S in seeds was observed at the early stags of germination, and higher level of H2S in NaHS-pretreated seeds. These data indicated that H2S was involved in the mechanism of germinating seeds' responses to Cu stress.     

Antioxidative responses of wheat treated with realistic concentration of cadmium

Two cvs. of wheat differently sensitive to many stress factors (cv. Ofanto less sensitive than cv. Adamello) were grown in a controlled environment with cadmium near threshold concentrations supplying the metal at equal-effect concentrations. Cd excess determined in both cvs. a reduction in water and turgor potential but a maintenance of relative water content. Cv Ofanto showed a higher capacity of Cd exclusion from roots but a higher translocation to shoots in comparison with cv. Adamello. Notwithstanding the higher metal concentration in leaves of cv. Ofanto, K⁺ leakage was more pronounced in Adamello suggesting that mechanisms of Cd detoxification and tolerance such as vacuolar compartmentalisation were activated in the first one. In Adamello plants, ethylene rose at the lowest metal concentration and the activation in roots of the antioxidative enzymes catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase came into play whereas in Ofanto ethylene and catalase did not change. Following cadmium treatment, superoxide dismutase activity was reduced or remained at the control value in roots and in leaves. For both cultivars ascorbate peroxidase, syringaldazine peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase activities were always higher in roots than in leaves. These activities were induced by Cd in Ofanto leaves, whereas in Adamello leaves they remained at control levels or increased somewhat at the highest metal concentration. Cadmium changed the peroxidase isozyme pattern in both cultivars. Cv. Ofanto showed, as for other stress such as drought, salinity, nickel and copper, a co-tolerance towards Cd. Analogies in the response to other metals such as copper could be found in activation of catalase at the lower metal concentration in cv. Adamello and in the induction of ascorbate peroxidase in leaves of cv. Ofanto.     

重金属对盐生草光合生理生长特性的影响

以盐生草幼苗为试验材料,分别设置0(CK)、50、100、200、400μg?g-1的Ni2+、Cu2+处理,研究重金属Ni2+和Cu2+对盐生草光合生理特性的影响.结果表明:盐生草叶片光合色素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度Gs、蒸腾速率Tr、PSⅡ最大光化学效率Fv/Fm、非光化学猝灭系数qN及生长指标(株高、地上部干重和鲜重)在50μg?g-1的Ni2+处理时均达到最大值,后随Ni2+浓度继续增加,其叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、Pn、Gs、Tr、Fv/Fm、PSⅡ电子传递量子产率ΦPSⅡ、光化学猝灭系数qP、qN及各项生长指标逐步下降并低于对照水平,而细胞间隙CO2浓度(Ci)较对照呈增加趋势.在50μg?g-1的Cu2+处理时,盐生草叶片光合色素含量、Pn、Gs、Tr、Ci、Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、qP、qN及各项生长指标均达峰值;在100μg?g-1Cu2+处理时,光合色素含量、Pn、Gs、Tr、Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、qN及各项生长指标较对照仍有增加,而后随Cu2+浓度继续增加,其叶绿素a、叶绿素b、各光合参数、叶绿素荧光参数及生长指标均逐步降低并低于对照.可见,盐生草Pn在Ni2+胁迫下的下降主要是由非气孔限制所致,而Cu2+胁迫下的下降主要是由气孔限制所致;低浓度Ni2+和Cu2+对盐生草生长具有一定促进作用,过高浓度Ni2+和Cu2+则会通过抑制盐生草叶片叶绿素合成,影响其光合作用,从而抑制植株生长.     

重金属对水稻和小麦DNA甲基化水平的影响

和对照相比,0．025（或0.05)-0.1mmol/L的Cu^2 （或0．05）－1．0mmol/L的Cd^2 或Hg^2 导致水稻（或小麦）叶DNA中的5－甲基胞嘧啶百分含量大幅度上升;当Cu^2 浓度＞0.1mmol/L时,小麦和水稻叶DNA中5－甲基胞嘧啶的百分含量随Cu^2 浓度的增高略有下降,但仍高于对照。0.1-1.0mmol/L的Cu^2 ,Cd^2 和Hg^2 也导致小麦穗DNA为5－甲基胞嘧啶的百分含量随Cu^2 ,Cd^ 和Cd^2 能使小麦和水稻根系DNA中5－甲基胞嘧啶的百分含量显著高于对照,而0.1-1.0mmol/L的Hg^2 以及1．0mmol/L的Cu^2 和Cd^2 则造成小麦和水稻根系DNA中5－甲基胞嘧啶的百分含量显著低于对照。     

利用彗星试验检测Cu2+对驯化蚯蚓的基因损伤

为研究Cu2+对驯化蚯蚓的损伤影响,将赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)在非致死浓度(100mgCu2+·kg-1)下驯化培养2周,以未驯化的蚯蚓为对照,测定Cu2+对驯化及未驯化蚯蚓的急性毒性,并通过彗星试验(cometassay)观察铜胁迫下(400mg·kg-1)驯化后蚯蚓基因损伤的动态变化。结果显示:14d时,Cu2+对驯化蚯蚓和未驯化蚯蚓的半致死浓度(LC50)分别为321.83～542.45和230.83～342.91mg·kg-1,驯化后蚯蚓的存活率得到显著提高。彗星试验结果表示:蚯蚓体腔细胞的尾长、尾部DNA含量以及尾矩呈非正态分布,在11和14d时,驯化后的蚯蚓基因损伤程度明显比未驯化蚯蚓低。彗星试验是检测Cu2+对蚯蚓活体基因损伤的有效手段,蚯蚓体的DNA损伤可以作为指示重金属污染物影响的生物标志物。     

Physiological and biochemical alterations in Anabaena 7120 under iron stress

Various physiological and biochemical process like growth, NO3- -uptake, nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase and ATPases (Mg2+ and Ca2+ dependent) in the cyanobacterium Anabaena 7120 were observed under iron stress. Growth was found to be maximum in 50 microM Fe3+ added cells however, 20 microM Fe3+ (the Fe3+ concentration generally used for routine culturing of cyanobacterial cell in Chu 10 medium) incubation resulted in lower growth. Fe3+ starvation on the other hand showed very poor growth up to 4th day but once the growth started it reached at significant level on 7th day. Higher Fe3+ concentration reflected reduced growth with lethality at 500 microM Fe3+. Chlorophyll a fluorescence under Fe3+ stress reflected almost the similar results as in case of growth. However, the pigment was found to be more sensitive as compared to protein under Fe3+ stress. Similar results have been observed in case of NO3-uptake with only 80% reduction in nutrient uptake in 500 microM Fe3+ incubated cells. Nitrate reductase activity was lower in Fe3+ starved cells as compared to significant enzyme activity in 20 and 50 microM Fe3+ incubated cells. Similar to nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase also showed maximum level in 50 microM Fe3+ added cells, however, higher Fe3+ concentration (300-500 microM ) resulted in reduced enzymatic activity. Glutamine synthetase activity was less sensitivity as compared to nitrate reductase activity under Fe3+ stress. ATPase (Mg2+ and Ca2+ dependent) always showed higher level with increasing Fe3+ concentration.     

Oxidative stress in the brain tissue of laboratory mice with acute post insulin hypoglycemia

Malondialdehyde (MDA), Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD) and selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (GSPHx) are currently considered to be basic markers of oxidative stress. MDA is one of the end-products of the peroxidation of membrane lipids, whereas enzymes Cu,Zn-SOD and GSHPx belong to the natural antioxidants. The role of oxygen free radicals in the pathogenesis of many diseases is well documented. The aim of this study was to ascertain the influence of insulin-induced acute hypoglycemia on oxidative stress in the brain tissue. Hypoglycemia was induced in ICR mice by intraperitoneal administration of insulin at a dose 24 IU/kg. There was a correlation between the severity of hypoglycemia and the levels of MDA, Cu,Zn-SOD and GSHPx. The results showed that in severe hypoglycemia (serum glucose concentration below 1.0 mmol/l) the lipoperoxidation in brain tissue expressed as the level of MDA was higher in comparison with normoglycemic controls (glycemia around 3.7 mmol/l) as well as in comparison with the levels of MDA during moderate hypoglycemia (glycemia ranging between 1-2 mmol/l). This indicates the enhancement of lipoperoxidation in the brain tissue during severe hypoglycemia. However, both enzymes - Cu,Zn-SOD or GSHPx - did not show a similar tendency.     

Influences of Different Stress Models on the Antioxidant Status and Lipid Peroxidation in Rat Erythrocytes

The aim of this study was to investigate the influences of different stress models on the antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in erythrocytes of rats. Swiss-Albino female rats (3 months old) were used in this study. Rats were randomly divided into the following four groups; control group (C), cold stress group (CS), immobilization stress group (IS) and cold+immobilization stress group (CS+IS). Control group was kept in an animal laboratory (22 &#45 2°C). Rats in CS group were placed in cold room (5°C) for 15 min/day for 15 days. Rats in IS group were immobilized for 180 min/day for 15 days. Rats in CS+IS group were exposed to both cold and immobilization stresses for 15 days. At the end of experimental periods, the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH) were measured. LPO was determined by measuring the contents of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS). Cu,Zn-SOD activity and TBARS concentration were increased after cold and immobilization stresses, but CAT and GSH-Px activities and GSH levels were decreased. Immobilization stress decreased the activity of G-6-PD. The activities of G-6-PD, CAT and GSH-Px, and the level of GSH were lower in CS+IS group than in the control group. Cu,Zn-SOD activity and TBARS levels were increased in CS+IS group when compared with the control group. From these findings, three stress models are thought to cause oxidative stress.     

Influences of different stress models on the antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation in rat erythrocytes

The aim of this study was to investigate the influences of different stress models on the antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in erythrocytes of rats. Swiss-Albino female rats (3 months old) were used in this study. Rats were randomly divided into the following four groups; control group (C), cold stress group (CS), immobilization stress group (IS) and cold+immobilization stress group (CS+IS). Control group was kept in an animal laboratory (22 ±2°C). Rats in CS group were placed in cold room (5°C) for 15 min/day for 15 days. Rats in IS group were immobilized for 180 min/day for 15 days. Rats in CS+IS group were exposed to both cold and immobilization stresses for 15 days. At the end of experimental periods, the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH) were measured. LPO was determined by measuring the contents of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS). Cu,Zn-SOD activity and TBARS concentration were increased after cold and immobilization stresses, but CAT and GSH-Px activities and GSH levels were decreased. Immobilization stress decreased the activity of G-6-PD. The activities of G-6-PD, CAT and GSH-Px, and the level of GSH were lower in CS+IS group than in the control group. Cu,Zn-SOD activity and TBARS levels were increased in CS+IS group when compared with the control group. From these findings, three stress models are thought to cause oxidative stress.     

白茅生长及抗氧化酶系统对铜胁迫的生理响应

通过盆栽实验研究了重金属Cu递进胁迫对白茅幼苗生理生态及抗氧化酶系统的影响。结果表明,随着Cu浓度的增加,平均根长、平均株高、鲜重、干重以及叶片色素含量等指标先增后降,分别在Cu浓度500 mg/kg处达到峰值。最长根长和叶片可溶性蛋白含量则在1000 mg/kg处达到峰值。说明低浓度Cu（〈500 mg/kg）对白茅生长有促进作用,而高浓度Cu（〉1000 mg/kg）则对植株生长产生抑制作用。Cu胁迫还导致叶片细胞膜脂过氧化水平增高,表现为叶片MDA含量随Cu浓度增加而持续上升,其最大值达到对照的5.3倍。抗氧化酶系统中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性也随Cu浓度增加表现出先升后降的趋势,并均在Cu浓度为1000 mg/kg时达到峰值,但过氧化物酶（POD）活性持续上升,故系统受到高浓度Cu胁迫而失衡,不能有效清除植物体的自由基和过氧化物,使植物产生受害症状。     

Drought Induces Oxidative Stress and Enhances the Activities of Antioxidant Enzymes in Growing Rice Seedlings

When rice seedlings grown for 10 and 20 days were subjected to in vitro drought stress of −0.5 and −2.0 MPa for 24 h, an increase in the concentration of superoxide anion (O₂^.−), increased level of lipid peroxidation and a decrease in the concentration of total soluble protein and thiols was observed in stressed seedlings compared to controls. The concentration of H₂O₂ as well as ascorbic acid declined with imposition of drought stress, however glutathione (GSH) concentration declined only under severe drought stress. The activities of total superoxide dismutases (SODs) as well as ascorbate peroxidase (APX) showed consistent increases with increasing levels of drought stress, however catalase activity declined. Mild drought stressed plants had higher guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) and chloroplastic ascorbate peroxidase (c-APX) activity than control grown plants but the activity declined at the higher level of drought stress. The activities of enzymes involved in regeneration of ascorbate i.e. monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and glutathione reductase (GR) were higher in drought stressed plants compared to controls. Results suggest that drought stress induces oxidative stress in rice plants and that besides SOD, the enzymes of ascorbate-glutathione cycle, which have not been studied in detail earlier under stressful conditions, appear to function as important component of antioxidative defense system under drought stress.     

The in vivo and in vitro influence of methyl jasmonate on oxidative processes in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves

In Arabidopsis thaliana leaves a strong increase of H₂O₂ content was induced by application of methyl jasmonate (JAMe) through the root system, but the induction only slightly depended on JAMe concentration. The activity of superoxide dismutase and ascorbic acid peroxidase increased at lower JAMe concentrations and decreased at higher ones. Catalase activity decreased proportionally to JAMe concentration (in comparison with control plants). The sum of ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbate content at 10⁻⁶ M JAMe was similar to the control, but at higher concentrations it increased, especially due to a higher ascorbate accumulation. Methyl jasmonate applied directly to the extract of leaves (in vitro experiment) also induced a strong increase in H₂O₂ level, even at a low concentration (10⁻⁸ M). Since lower JAMe concentrations induced weak superoxide dismutase and did not change catalase and peroxidase activity, it is suggested that in this case a high level of hydrogen peroxide was not the result of the activity of the mentioned enzymes. JAMe-induction of H₂O₂ increase at the highest JAMe concentration resulted from SOD activity. Our in vivo and in vitro experiments suggest that jasmonate can influence oxidative stress not only through gene expression but also by its direct effect on enzyme activity.     

外源糖浸种缓解盐胁迫下玉米种子萌发

以玉米品种‘垦玉6号’为材料,在150 mmol·L^-1NaCl胁迫条件下,研究葡萄糖(Glc)和蔗糖(Suc)浸种对玉米种子萌发阶段耐盐性的影响.结果表明: 盐胁迫下,0.5 mmol·L^-1 Glc、Suc浸种可促进玉米种子萌发及幼苗早期生长,其中Glc浸种玉米胚芽和胚根长及相应干质量增加到盐处理的1.5、1.3、2.1、1.8倍;Suc浸种玉米分别增加到1.7、1.3、2.7、1.9倍;盐胁迫下Glc、Suc浸种可减少胚芽中硫代巴比妥酸反应物(TBARS)和过氧化氢(H2O2)含量,与盐处理相比分别降低24.9%、20.6%;Glc、Suc浸种可显著提高盐胁迫下玉米胚芽超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性,并诱导葡萄糖6 磷酸脱氢酶(G6PDH)活性的升高,其中Glc浸种玉米SOD、APX、GPX、GR、G6PDH活性较盐处理分别提高66.2%、62.9%、32.0%、38.5%、50.5%,Suc浸种玉米较盐处理分别提高67.5%、59.8%、30.0%、38.5%、50.4%;Glc、Suc浸种胚芽中抗坏血酸 (ASA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量及ASA/DHA、GSH/GSSG显著提高,其中G6PDH活性与外源糖诱导的较强的抗氧化能力密切相关.Glc、Suc浸种还可提高盐胁迫下玉米胚芽中K⁺/Na⁺,分别为盐处理的2.3、2.4倍.外源 Glc、Suc浸种可通过提高玉米种子抗氧化能力及维持体内K⁺和Na⁺离子平衡缓解盐胁迫对玉米种子萌发的抑制效应.